Chapter 4 : State of Matter Solid 1. Physical Properties of a solid a. Definite shape b. Definite volume c. Very Difficult to be compressed d.

. Rate of Diffusion low ** Particles in solid are closely packed in an orderly arrangement (arrangement of particles) 2. Lattice Structure and unit cell a. Open packing and close packing

b. Number of particles in a unit cell is calculated depending on the positions the particles occupy c. The particles in a solid crystal are arranged in regular, rigid three-dimensional structure called crystal lattice/space lattice

d. A crystal lattice is made up of basic repeating unit called the unit cell/ crystal system (A unit cell is the smallest part of a crystal lattice) A unit can be defined by the length of the 3 sides and the 3 angles between the faces There are 7 types of unit cell based on the 3 sides and 3 angles shown above. e. There are 4 main types of solid structure based on the lattice particles and the lattice forces i) ii) iii) iv) Giant ionic structure Giant metallic structure Simple molecular structure Giant molecular structure

4.1 Giant Metallic Structure 1. Microscopic Properties : Lattice particles Lattice Force Structure : Atoms : Metallic bonding (Forces of attraction, electrostatic force between the metal ions and delocalized electrons) : Giant metallic structure

Arrangement of atoms : Hexagonal close-packed and cubic-close packed 2. Physical Properties of metal a. High melting point and boiling point Atoms are held together by strong metallic bond in a giant metallic structure b. Malleable and ductile the layer of atoms can slide over each other without breaking the metallic bonds c. Hard (Atoms Strong metallic bond Giant metallic structure) d. Good conductors (The presence of delocalized electron) e. High Density (Hexagonal close-packed and cubic-close packed) 4.2 Giant ionic structure 1. Microscopic properties : a. Lattice particles b. Lattice force c. Structure 2. Physical Properties : a. High m.p /b.p (Ion Strong Ionic Bond Giant ionic structure) b. Hard ( Ion Strong Ionic Bond Giant Ionic Structure ) c. Electrolyte ( Free/Mobile Ion) d. Ionic compounds dissolve in water. The water molecules are polarized and can form electrostatic bond with the ion. The water molecules then pull the ions off the crystals as the force between the water molecules and the ions on the edges of the crystal is greater than the force holding the ions in the crystal. : Ions : Strong ionic bond : Giant Ionic Structure

4.3 Giant Molecular Structure 1. Microscopic properties : a. Lattice Particles b. Lattice Force c. Structure : Atoms : Covalent bonding : Giant Molecular Structure

2. An element which can exist in 2 or more different structural form at the same physical state (crystalline or amorphous) is said to exhibit allotropy. The different forms of the same element are called allotrope. About half of all solid element shows allotropy example Oxygen, Ozone White Phosphorus and red phosphorus Rhombic sulphur and Monoclinic sulphur Diamond, graphite and fullerene

3. Carbon Allotropes

4.4. Simple Molecular Structure 1. Microscopic Properties a. Lattice Particles b. Lattice Force c. Structure : Molecules : Hydrogen Bond, Van de Waals force : Simple molecular structure

2. Physical Properties a. Low melting and boiling point (Molecules Weak Bond Simple molecular Structure) b. Non-electrolyte (Non-polar molecule) c. Soluble in organic / non-polar solvent, insoluble in water