A

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
I. INTRODUCTION
A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. They are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad range of industries. Broadcasters use microwave links to send programs from the studio to the transmitter location, which might be miles away. Microwave links carry cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet service providers use microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access without the need for cable connections. Telephone companies transmit calls between switching centers over microwave links, although fairly recently they have been largely supplanted by fiber-optic cables. Companies and government agencies use them to provide communications networks between nearby facilities within an organization, such as a company with several buildings within a city. One of the reasons microwave links are so adaptable is that they are broadband. That means they can move large amounts of information at high speeds. Another important quality of microwave links is that they require no equipment or facilities between the two terminal points, so installing a microwave link is often faster and less costly than a cable connection. Finally, they can be used almost anywhere, as long as the distance to be spanned is within the operating range of the equipment and there is clear path (that is, no solid obstacles) between the locations. Microwaves are also able to penetrate rain, fog, and snow, which means bad weather doesnt disrupt transmission. A simple one-way microwave link includes four major elements: a transmitter, a receiver, transmission lines, and antennas. These basic components exist in every radio communications system, including cellular telephones, two-way radios, wireless networks, and commercial broadcasting. But the technology used in microwave links differs markedly from that used at the lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) in the radio spectrum. Techniques and components that work well at low frequencies are not useable at the higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) used in microwave links. For
1|Page ECE DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
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example, ordinary wires and cables function poorly as conductors of microwave signals. On the other hand, microwave frequencies allow engineers to take advantage of certain principles that are impractical to apply at lower frequencies. One example is the use of a parabolic or dish antenna to focus a microwave radio beam. Such antennas can be designed to operate at much lower frequencies, but they would be too large to be economical for most purposes. In a microwave link the transmitter produces a microwave signal that carries the information to be communicated. That informationthe inputcan be anything capable of being sent by electronic means, such as a telephone call, television or radio programs, text, moving or still images, web pages, or a combination of those media. The transmitter has two fundamental jobs: generating microwave energy at the required frequency and power level, and modulating it with the input signal so that it conveys meaningful information. Modulation is accomplished by varying some characteristic of the energy in response to the transmitters input. Flashing a light to transmit a message in Morse Code is an example of modulation. The differing lengths of the flashes (the dots and dashes), and the intervals of darkness between them, convey the informationin this case a text message. The second integral part of a microwave link is a transmission line. This line carries the signal from the transmitter to the antenna and, at the receiving end of the link, from the antenna to the receiver. In electrical engineering, a transmission line is anything that conducts current from one point to another. Lamp cord, power lines, telephone wires and speaker cable are common transmission lines. But at microwave frequencies, those media excessively weaken the signal. In their place, engineers use coaxial cables and, especially, hollow pipes called waveguides. The third part of the microwave system is the antennas. On the transmitting end, the antenna emits the microwave signal from the transmission line into free space. Free space is the electrical engineers term for the emptiness or void between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It is not the same thing as the atmosphere,
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because air is not necessary for any type of radio transmission (which is why radio works in the vacuum of outer space). At the receiver site, an antenna pointed toward the transmitting station collects the signal energy and feeds it into the transmission line for processing by the receiver. Antennas used in microwave links are highly directional, which means they tightly focus the transmitted energy, and receive energy mainly from one specific direction. This contrasts with antennas used in many other communications systems, such as broadcasting. By directing the transmitters energy where it's neededtoward the receiverand by concentrating the received signal, this characteristic of microwave antennas allows communication over long distances using small amounts of power. Between the links antennas lies another vital element of the microwave linkthe path taken by the signal through the earths atmosphere. A clear path is critical to the microwave links success. Since microwaves travel in essentially straight lines, manmade obstacles (including possible future construction) that might block the signal must either be overcome by tall antenna structures or avoided altogether. Natural obstacles also exist. Flat terrain can create undesirable reflections, precipitation can absorb or scatter some of the microwave energy, and the emergence of foliage in the spring can weaken a marginally strong signal, which had been adequate when the trees were bare in the winter. Engineers must take all the existing and potential problems into account when designing a microwave link. At the end of the link is the final component, the receiver. Here, information from the microwave signal is extracted and made available in its original form. To accomplish this, the receiver must demodulate the signal to separate the information from the microwave energy that carries it. The receiver must be capable of detecting very small amounts of microwave energy, because the signal loses much of its strength on its journey. This entire process takes place at close to the speed of light, so transmission is virtually instantaneous even across long distances. With all of their advantages,
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microwave links are certain to be important building blocks of the worlds communications infrastructure for years to come.
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II. MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN

PATH PROFILE A graphic representation of the physical features of a propagation path in the vertical plane containing both endpoints of the path, showing the surface of the Earth and including trees, buildings, and other features that may obstruct the radio signal. Earths Curvature ( Where: k = 4/3 (Earth bulge) it refers to the circular segment of earth profile which blocks of long distance communications. d1= distance from transmitter site d2= distance from receiver site )( )
Fresnel Zone It is use to check for obstructions that penetrate the zone. * Where: F = frequency (GHz) d1 = distance from transmitter site d2 = distance from receiver site Total Obstruction Total = Earths Curvature + Elevation + T&G + Fresnel Zone ( )+

Reflection Point Ratio of tower heights = h1 / h2
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Line of Sight
It refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line. The rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles
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Computation: ( )
where: Ha = first antenna height Hb = second antenna height D = total distance travelled d1 = distance from transmitter site
Fresnel Zone Clearance
The concept of Fresnel zone clearance may be used to analyze interference by obstacles near the path of a radio beam. The first zone must be kept largely free from obstructions to avoid interfering with the radio reception. However, some obstruction of the Fresnel zones can often be tolerated, as a rule of thumb the maximum obstruction allowable is 40%, but the recommended obstruction is 20% or less. || LOS + F || LOS F || LOS + Fresnel Zone || LOS Fresnel Zone ||

Unfaded Carrier to Noise Ratio
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( ( ( ) ( (
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) )
( (
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The Unfaded Carrier to Noise Ratio is the variation with time of the intensity or relative phase, or both, of any of the frequency components of a received radio signal due to changes in the characteristics of the propagation path with time. Faded Carrier to Noise Ratio
Three Methods in Calculating Fade Margin: 1. Rayleigh Method 2. Siemens Method 3. ITU-R Method
RAYLEIGH METHOD For Rayleigh fading, the link fade margins are given for required time availability.

SIEMENS METHOD Siemens has classified LOS radio link paths into three types:
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Where: W = probability (Unav) that a fade depth A is exceeded during 1 year f = radio carrier frequency in GHz d = path length in kilometers A = fading depth in dB SIEMENS TYPE A PATH Type A paths have comparatively favorable fading characteristics, where the formation of tropospheric layers is a rare occurrence and where calm weather is a relatively rare occurrence. Type A paths are over hilly country, but not over wide river valleys and inland waters; and in high mountainous country with paths high above valleys. Type A paths are also characterized as being between a plain or a SIEMENS TYPE B PATH Type B paths with average fading characteristics are typically over flat or slightly undulating country where tropospheric layers may occasionally occur. They are also over hilly country, but not over river valleys or inland waters. Type B paths are also characterized as being in coastal regions with moderate temperatures, but not over the sea, or also over those steeply rising paths in hot and tropical regions.
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS 9|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

SIEMENS TYPE C PATH
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Type C paths have adverse fading and are characterized over humid areas where ground fog is apt to occur, particularly those paths that are low over flat country, such as wide river valleys and moors. They are also typically near the coast in hot regions and generally are those paths in tropical regions without an appreciable angle of elevation.
ITU R METHOD This method is for determining fade margin at small time percentages. A geo-climatic factor K is introduced. There are four K categories, two of which are for overland links and two for over water links.
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COMPUTATION:
Where:

Pw = Unavailability of the path. p = path inclination in mrad. hr & he = height of antenna in meters Above Sea Level. d = path length in Km. f = frequency in GHz A = Fade margin in dB
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Faded (Atmospheric Losses)
Due to Atmospheric Losses
Due to Atmospheric Gases
Due to Oxygen
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Due to Water Vapor
Due to Rainfall and Fog
Due to Woodlands
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Adjusted C/N
Let C/N = 56 dB
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Improved C/N Highest Difference
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Actual Path Loss

Actual path loss can be define as:
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FSL + Awater vapor + Afog + Aoxygen + Aother gasses + Arainfall + Other losses
Computation:
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III. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
This proposal aims in providing a Microwave Communication System Design that will connects 7 City Hall or Municipal Hall in the Northern Luzon Area of the Philippines. In addition, this study aims to give a clear line of sight that will transfer data or information from one site to another.
This proposal provides the designs that will be needed, all the computations and all the specifications that will be needed to achieve a much clearer path in sending information.
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IV. INITIAL PLANNING AND SITE SELECTIONS

Microwave communication is categorized as a line of sight technology. When planning a microwave radio system, one must remember the requirements of microwave equipment. Microwave antennas must be placed at the top of tall radio towers to provide a clear line communication path. This allows the microwave system data to travel the long distances required by telecommunications service providers. Also land formation is considered in planning and selection of a site. Landform in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography. Landform elements also include seascape and oceanic waterbed interface features such as bays, peninsulas, seas and so forth, including sub-aqueous terrain features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.
The class decided to choose different sites, the class must choose a certain City Hall or Municipal Hall that will connect 2 or more sites that will have a total path of 100 miles.
Central Luzon(Region III) contains the largest plain of the country and produces most of the countrys rice supply. Its provinces are Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. The region's administrative center is the City of San Fernando, Pampanga. The former United States Navy base of Subic Bayis located in Subic, Zambales while the former United States Air Force is in Clark Field, Pampanga. Both are now two of the country's booming special economic zones. The main languages are Kapampangan and Tagalog.
CALABARZON (Region IV-A), one of the newest regions of the country, was previously a part of Southern Tagalog (Region IV). It is one of the most populous areas of the country. The name of the region is actually an acronym that stands for its provinces, which are Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. The Tagalogs are
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS 19 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
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the dominant ethnic group in this region, with Tagalog as the main language. The region's administrative center is Calamba City.
Fig.1 Microwave Design Total Path
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V.A MICROWAVE LOS DESIGN

a) Precise Location SAN CARLOS CITY HALL SITE A
The seat of the local government. Located within the city proper & has been the favorite Lakbay-Aral destination because of its beauty & amenities. Erected on a two (2) hectare land, this edifice features transparency & environment friendly conditions.
Lat
: 1555'29.71"N
Long : 12020'51.38"E

b) Map View GOOGLE EARTH VIEW
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GOOGLE MAP VIEW

c) Site Description
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San Carlos City is among the liveliest places in the Province of Pangasinan in terms of economic activity. Called the "Mango-Bamboo Capital of the Philippines", San Carlos has the largest number of fruiting mango trees - their fruits are among the most delicious in the country - and a flourishing bamboocraft industry. An agro-industrial city, San Carlos also engages in livestock raising, crop production, inland fishing, pottery, food processing, tourism, and commerce. San Carlos is said to have an ideal investment potential because of its large land area, big population and strategic location, being in the center of Pangasinan.
d) Power Availability CENTRAL
PANGASINAN
ELECTRIC
COOPERATIVE
INC.
(CENPELCO)
Coordinates: 1555'3"N 12020'53"E Nearby cities: San Carlos City, Tarlac City, Alaminos City e) Geological and Seismic Data
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The Pangasinan (Pangasinan:Totoon Pangasinan) are the eighth largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They are the residents or indigenous peoplesof the Province of Pangasinan, one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines, located on the west central area in the island of Luzon alongLingayen Gulf. The term Pangasinan can also refer to the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language, or people of Pangasinan heritage.
The name Pangasinan means "land of salt" or "place of salt-making"; it is derived from asin, the word for "salt" in the Pangasinan language. The Pangasinan people are also called taga-Pangasinan, which means "from Pangasinan" in the Pangasinan language.
The estimated population of the Pangasinan people in the province of Pangasinan is 1.5 million. The rest of the population of the province are mostlyIlocanos and Sambal.
Urduja was a legendary woman warrior who is regarded as a heroine in Pangasinan. Malong and Palaris fought for independence from Spanish rule. The first president of the Philippines of Pangasinan origin (and the first Protestant Philippine president), Fidel V. Ramos, was elected in 1992. Other prominent people of Pangasinan descent include lawmaker Jose de Venecia, Jr., who was born in Dagupan City, Pangasinan; and the late actor and presidential candidate Fernando Poe, Jr., whose father was from San Carlos City, Pangasinan.

f) Weather Data AVERAGE CLIMATE
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AVERAGE RAINFALL

g) Local Zoning Restrictions There is no Airport nearby h) List of EMI
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a) Precise Location MONCADA MUNICIPAL HALL SITE B
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This charming American colonial period municipio was one of the most elegant local government buildings in Central Luzon. That was before it was renovated beyond recognition last year. From a stately government building, it was transformed into a structure that looks more like a house, no longer exuding the elegance that it once had.
Lat Long
: 1543'58.74"N : 12034'23.20"E

b) Map View GOOGLE MAP VIEW
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c) Site Description
The site can be located in front of the Municipal hall across the street, it has a 45.05 meters away from the Municipal hall. The City of Moncada is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Tarlac, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 54,547 people in 10,144 households.
Moncada was formerly known as "San Ramon". On July 1, 1875, it was renamed "Moncada" in honor of a certain influential nobility in Spain.

d) Power Availability
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TARLAC ELECTRIC COMPANY
Coordinates: 15 31' 44.96" N 120 33' 37.30" E
e) Geological and Seismic Data
According to the 2007 census, Moncada has a population of 54,547 residents and belongs to the 294 emerging cities and municiplities in the Philippines which have more than 50,000 inhabitants but did not reach 100,000 yet. Based on the number of its inhabitants Moncada is number 389 of the most populous cities of the Philippines and at 222 in Luzon group of islands and at 10 of the most populous cities of province Tarlac. With an area of 85.75 km Moncada occupies a relatively small urban area. Accordingly, there is a high population density. In Moncada, by average, 636.12 people live in one square kilometer. With this value, Moncada is only number 197 in Luzon and is nationally ranked 251st of the most densely populated cities in the Philippines. f) Weather Data
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The climate of Tarlac plays an important role in the economic activity of the province. Like the rest of Central Luzon province, there are two distinct seasons: Dry from November to April, and wet for the rest of the year. Heavy rainfall is distributed during the months of July, August and September with an average of 400 millimeters. During such months when precipitation is heaviest, the Tarlac river swells flooding the areas surrounding it and causing widespread damage to crops and properties. January, the coldest month, registers a temperature of 79 degrees Fahrenheit. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE RAINFALL

g) Local Zoning Restrictions There is no Airport nearby. h) List of EMI
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PATH PROFILE (SITE A TO B) a) Path
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Site A to Site B has a distance of 20 miles apart with each other. The elevation of site A is 37(ft) while the site B has an elevation of 78(ft). GOOGLE MAP VIEW
PATH ELEVATION
PATH DESCRIPTION Path Obstacle Location d1 d2 (mi) (mi)
Path Description CITY CITY FOREST CITY FOREST PLAIN 32 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
Site A a b c d e
0.00 0.50 0.86 1.04 1.89 2.50
20.00 19.50 19.14 18.96 18.11 17.50
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K

2.75 3.17 3.54 4.18 4.62 5.06 5.93 6.49 6.81 7.50 7.80 8.50 8.88 9.36 9.60 10.40 10.80 11.50 11.70 12.00 12.90 13.30 13.50 14.40 14.90 15.00 15.90 16.00 16.60 17.40 18.00 18.50 17.25 16.83 16.46 15.82 15.38 14.94 14.07 13.51 13.19 12.50 12.20 11.50 11.12 10.64 10.40 9.60 9.20 8.50 8.30 8.00 7.10 6.70 6.50 5.60 5.10 5.00 4.10 4.00 3.40 2.60 2.00 1.50 FOREST FOREST FOREST FOREST FOREST GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND HOUSEHOLD GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND CITY HOUSEHOLD FOREST HOUSEHOLD CITY HOUSEHOLD RIVER GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND GRASSLAND
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ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design L M Site B

b) Path Profile
Frequency = 6.2 Ant. Height A = Ant. Height B = 200.00 230.00 19.00 19.50 20.00 1.00 0.50 0.00 GRASSLAND CITY CITY
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Path Obstacle Location d1 (mi)

0.00 0.50 0.86 1.04 1.89 2.50 2.75 3.17 3.54 4.18 4.62 5.06 5.93 6.49 6.81 7.50 7.80 8.50 8.88 9.36 9.60
Elevation (ft) d2 (mi)

20.00 19.50 19.14 18.96 18.11 17.50 17.25 16.83 16.46 15.82 15.38 14.94 14.07 13.51 13.19 12.50 12.20 11.50 11.12 10.64 10.40 37 45 49 49 48 42 58 60 57 59 61 45 44 46 48 64 63 59 59 79 73
EC (ft)
T&G
F1
Fresnel Zone
Total Height
Site A a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
0.00 4.88 8.23 9.86 17.12 21.89 23.73 26.69 29.15 33.08 35.55 37.82 41.74 43.86 44.93 46.90 47.60 48.90 49.40 49.82 49.94
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0.00 20.22 26.27 28.75 37.88 42.83 44.59 47.29 49.42 52.65 54.58 56.30 59.14 60.63 61.36 62.69 63.16 64.02 64.34 64.61 64.70
10.00 22.33 26.02 27.54 33.11 36.12 37.20 38.85 40.15 42.12 43.29 44.34 46.08 46.98 47.43 48.24 48.53 49.05 49.25 49.42 49.46
97.00 122.21 133.26 136.40 148.23 150.01 168.93 175.54 176.30 184.20 189.84 177.16 181.82 186.85 190.37 209.14 209.13 206.95 207.65 228.24 222.41
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M Site B

10.40 10.80 11.50 11.70 12.00 12.90 13.30 13.50 14.40 14.90 15.00 15.90 16.00 16.60 17.40 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 9.60 9.20 8.50 8.30 8.00 7.10 6.70 6.50 5.60 5.10 5.00 4.10 4.00 3.40 2.60 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 74 89 82 86 80 85 75 65 60 61 59 62 56 46 49 62 60 59 71 79 49.94 49.70 48.90 48.58 48.02 45.82 44.58 43.90 40.34 38.01 37.52 32.61 32.02 28.23 22.63 18.01 13.88 9.50 4.88 0.00 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 64.70 64.54 64.02 63.81 63.44 61.97 61.12 60.65 58.14 56.44 56.07 52.28 51.80 48.64 43.55 38.85 34.11 28.22 20.22 0.00 49.46 49.37 49.05 48.92 48.70 47.80 47.28 47.00 45.47 44.43 44.20 41.89 41.60 39.67 36.57 33.70 30.81 27.22 22.33 10.00
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223.41 238.07 229.95 233.50 226.72 228.62 216.86 205.89 195.81 193.44 190.72 186.50 179.61 163.91 158.20 163.71 154.69 145.72 148.21 139.00
c) Graph
250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 EC (ft) Elevation T&G Fresnel

d) LOS
Frequency = 6.2 Ant. Height A = Ant. Height B = 200.00 230.00
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Location
Obstacle d1 (mi) Yi
0.00 0.50 0.86 1.04 1.89 2.50 2.75 3.17 3.54 4.18 4.62 5.06 5.93 6.49 6.81 7.50 7.80 8.50 8.88 9.36 9.60 10.40 10.80 11.50 0.00 1.80 3.10 3.74 6.80 9.00 9.90 11.41 12.74 15.05 16.63 18.22 21.35 23.36 24.52 27.00 28.08 30.60 31.97 33.70 34.56 37.44 38.88 41.40
LOSi
237.00 238.80 240.10 240.74 243.80 246.00 246.90 248.41 249.74 252.05 253.63 255.22 258.35 260.36 261.52 264.00 265.08 267.60 268.97 270.70 271.56 274.44 275.88 278.40
HA HB
72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72
HA
237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00
HB
309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00
LOSi + F
237.00 259.02 266.37 269.50 281.68 288.83 291.49 295.70 299.17 304.70 308.21 311.51 317.49 320.99 322.88 326.69 328.24 331.62 333.31 335.31 336.26 339.14 340.42 342.42
LOS - F
237.00 218.58 213.83 211.99 205.92 203.17 202.31 201.12 200.32 199.40 199.05 198.92 199.21 199.74 200.15 201.31 201.92 203.58 204.63 206.08 206.86 209.74 211.34 214.38
LOSi + FZ
247.00 261.13 266.12 268.28 276.91 282.12 284.10 287.26 289.89 294.17 296.93 299.56 304.42 307.35 308.95 312.24 313.61 316.65 318.22 320.11 321.02 323.90 325.25 327.45
LOS FZ
227.00 216.47 214.07 213.21 210.70 209.88 209.70 209.56 209.60 209.93 210.34 210.88 212.27 213.38 214.08 215.76 216.55 218.55 219.72 221.28 222.10 224.98 226.51 229.35
Site A a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M Site B

11.70 12.00 12.90 13.30 13.50 14.40 14.90 15.00 15.90 16.00 16.60 17.40 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 42.12 43.20 46.44 47.88 48.60 51.84 53.64 54.00 57.24 57.60 59.76 62.64 64.80 66.60 68.40 70.20 72.00 279.12 280.20 283.44 284.88 285.60 288.84 290.64 291.00 294.24 294.60 296.76 299.64 301.80 303.60 305.40 307.20 309.00 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 237.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00 342.93 343.64 345.41 346.00 346.25 346.98 347.08 347.07 346.52 346.40 345.40 343.19 340.65 337.71 333.62 327.42 309.00
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328.04 328.90 331.24 332.16 332.60 334.31 335.07 335.20 336.13 336.20 336.43 336.21 335.50 334.41 332.62 329.53 319.00 230.20 231.50 235.64 237.60 238.60 243.37 246.21 246.80 252.35 253.00 257.09 263.07 268.10 272.79 278.18 284.87 299.00
215.31 216.76 221.47 223.76 224.95 230.70 234.20 234.93 241.96 242.80 248.12 256.09 262.95 269.49 277.18 286.98 309.00
e) LOS GRAPH
400.00 350.00 EC (ft) 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 Elevation T&G Fresnel LOSi LOSi + F LOS - F LOSi + FZ LOS - FZ
5.93
0.00
0.86
1.89
2.75
3.54
4.62
6.81
7.80
8.88
9.60
19.00
10.80
11.70
12.90
13.50
14.90
15.90
16.60
18.00
20.00

f) Computations
COMPUTATION: Earths Curvature ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
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COMPUTATION: Fresnel Zone

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COMPUTATION: Line of Sight

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REFLECTION AREA Site A (San Carlos City Hall) to Site B (Moncada Municipal Hall) Ant. Height Site A = 200 ft Ant. Height Site B = 230 ft Computation
2013
0.46 (20) = 9.2 miles 0.48 (20) = 9.6 miles
2013
PATH ANALYSIS UNFADED C/N

SITE A (SAN CARLOS CITY HALL) to SITE B (MONCADA MUNICIPAL HALL) 1. Site San Carlos City Hall to site Moncada Municipal Hall. 2. Latitude / Longitude: 1555'29.71"N, 12020'51.38"E to Latitude / Longitude: 1543'58.74"N, 12034'23.20"E. 3. Path Length: 20 miles. 4. Site A Elevation: 37 Ft. Antenna Height: 200. 5. Site B Elevation: 78 Ft. Antenna Height: 230. 6. Azimuth from True North (Site A): 131.27 Angle of Inclination: 7. Azimuth from True North (Site B): 311.33 311.33 - 131.27 = 180.06 8. Signal Type: Digital. 9. Frequency Band: 5.9 GHz 6.5 GHz. Frequency: 5.93 GHz 6.47 GHz. 10. FDM Channel: 10 channels. 11. Type of Transmitter Equipment: Model FLR 6HP Transmitter Output Power: Po = 5.01 Watts Po = 37 dBm 12. Tx Transmission Line Losses a) Waveguide Type: EWP52 - 59 Length: 200 + 50 = 250 Ft b) Waveguide Loss/Length: 1.21 dB / 100 Ft Waveguide Loss: 3.025 dB c) Flex Guide Loss: 0 dB d) Connector / Transition Type: 152SE No. of Connector: 5 Connector / Transition Loss: 0.01 dB Total Loss: 0.05 dB e) Directional Coupler Loss: 0 dB f) Circulator / Hybrid Loss: 0 dB g) Other Losses: 0 dB h) Total Transition Losses: 3.025 + 0.05 TLL(Tx): 3.075 dB 13. Tx Antenna Type: High Performance Antenna / Super High Cross Polarization Discrimination Dual Polarized (HSX15 59). Diameter: 15 ft Computed Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log(15 ft) + 20log(5.93 GHz) = 46.48 dB
2013
14. Radome Loss: 46.48 46.3 = 0.18 dB Antenna Gain: 46.30 dB 15. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power: EIRP = Po(dBm) + G(Tx) - TLL(Tx) EIRP = 37 dBm + 46.30 dB 3.075 dB EIRP = 80.23 dBm 16. Free Space Loss: 96.6 + 20log(20 mi) + 20log(6.41 GHz) FSL = 138.76 dB 17. Unfaded IRL = EIRP FSL = 80.23 dB 138.76 dB Unfaded IRL = -58.53 dBm 18. Rx Antenna Type: : High Performance Antenna / Super High Cross Polarization Discrimination Dual Polarized (HSX15 59). Diameter: 15 ft 19. Computed Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log(15 ft) + 20log(5.93 GHz) = 46.48 dB 20. Rx Transmission Line Losses a) Waveguide Type: EWP52 - 59 Length: 230 + 50 = 280 Ft b) Waveguide Loss/Length: 1.21 dB / 100 Ft Waveguide Loss: 3.388 dB c) Flex Guide Loss: 0 dB d) Connector / Transition Type: 152SE No. of Connector: 5 Connector / Transition Loss: 0.01 dB Total Loss: 0.05 dB e) Directional Coupler Loss: 0 dB f) Circulator / Hybrid Loss: 0 dB g) Other Losses: 0 dB h) Total Transition Losses: 3.388 + 0.05 TLL(Rx): 3.438 dB 21. Unfaded RSL = Unfaded IRL + G(Rx) TLL(Rx) = -58.53 dBm + 46.30 dB 3.438 dB Unfaded RSL = -15.67 dBm 22. Type of Receiver Equipment: Model FLR 6HP 23. Rx Noise Figure: 3.5 dB 24. Rx IFBW: 70 Mhz 25. Rx Thermal Noise Threshold: -85 dBm 26. Unfaded C/N = -15.67 dBm (-85 dBm) Unfaded C/N = 69.33 Db
2013
FADED C/N
SITE A (SAN CARLOS CITY HALL) to SITE B (MONCADA MUNICIPAL HALL) o o System Availability: 99.99% Required Availability:
Reliability per Link : 99.998% Time Availability 90 % 99 % 99.9 % 99.99% 99.999 % Fade Margin (dB) 8 18 28 38 48
Rayleigh Method: 48 x 38 99.99 99.998 99.999
Required Availability: 99.99% Fade Margin: 46.87 dB o Siemens Method: Radio Link Type: Type B Required Availability: 99.99% Unavailability (W): 0.002% Frequency (f): 6.47 GHz 45 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT

Path Length (d): 32.19 Km Fading Depth in dB (A): W = 8x10-7 fd2.5 x 10-A/10 0.00002 = (8x10-7) (6.47 GHz) (32.19)2.5 x 10-A/10 A = 31.82 dB o ITU-R METHOD: C (Lat) = 0 C (Long) = 0 = 20 Geo-climatic factor (k): ( ) k= = 10-6.5 (201.5) = 28.28 x 10-6 Frequency (f) = 6.47 GHz Path Length (d) = 32.19 km Required Availability = 99.99% Unavailability (w) = 0.002% Height: Site A: 37ft + 200ft = 237 Ft (72.24 m) Site B: 78ft + 230ft = 308 Ft (93.88 m) Path Inclination in mrad: | | | | Fade Margin (A): ( ( )( ) ( | |) ) ( | |) ( ) | | | |
2013
A = 39.88 dB Attenuation Losses: o Due to Atmospheric Absorption: Path Length (miles) 2.4 6 GHz 20 0.2 40 0.4 60 0.6 80 0.8 Attenuation in dB 8 GHz 10 GHz 0.26 0.32 0.52 0.64 0.78 0.96 1.04 1.28 x = 0.2 dB
12 GHz 0.38 0.76 1.14 1.52

o Due to Atmospheric Gases: Frequency 2 GHz 8 GHz 14 GHz Losses(dB)/mile 0.0002 0.002 0.01
2013
0.002 x
0.0002
2 5.9 8 x
Due to Oxygen ( ( ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) )( ) )( ) ( ( )) ))
Due to Water Vapor ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) )( ( ( )) )
) )( (
( ) ( ))
Due to Fog 47 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT

Frequency: 5.9 GHz Attenuation in fog or cloud: 0.032 gm/m3 (F) Attenuation: 0 dB/km o Due to Rainfall Rate Frequency: 5.9 GHz Soln Attenuation in rainfall intensity of: 0.25 mm/hr (drizzle 0.1 in/hr) Attenuation: 0 dB/km o Atmospheric Losses Atmospheric Losses = A + B + C + D + E + F = 0.2 + 0.26 + 0.21 + 0.08 = 0.75 dB o o Diffraction Loss = 0 dB FM
2013
Since the computation of Rayleigh Method is greater than the other two computations. Therefore. FM = 46.87 dB o Total Faded Loss FADED IRL = EIRP FSL FM ATM DIFF LOSS = 80.23 138.76 46.87 0.75 0 = -106.15 dBm FADED RSL = FADED IRL + GRx TLLRx = -106.15 + 46.30 3.438 = -63.27 dBm FADED C/N = FADED RSL Rx(Threshold) = -63.27 (-85) = 21.71 dB
2013
Adjusted C/N & Reliability

Reqd: C/N = 56 dB
For 6 Links: Avail / Link = 99.998 % Computed: Faded C/N = 29.06 dB Soln Set C/N Link = 56 dB = RSL faded Pn (dBm) RSL (faded) = 56 + (-85 dBm) RSL (faded) = - 29 dBm RSL (faded) = IRL (faded) + G (Rx) TLL (Rx) IRL (faded) = -29 dBm 46.30 + 3.438 IRL (faded) = -71.86 dBm IRL (faded) = EIRP FSL all Atm. losses FM FM = 80.405 138.76 0.75 + 71.86 FM = 12.76 dB Solve for FM (or A) = dB
Next: comp. for the availability / unit a) Rayleigh 99
X
90 8 12.76 18
b) Siemens Method 49 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT

W = 8x10-7 fd2.5 x 10-A/10 W = (8x10-7) (6.47 GHz) (32.19)2.5 x 10-12.76/10 W = 0.001612 Availability = 1 Unavailability Availability = 1 0.001612 Availability = 99.84% c) ITU-R Method ( ( )( ) ( | |) ) ( | |) ( )
2013
Availability = 1 Unavailability Availability = 1 0.0103 Availability = 98.97 %
Improving C/N using diversity

Let F1 = 6.17 GHz Let F2 = 6.47 GHz
Fade Margin = 18 dB C/N (Improved) = EIRP FSL Atm. Losses Diff. Loss FM(Improved) Pn TLL(Rx) + G(Rx) C/N (Improved) = 80.23 138.76 0.75 0 18 + 85 3.438 + 46.30 C/N (Improved) = 50.58 dBm
2013
Space Diversity
Formula: ( )( )( )(
where: f = frequency in GHz. s = vertical antenna spacing in ft. FM = fade margin in dB associated to the 2nd antenna. Soln ( )( )( )(
2013
SPECIFICATIONS
a) Antenna Specifications
b) Transceiver and Receiver Specifications

c) Waveguide Specifications
2013

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ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

4|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

II. MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

5|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

6|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

Fresnel Zone Clearance

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

7|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

8|Page ECE DEPARTMENT

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

Faded (Atmospheric Losses)

Due to Atmospheric Losses

Due to Atmospheric Gases

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

Due to Water Vapor

Due to Rainfall and Fog

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

Actual Path Loss

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

III. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

IV. INITIAL PLANNING AND SITE SELECTIONS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

Fig.1 Microwave Design Total Path

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

V.A MICROWAVE LOS DESIGN

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

GOOGLE MAP VIEW

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design

d) Power Availability CENTRAL

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design