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Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION

The crime rate in the Philippines declined by 6.44 percent in the first quarter of 2008 according to the Philippines National Police as reported in the Philippine Daily Inquirer (Papa, 2008). But criminality nationwide increased by 63 percent in 2009 compared to the previous year. According to PNP spokesman Chief Superintendent Leonardo Espina, the figure does not necessarily reflect a worsening crime situation, but is actually the product of more efficient and accurate crime reporting under the Integrated Transformation Program to develop more efficient police systems and procedures (Philippine Star, 2010). Crimes happening in the country are inevitable, although, there may be a decrease in some situations; still, it happens to different persons and at different setting. Criminality has stemmed from different sources; sometimes influenced by peers, or stumble upon the complex relationship between nature of the individual and the influence of the persons environment. It could be innate or that it is a direct result of poverty or unemployment. Whatever the point of view, it is clear that home background and childhood background and experiences is a major influence, one which includes the relationships and the style of the upbringing as well as the circumstances. Adults childhood experiences always affect their present behaviour according to Cullingford and Morrison (2007). The behaviour that the adult show
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at present is shaped by whether they were received love and attention or mistreated. With this, the home had posed a major role in moulding an individual in a way what he should be. But how can this be, if the home that should protect the person become the source of bad experiences when the parents has no concern of their children, hostile to them, with poor parenting style and expose their children to uncomfortable and delinquent environment. With this, the researcher become interested in conducting this research about the relationship of adult criminality and childhood experiences, to determine the experiences that mostly influence the criminals in having bad behavior that brings them to act waywardly. The offenders may have different terrible experiences when they were still children, but which among them have influenced them much.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The study was conducted at the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) Detention Center in Turbina, Calamba City where different detainees who have sentenced of different criminality are being jailed. Criminals who are now in BJMP in Turbina Calamba City were able to commit different crimes from which the researchers are finding connection with their own experiences at home and in the place they grew up. The researchers traced the offenders family background such as parents educational attainment, economic status, family size, birth order, and parental absence as well as their experiences like family conflict, economic deprivation,
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severe punishment and bullying, physical abuse, rejection and lack of supervision. It is also the desire of the study to verify if these factors have influenced the criminals to be engaged in childhood disruptive behaviour which eventually make them commit criminal acts. It is for this reason that the researchers have conducted this study to find out the relationship of these experiences to the criminal activities to which they engaged in.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aimed to determine the relationship of adult criminality and their childhood experiences among offenders at the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology at Turbina, Calamba City. Specifically, it sought to answer the following specific problems: 1. What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status 1.4 Birth order 1.5 Educational attainment 1.6 Mothers educational attainment 1.7 Fathers educational attainment 1.8 Living with whom during childhood 1.9 Members of the family
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1.10 1.11 Economic status Crime committed

2. How did the respondents spend their childhood days in terms of the following: 2.1 Family relationship 2.2 Relationship with relatives 2.3 Relationship with other people 2.4 Childhood behaviour 3. How is the criminality of the offenders related to their childhood experiences?

HYPOTHESES Criminality of the experiences. offenders is significantly related to their childhood

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study intended to determine the relationship between adults criminality and their childhood experiences, with the detainees at the BJMP at Turbina, Calamba City as the respondents of the study considering their profile such as their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, economic status, birth order, educational attainment of both father and mother, number of family members, living with whom during childhood and crimes committed. Furthermore, this study also wanted to find out the offenders childhood experiences such as
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relationship within the family, relationship with other relatives and other people and if there is any childhood disruptive behaviour among. The researchers also conducted this study during the first week August, 2012. However, this study was limited to childhood experiences, excluding their present experiences.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study about the adults criminality and its relationship to other factors and to the offenders childhood experiences is expected to be beneficial to the following: Parents. The result may give them insights on they should raise their children to become good citizens and God-fearing. Curriculum Planner. This study may be considered in revisiting present curriculum to include and reiterate good values among students and they should continue to become good individuals. Teachers. Teachers are considered second parents and they must be partners of the parents in making the students to be transformed into individuals who will be intellectually good as well as conscientious citizens and God-fearing. Barangay Chairman. The Barangay chairman may have the desire to help his constituents to have families who are bound together and with members who are good individuals and of help in the community and not a burden through giving parenting seminars within the community so that those who are not properly nurturing their children will be corrected.
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Criminology students. The result of this study may help them understand that offenders were able to commit crimes because of their bad experiences during childhood and understand them when they happen to work in BJMP and government agencies where they will meet criminals and they should not be judgmental among criminals. Future researchers. This study may serve as a guide and source of data to those who will have further studies related to this topic.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study is based on violence theories such as socio-biological, social learning, subcultural, and patriarchal theories. The socio-biological theories are used to explain rape, child abuse, infanticide, and other forms of domestic violence (Alexander, 2004). These explanations of intimate violence are based on the inclusive fitness theory which postulates that individuals will behave in ways to increase the probability that their genes will be transmitted to future generations. There are, indeed, associations between cases of child abuse and paternal uncertainty, handicapped or stepchild status, and among poor families when the allocations of limited resources require the hierarchal ranking of offspring. By contrast, the social learning or socio-cultural theories of violence, of which the sub-cultural and patriarchal theories are simply a variation of, are less about nature than they are about nurture. These explanations of aggression and violence address issues of gender-centric attitudes and maintain that these
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behaviors are learned and precipitated by a combination of contextual and situational factors (OLeary 2002). The social context of the dysfunctional family, for example, produces stress, aggressive personalities, and violent behavior. Or the situational factors like alcohol or drug abuse, financial problems, or marital infidelity accommodate exercises in aggression and

violence. Probably, the most familiar of these social learning theories is the intergenerational transmission of family violence explanation which contends that people who have witnessed or suffered physical family violence when growing up have a greater likelihood of living in a violent domestic situation later on in life. There are also associations between those people who have been sexually abused, especially boys, becoming sexually abusing teenagers and adults (Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz, 2008).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The input of this study included the adult criminals and their profile such as their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, economic status, birth order, educational attainment of both father and mother, number of family members, living with whom during childhood and crimes committed as well as the offenders childhood experiences such as relationship within the family, relationship with other relatives and other people and if there was any childhood disruptive behaviour among them. In carrying out this study, the researchers used the survey questionnaire which were distributed among those who were jailed at BJMP in Turbina,
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Calamba City. The researcher used different statistical treatment to come up with the proper conclusion and interpretation. The output of the study consisted of the criminality and their childhood experiences. relationship of the adult

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM INPUT

A. Profile of the respondents *Age *Gender *Civil Status *Educational attainment *Birth order *Economic status *Parents educational attainment *Number of family members *Family member involvement in Statistical Treatment Survey Questionnaire Relationship between Adult Criminality and Their Childhood Experiences

PROCESS

OUTPUT

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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms were defined operationally for better understanding of the study: Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. This is the government agency from which the prisoners who have committed criminal acts are being jailed and where they would spent their punishment. Crime. It is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Crimes may also result

incautions, rehabilitation or be unenforced. Criminality. These refers to the criminals acts and offenses committed by those who are now imprisoned.

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Criminals. These are people who have committed different crimes and those who are jailed in BJMP Turbina, Calamba City. Childhood experiences. This refers to the different experiences that the criminals have experiences during their childhood which influenced them to become criminals. Disruptive Behavior. These are the different bad behaviour that the person have shown as a result of the bad experiences they had. Offenders. They are also called criminals. Physical abuse. Physical abuse consists of anything does to a person that causes physical pain. If a person has slapped, pinched, punched, thrown things at him or assaulted with a weapon, he is a victim of domestic abuse.

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Criminal behavior has always been a focus for psychologists due to the age old debate between nature and nurture. It IS the responsibility of an individual's genetic makeup that makes them a criminal or is it the environment in which they are raised that determines their outcome Research has been conducted regarding this debate which has resulted in a conclusion that both genes and environment do play a role in the criminality of an individual. This evidence has been generated from a number of twin, family, and adoption studies as well as laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the research has stated that it is more often an interaction between genes and the environment that predicts criminal behavior. Having a genetic predisposition for criminal behavior
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does not determine the actions of an individual, but if they are exposed to the right environment, then their chances are greater for engaging in criminal or antisocial behavior. Therefore, this paper will examine the different functions that genetics and the environment play in the criminal behavior of individuals (Jones, 2008). To fully understand the nature of how genes and the environment influence criminal behavior, one must first know how criminal behavior is defined. Law in the society is defined by social and legal institutions, not in biology (Morley & Hall, 2003). Therefore determining what constitutes criminal behavior can envelope a wide variety of activities and for that reason, researchers tend to focus on the wider context of antisocial behavior. Authors Morley and Hall (2003), who have investigated the genetic influences on criminal behavior, point out three different ways to define antisocial behavior. First is equating it with criminality and delinquency, which both involve engaging in criminal acts. Criminality can lead to arrest, conviction, or incarceration for adults, while delinquency is related to juveniles committing unlawful acts (Rhee & Waldman, 2002). Information can be collected using court and criminal records, as well as self report surveys to analyze the influences that were present. Secondly, they advise individuals to define antisocial behavior is through criteria used to diagnose certain personality disorders. More specifically, they mean those personality disorders, such as Antisocial Personality Disorder, which is associated with an increased risk in criminal activity. A final measure suggested for defining antisocial behavior is by examining personality traits that may be influential in the criminal behavior of
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individuals. Traits such as aggressiveness and impulsivity are two traits that have been investigated the most (Morley & Hall, 2003). There has been great debate between researchers regarding the outcomes of twin, adoption, and family studies. Some claim that these studies support the notion of a genetic basis to criminal behavior (Tehrani & Mednick, 2000). On the other hand, some have concluded that there is not enough evidence from these twin, family, and adoption studies to profess that genetics do play a role in antisocial or criminal behavior (Lowenstein, 2003). Twin studies are conducted on the basis of comparing monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins and their rates of criminal behavior with the rates of criminal behavior of dizygotic (DZ) or fraternal twins. Ordinarily these studies are used to assess the roles of genetic and environmental influences. If the outcomes of these twin studies show that there is a higher concordance rate for MZ twins than for DZ twins in criminal behavior, then it can be assumed that there is a genetic influence (Tehrani & Mednick, 2000). A study conducted looked at thirty two MZ twins reared apart, who had been adopted by a non-relative a short time after birth. The results showed that for both childhood and adult antisocial behavior, there was a high degree of heritability involved (Joseph, 2001). This study was of particular importance because it examined the factor of separate environments. Another researcher studied eighty-five MZ and one hundred and forty-seven DZ pairs and found that there was a higher concordance rate for the MZ pairs. Ten years later after checking police records of these same twins, two other researchers concluded that there was a fifty-four percent heritability of liability to crime
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(Joseph, 2001). Around the same time of the study just mentioned, two researchers studied forty-nine MZ and eighty-nine DZ pairs, but found no difference in the concordance rates. They concluded therefore that in respect to common crime, hereditary factors are of little significance (Joseph, 2001). Adoption studies are critical in examining the relationship that exists between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents because they assume to separate nature and nurture. Studies have been conducted that test for the criminal behavior of the adopted-away children, if their biological parents had also been involved with criminal activity. In Iowa, the first adoption study was conducted that looked at the genetics of criminal behavior. The researchers found that as compared to the control group, the adopted individuals, which were born to incarcerated female offenders, had a higher rate of criminal convictions as adults. Therefore this evidence supports the existence of a heritable component to antisocial or criminal behavior (Tehrani & Mednick, 2000). Another study in Sweden also showed that if a biological background existed for criminality, then there was an increased risk of criminal behavior in the adopted children. In Denmark, one of the largest studies of adopted children was conducted and found similar results to the previous studies. The defining feature of the Denmark study was that the researchers found a biological component for criminal acts against property, but not for violent crimes (Joseph, 2001). Children whose biological fathers had been convicted of property crimes were more likely to engage in similar behavior, when compared to those biological fathers who had been convicted of violent crimes. According to an article by Jay Joseph
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(2001), who studied all of the minor and major adoption studies, the majority of researchers have found and agreed upon the non-significance of genes in violent crime. This re-establishes the findings from the studies mentioned already in that there may be a genetic component to antisocial behavior or that genes influence criminal behavior, but specifically for property offenses. Family studies are the third type of instrument used to assess the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial behavior. Research in this field has probably been the least accepted by psychologists and other scholars because of the degree of difficulty in separating out nature and nurture in the family environment. Children experience both the influence of their parents' genes and also the environment in which they are raised, so it is difficult to assign which behaviors were influenced by the two factors. Moreover, personality traits and disorders have recently become essential in the diagnosis of individuals with antisocial or criminal behavior. These traits and disorders do not first become evident when an individual is an adult, rather these can be seen in children. For that reason it seems logical to discuss those personality disorders that first appear in childhood. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) are three of the more prominent disorders that have been shown to have a relationship with later adult behavior (Holmes, Slaughter, & Kashani, 2001). ODD is characterized by argumentativeness, noncompliance, and irritability, which can be found in early childhood (Holmes et al., 2001). When a
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child with ODD grows older, the characteristics of their behavior also change and more often for the worse. They start to lie and steal, engage in vandalism, substance abuse, and show aggression towards peers (Holmes et al., 2001). Frequently ODD is the first disorder that is identified in children and if sustained can lead to the diagnosis of CD (Morley & Hall, 2003). It is important to note however that not all children who are diagnosed with ODD will develop CD. ADHD is associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and the inability to keep attention focused on one thing (Morley & Hall, 2003). Holmes et al. (2001) states that, impulse control dysfunction and the presence of hyperactivity and inattention are the most highly related predisposing factors for presentation of antisocial behavior. They also point to the fact that children diagnosed with ADHD have the inability to analyze and anticipate consequences or learn from their past behavior. Children with this disorder are at risk of developing ODD and CD, unless the child is only diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), in which case their chances of developing ODD or CD are limited. The future for some children is made worse when ADHD and CD are co-occurring because they will be more likely to continue their antisocial tendencies into adulthood (Holmes et al., 2001). Conduct Disorder is characterized with an individual's violation of societal rules and norms (Morley & Hall, 2003). As the tendencies or behaviors of those children who are diagnosed with ODD or ADHD worsen and become more prevalent, the next logical diagnosis is CD. What is even more significant is the fact that ODD, ADHD, and CD are risk factors for developing Antisocial
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Personality Disorder (ASPD). This disorder can only be diagnosed when an individual is over the age of eighteen and at which point an individual shows persistent disregard for the rights of others (Morley & Hall, 2003). ASPD has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of criminal activity. Therefore, it is of great importance that these early childhood disorders are correctly diagnosed and effectively treated to prevent future problems. Another critical aspect that must be examined regarding antisocial or criminal behavior is the personality characteristics of individuals. Two of the most cited personality traits that can be shown to have an association with antisocial or criminal behavior are impulsivity and aggression (Morley & Hall, 2003). ). He also added that singles are more prone to criminal behaviour because of lack of person with whom a person may confide. According to the article written by

Holmes et al. (2001), antisocial behavior between the ages of nine and fifteen can be correlated strongly with impulsivity and that aggression in early childhood can predict antisocial acts and delinquency. One statistic shows that between seventy and ninety percent of violent offenders had been highly aggressive as young children (Holmes et al., 2001). These personality traits have, in some research, been shown to be heritable. Thus, far it has been established through research and various studies that genetics do influence criminal or antisocial behavior. Researchers agree on the point that genes influence personality traits and disorders, such as the ones just mentioned. However, researchers also agree that there is an environmental

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component that needs to be examined. Environmental influences such as family and peers will be discussed, as well as a look into the social learning theory. The family environment is critical to the upbringing of a child and if problems exist then the child is most likely to suffer the consequences. It can be seen the problems associated with a child who is diagnosed with ADHD and how that can influence antisocial or criminal behavior. In relation to that, some researchers have claimed that it is the family environment that influences the hyperactivity of children (Schmitz, 2003). The researchers in this article specifically identify family risk factors as poverty, education, parenting practices, birth order and family structure. Prior research on the relationship between family environment and child behavior characterizes a child's well being with a positive and caring parent-child relationship, a stimulating home environment, and consistent disciplinary techniques (Schmitz, 2003). Families with poor

communication and weak family bonds have been shown to have a correlation with children's development of aggressive/criminal behavior (Garnefski & Okma, 2006). Therefore it seems obvious to conclude that those families who are less financially sound, perhaps have more children, and who are unable to consistently punish their children will have a greater likelihood of promoting an environment that will influence antisocial or delinquent behavior. Another indicator of future antisocial or criminal behavior is that of abuse or neglect in childhood. A statistic shows that children are at a fifty percent greater risk of engaging in criminal acts, if they were neglected or abused (Holmes et al., 2001).

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This has been one of the most popular arguments as to why children develop antisocial or delinquent behaviors. One additional research finding in the debate between genetic and environmental influences on antisocial or criminal behavior has to deal with the age of the individual. Research seems consistent in recognizing that heritability influences adult behavior more than environmental influences, but that for children and adolescents the environment is the most significant factor influencing their behavior (Rhee & Waldman, 2002). As an adult, we have the ability to choose the environment in which to live and this will either positively or negatively reinforce our personality traits, such as aggressiveness. However, children and adolescents are limited to the extent of choosing an environment, which accounts for the greater influence of environmental factors in childhood behaviors. Another significant factor in the development of antisocial or delinquent behavior in adolescence is peer groups. Garnefski and Okma (2006) state that there is a correlation between the involvement in an antisocial or delinquent peer group and problem behavior. One of the primary causes as to why this occurs can be traced back to aggressive behavior in young children. When children are in preschool and show aggressive tendencies towards their peers, they will likely be deemed as an outcast. This creates poor peer relationships and relegates those children to be with others who share similar behaviors. A relationship like this would most likely continue into adolescence and maybe even further into adulthood. The similar tendencies of these individuals create an environment in
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which they influence one another and push the problem towards criminal or violent behavior (Holmes et al., 2001). Social learning theory has been cited as way to explain how the environment can influence a child's behavior. Using this theory to explain the aggressive or antisocial behavior of a child means that a child observes aggressive behavior between parents, siblings, or both. As a result, the children believes that this aggressive behavior is normal and can therefore use it themselves because they do not see the harm in acting similar to their parents (Miles & Carey, 2007). As stated earlier, interaction between family members and disciplinary techniques are influential in creating antisocial behavior. Using the social learning theory these two factors are also critical in the development of aggression. Children who are raised in an aggressive family environment would most likely be susceptible to experiencing a lack of parental monitoring, permissiveness or inconsistency in punishment, parental rejection and

aggression. The exposure to such high levels of aggression and other environmental factors greatly influences and reinforces a child's behavior. A significant point that should be known however is the fact that other research has supported the notion that genetics do influence levels of aggression, which stands in opposition to the social learning theory (Miles & Carey, 2007). Furthermore, Jones (2002) addressed how both genes and environment affect the outcomes and predispositions of criminals. This paper goes into great detail on whether criminal behavior is in a person's genes or environment. Having a genetic predisposition for criminal behavior and the right environment can
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definitely increase the likelihood of criminal activity. Jones took criminal behavior further to describe actions relating to antisocial behavior. This identification of an antisocial personality with criminal behavior leads to the idea that criminal mischief is more prevalent in males. Although the justice system is heavily loaded with male criminals, women are still part of the criminal "world." It has been determined that men are much more physically violent than women. A few points are essential when discussing women and violence. First, women should not be entirely eliminated from the spectrum of criminality just because of their smaller predisposition toward aggression. Second, women are just as capable as men of committing a violent act. Jones discussed how certain neurochemicals are associated with criminal behavior. These neurochemicals might be more active in men, but women can still grow up in environments in which certain tendencies are brought on. Family environment is crucial in the development of a child's brain and personality. Genetics can only go so far, and environment works to shape a child's mind after the child has left a mother's womb. Jones discussed how poor communication and weak family bonds are correlated with the development of aggressive and criminal tendencies. She also mentioned how a financially unstable family and child abuse or neglect are associated with criminal behavior. Parents educational qualification also influenced childs behaviour because being educated is also learning how to teach proper behaviour to the children. Environment is important for a child to grow and develop into a normal, prospering adult. Without proper nurturance, guidance, and support, no child,
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male or female, will learn coping strategies, learn life skills, or grow up with a strong sense of right and wrong and respect other people. Whether one is male or female, growing up in an environment in which one is beaten or neglected is going to cause serious traumatic repercussions. The aggressive tendencies in males lead them to become more aggressive in adulthood, which in turn is why they are more apt to commit violent crimes. Yet women have been known to commit those same violent crimes, regardless of the prevalence relative to males--women are capable of criminal behavior. Men have committed more crimes and are known to be more violent, yet women should not be eliminated from the discussion. It has not been shown that genes or environment alone determine criminal behavior, as Jones mentioned in her paper, so there should be no reason why only men are mentioned, whether directly or by implication.

CHAPTER II
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RESEARCH MTHODOLOGY This chapter dealt on the research method and design, respondents of the study, sampling design, validation of the instrument, procedure of data gathering, instrument of the study and statistical treatment of the study.

Research Design The researchers used of the descriptive method research since this study identifies the criminal actions of the offenders as well as their profile and their childhood experiences. Descriptive research dealt with techniques in collecting, organizing and describing facts called data. The researcher applied this method in an attempt to examine and interpret the view of respondents on this research. According to Vizcarra (2003), descriptive design is the most commonly used method in educational research because it is the most appropriate and useful in obtaining the prevailing status or condition of the problem which are essential in understanding the past and the future. Sanchez (1998) also added that descriptive research includes all studies that have the purpose to present facts concerning the nature and status of group of persons which one may wish to study.

Respondents of the study

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The study utilized the 47 selected prisoners who were presently jailed at the BJMP Turbina, Calamba City when the study was conducted. Sampling design The study employed purposive sampling since only those who were imprisoned at BJMP Turbina, Calamba City were considered respondents of the study.

Validation of the Instrument The instrument that was used were validated among 10 persons who were not part of the respondents to test its validity and reliability so that the outcome of this study become acceptable.

Data Gathering Procedure Like every research task, a permit to administer the survey questionnaire was requested from the Jail Warden of the BJMP Turbina, Calamba City. The researchers distributed each questionnaire to all respondents of the study with the assurance of strict confidentiality in their responses . Then, after answering the questionnaires, the researchers retrieved them afterwards. The data that were gathered from the answered questionnaire was organized and treated statistically.

Research Instrument

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The study made use of a self made questionnaire that was constructed by the researchers with the help of their adviser. The survey questionnaire was composed of two parts. Part one was regarding the respondents profile such as age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, parents educational attainment, birth order, economic status, living with whom, number of family members, members of the family who committed crime and crimes committed. Part two of the questionnaire was questions regarding their childhood experiences in terms of their relationship with other family members, relationship with relatives and other people and disruptive behaviour that they committed which uses the following scale: Scale 5 4 3 2 1 Statistical Treatment This study utilized the following statistical treatment: Percentage. This statistical tool was used to determine the part of respondents belong to different categories. The formula is: Percentage = f / N x 100 % Where: f = part of the whole respondents
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Range 5.00 4.50 4.49 3.50 3.49 2.50 2.49 1.50 1.49 1.00

Verbal Interpretation Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

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N = the total number of respondents Weighted Mean. This shall was to measure the frequency of occurrence of the childhood experience of the respondents. The formula is: X =_fx N Where: X fx of = weighted mean = summation of the product of frequency and weight responses

= total number of respondents

Pearson, r. This was used to test if childhood experiences is related to their criminality. The formula is:
r=

[ NX

NXY XY
2

(X ) 2 NY 2 (Y ) 2

][

Where: X = childhood experiences Y = criminality

Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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This chapter shows the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data in connection with the relationship of criminality to the childhood experiences of a person. Tables 1.1 1.11 illustrates the profile of respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, birth order, educational attainment, educational attainment of father and mother, economic status, family members, living with whom during childhood and crimes committed. Table 1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Age Age 20 24 years old 25 29 years old 30 34 years old 35 39 years old 40 44 years old 45 49 years old 50 above years old Total Frequency 13 8 16 2 1 5 2 47 Percentage, % 27.6 17.0 34.0 4.3 2.1 10.6 4.4 100 %

The table presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to age. It is shown in the table that 16 or 34 percent of the respondents are in age bracket of 30 34 years old while there is only one respondent in the age bracket of 40 44 years old. It is noted that many of the respondents are in ages 30 34 years old. The inmate respondents are not too young nor too old, it cannot be said that they are just influenced by other people when they committed the crime because at this age, they are on their own because according to Rhee &
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Waldman (2002), as an adult, people have the ability to choose the environment in which to live and this will either positively or negatively reinforce their personality traits, such as aggressiveness.

Table 1.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Gender Gender Male Female Total Frequency 47 0 47 Percentage, % 100 0 100 %

The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to gender. It is indicated that all of the respondents are male Because the study was conducted in the male prison because the researchers were only allowed to conduct study in that particular cell. It cannot be concluded that criminality is more prevalent to male than female but there are articles that shows such premise. According to Jones (2002), he took criminal behavior further to describe actions relating to antisocial behavior. This identification of an antisocial personality with criminal behavior leads to the idea that criminal mischief is more prevalent in males. Although the justice system is heavily loaded with male criminals, women are still part of the criminal "world." Table 1.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Civil Status
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Civil Status Single Married Separated Total Frequency 25 18 4 47 Percentage, % 53.2 38.3 8.5 100 %

Table 1.3 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to civil status. It is indicated from the result that 25 or 53.2 percent are singles, 18 or 38.3 percent are married and only four or 8.5 percent are separated. Majority of the respondents are still singles. According to Morley & Hall (2003), another critical aspect that must be examined regarding antisocial or criminal behavior is the personality characteristics of individuals. Two of the most cited personality traits that can be shown to have an association with antisocial or criminal behavior are impulsivity and aggression. He also added that singles are more prone to criminal behaviour because of lack of person with whom a person may confide.

Table 1.4 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Birth Order Birth Order Youngest 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Frequency 8 14 10 4 2 Percentage, % 17.0 29.8 21.3 8.5 4.3
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6 Eldest Total
th

1 8 47

2.1 17.0 100 %

Table 1.4 indicates the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to birth order. It is suggested in the result that 14 or 29.8 percent of the respondents are second child while only one of them is 6th child. IT implies that more of them are second child. The birth order may seem to influence their behaviour as stated by Schmitz (2003) when he said that in his article specifically identify family risk factors as poverty, education, parenting practices, birth order and family structure.

Table 1.5 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Elementary Undergraduate Elementary Graduate High School Undergraduate High School Graduate Vocational College Level Frequency 3 11 4 16 5 7 Percentage, % 6.5 23.4 8.5 34.0 10.6 14.9
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College Graduate Total 1 47 2.1 100 %

The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to educational attainment. It is suggested in the result that 16 or 34 percent of them are high school graduate while only one of them is a college graduate. More than half of the respondents are high school graduate. It is interesting to note that many of the inmates have finished their basic education. There may be many factors affect them so that they were able to do criminal acts. According to Jones (2008), many research has been conducted regarding this issue of criminality which has resulted in a conclusion that both genes and environment do play a role in the criminality of an individual.

Table 1.6 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Mothers Educational Attainment Mothers Educational Attainment Elementary Undergraduate Elementary Graduate High School Undergraduate High School Graduate College Level College Graduate Total Frequency 2 9 1 27 7 1 47 Percentage, % 4.3 19.1 2.1 57.5 14.9 2.1 100 %
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Table 1.6 illustrates the frequency and percentage distribution of

respondents according to mothers educational attainment. It is indicated in the table that 27 or 57.5 percent of the respondents mothers are high school graduates wile there is one of them who has a mother who have finished college and another one is high school undergraduate. Like the respondents themselves, majority of the mothers of the inmates are also high school graduates. According to Jones (2002), family environment is crucial in the development of a child's brain and personality. He discussed how poor communication and weak family bonds are correlated with the development of aggressive and criminal tendencies. Parents educational qualification also influenced childs behaviour because being educated is also learning how to teach proper behaviour to the children.

Table 1.7 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Fathers Educational Attainment Fathers Educational Attainment Elementary Undergraduate Elementary Graduate High School Undergraduate High School Graduate Vocational College Level College Graduate Total Frequency 2 10 1 24 1 5 4 47 Percentage, % 4.3 21.3 2.1 51.1 2.1 10.6 8.5 100 %
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Table 1.7 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to fathers educational attainment. It is suggested in the table that 24 or 51.1 percent of he respondents fathers are high school graduates while only one of the respondents father is a vocational graduate and another one os a high school undergraduate. The result indicates that many of the respondents father are also high school graduates like many of the respondents mothers. Just like what Jones (2002) have mentioned about the relationship of parents educational qualification with the criminality of the children. The parents who are taught of good values will also share good values. They will also able to do proper nurturance, guidance, and support, and teach children to learn coping strategies, learn life skills, or grow up with a strong sense of right and wrong and respect other people. Table 1.8 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Economic Status Economic Status Poor Middle Class Rich Total Frequency 22 21 4 47 Percentage, % 46.8 44.7 8.5 100 %

The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to economic status. It is indicated in the table that 22 or 46.8 percent of the respondents are poor, 21 or 44.7 percent are from middle class while only four or 8.5 percent of them are rich.
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Many of the respondents are from poor families. Garnefski & Okma (2006) it seems to conclude that those families who are less financially sound, perhaps have more children, and who are unable to consistently punish their children will have a greater likelihood of promoting an environment that will influence antisocial or delinquent behavior. Table 1.9 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Family Members Family Members 13 46 79 10 13 14 above Total Frequency 1 18 17 8 3 47 Percentage, % 2.1 38.4 36.2 17.0 6.3 100 %

Table 1.9 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of family members. It is shown from the table that 18 or 38.4 percent of the respondents are 4- 6 members in the family, 17 or 36.2 percent are 7 9 in the family and only one of them are three in the family. Just like what Garnefski & Okma, (2006) have mentioned in their article families with more children will be unable to consistently punish their children will likely to have poor communication and weak family bonds and so will have a greater likelihood of promoting an environment that will influence antisocial or delinquent behaviour. Table 1.10

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Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents In Terms of Living with Whom Living With Whom Frequency Percentage, % Family 43 91.5 Grandparents 3 6.4 Brothers/Sisters 1 2.1 Total 47 100 % The table illustrates the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to living with whom. It can be seen in the table that 43 or 91.5 percent of the respondents are living with their families and only of them lives with brother/sister only. The result shows that majority of the respondents are living with their families. Holmes, Slaughter, & Kashani, 2001) noted that family studies is an instrument used to assess the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial behavior. If problems exist then the child is most likely to suffer the consequences (Schmitz, 2003) and child behavior characterizes a child's well being with a positive and caring parent-child relationship, a stimulating home environment, and consistent disciplinary techniques (Schmitz, 2003). Table 1.11 Crimes Committed Crimes Committed RA 9165 Murder Theft Carnapping Homicide Rape Criminal Charges Frequency 14 1 8 1 4 5 1 Percentage, % 29.8 2.1 17.1 2.1 8.5 10.6 2.1
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Murder Frustrated Homicide Attempted Murder Attempted Faricide Physical Injury Illegal Possession of Firearms Total 8 1 1 1 1 1 47 17.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 100

The table presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to crimes committed. It is shown that 14 or 29.8 percent of the respondents have committed a crime about drug related case or the RA 9165. It is interesting to note that many of the respondents have performed a crime related to drugs. They may be get into such activity because of need since many of them are from poor families. Schmitz (2003) recounted in his article where he identify family risk factors as poverty, education, parenting practices, and family structure. Table 2 Respondents Childhood Experiences

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Childhood Experiences A. Relationship with Family Members 1.There is close family ties among family members. 2.Children within the family experienced the love of the parents. 3.The whole family spent time together. 4.The children did not experience too much punishment but have experience consideration and rewards from parents. 5.Home became haven to all family members especially the children 6.The children were not deprive of their needs. 7.Parents were always fair to the children 8. With full supervision from parents 9.Parents are not strict 10.Parents have shown acceptance Over-all Weighted Mean B. Relationship with relatives 1.Receive acceptance from the relatives 2.Relatives had shown respect 3.Protected by cousins and other relatives 4.Showed concern to you and your family Over-all Weighted Mean C. Relationship with others 1.Receieve respect from others 2.No experience of bullying, abuse, and offensement from others 3. No maltreatment from teachers, neighbours and from others. 4.Experience joining of good barkada 5.Played with others ( not violent games) Over-all Weighted Mean D. Childhood Behavior 1.Have shown cooperation with others especially with playmates 2.Did not show any disruptive behaviour 3.Behaved during family gatherings 4.Go to church with the family 5.Did not get mad when their wants were not given 6.Could be easily persuaded to do good things Over-all Weighted Mean 5 4 3 2 1 TS Weighted Calamba CampusMean 27 34 22 17 2 10 8 7 12 2 17 13 5 0 0 5 1 1 0 5 190 217 193 117 4.04 4.62 4.11 2.49 Interpretation Rank

Rarely Never Rarely Rarely

9 2 8 10

27 22 30 29 25 29

12 19 14 11 12 12

6 6 2 6 6 4

1 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 3 1

204 204 218 209 196 208

4.34 4.34 4.64 4.45 4.17 4.43 4.16

Rarely Rarely Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Sometimes Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Sometimes Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely

5.5 5.5 1 3 7 4

16 18 18 20

10 10 12 12

16 16 13 9

2 2 0 4

3 1 4 2

135 183 181 185

2.87 3,89 3.85 3.94 3.55

4 2 3 1

20 15 13 13 18

12 17 10 9 12

9 13 13 11 13

4 1 2 6 1

2 1 9 8 3

185 185 157 158 182

3.94 3.95 3.34 3.26 3.87 3.67

2 1 4 5 3S

18 19 18 20 18 13

12 13 13 12 10 12

13 10 13 12 16 19

3 3 1 1 3 2

1 2 2 2 0 1

184 185 185 168 134 175

3.91 3.94 3.94 3.57 2.85 3.72 3.66

3 1.5 1.5

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Table 2 presents the childhood experiences of the respondents. In terms of their relationship with family members, parents were never fair to their children as indicated by its weighted mean of 4.64. This result implies that they have problems with the way they are treated with parents, they felt that they never experience fair treatment. In shaping childrens behaviour love is important. . A statistic shows that children are at fifty percent greater risk of engaging in

criminal acts, if they were neglected or abused (Holmes et al., 2001). In terms of the respondents relationship with their relatives, the result shows that their relatives rarely showed concern to them and to their families. Research seems consistent in recognizing that heritability influences adult behavior more than environment influences, but that for children and adolescents the persons around as well as environment is the most significant factor influencing their behavior (Rhee & Waldman, 2002). In terms of relationship with others, the respondents said that they rarely experience no bullying, abuse and offensement from others as shown by its weighted mean of 3.95. It implies that they experience bullyng which may shaped their character. According to Miles & Carey (2007), exposure to such high levels of aggression and other environmental factors greatly influences and reinforces a child's behavior. In terms of childhood behaviour, the respondents recounts that they rarely did not show disruptive behaviour and behaved during gatherings are shown by its weighted mean of 3.94. It seems to be interesting that respondents are honest in telling that they are not behaved during their childhood days. Garnefski and
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Okma (2006) stated that one of the primary causes as to why criminality occurs can be traced back to aggressive behavior in young children. When children are in preschool and show aggressive tendencies towards their peers, they will likely be deemed as an outcast. This creates poor peer relationships and relegates those children to be with others who share similar behaviors. Table 3 Correlation of Childhood Experiences and Criminality of Offenders Variable Childhood Experiences and Criminality of Offenders Pearson, r 0.53 Interpretation High Positive Correlation

Table 3 presents the correlation between the childhood experiences and the criminality of the offenders. It is indicated in the table that the computed Pearson, r value is 0-53 which indicates high positive correlation. It means that inmates experiences in the past especially when they were children had relation in being in the jail. Those experiences have influenced the respondents to become engage in rude behaviour. According to Rhee & Waldman (2002), personality traits may have influence in the criminal behavior of individuals. These personality traits were influenced by the two factors, the family and the environment (Joseph, 2001).

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Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This

chapter

shows

the

summary

of findings, conclusions

and

recommendations about the criminality and its relations to the respondents childhood experiences. This study aimed to determine the relationship of adult criminality and their childhood experiences among offenders at the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology at Turbina, Calamba City. Specifically, it sought to answer the following specific problems: 1. What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status
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1.4 Birth order 1.5 Educational attainment 1.6 Mothers educational attainment 1.7 Fathers educational attainment 1.8 Living with whom during childhood 1.9 Members of the family 1.10 1.11 Economic status Crime committed

2. How did the respondents spend their childhood days in terms of the following: 2.1 Family relationship 2.2 Relationship with relatives 2.3 Relationship with other people 2.4 Childhood behaviour
3. How is the criminality of the offenders related to their childhood

experiences?

Summary of Findings Sixteen or 34 percent of the respondents are in age bracket of 30 34 years old while there is only one respondent in the age bracket of 40 44 years old. All of the respondents are male Because the study was conducted in the male prison because the researchers were only allowed to conduct study in that particular cell. Twenty-five or 53.2 percent are singles, 18 or 38.3 percent are
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married and only four or 8.5 percent are separated. Fourteen or 29.8 percent of the respondents are second child while only one of them is 6th child. Sixteen or 34 percent of them are high school graduate while only one of them is a college graduate. Twenty-seven or 57.5 percent of the respondents mothers are high school graduates wile there is one of them who has a mother who have finished college and another one is high school undergraduate. Twenty-four or 51.1 percent of he respondents fathers are high school graduates while only one of the respondents father is a vocational graduate and another one as a high school undergraduate. Twenty-two or 46.8 percent of the respondents are poor, 21 or 44.7 percent are from middle class while only four or 8.5 percent of them are rich. Twenty eight or 38.4 percent of the respondents are 4- 6 members in the family, 17 or 36.2 percent are 7 9 in the family and only one of them are three in the family. Forty-three or 91.5 percent of the respondents are living with their families and only of them lives with brother/sister only. Fourteen or 29.8 percent of the respondents have committed a crime about drug related case or the RA 9165. In terms of childhood experiences of the respondents, when it speaks of relationship of the respondents with family members, parents were never fair to their children as indicated by its weighted mean of 4.64. In terms of the respondents relationship with their relatives, the result shows that their relatives rarely showed concern to them and to their families. In terms of relationship with others, the respondents said that they rarely experience no bullying, abuse and offensement from others as shown by its weighted mean of 3.95. In terms of
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childhood behaviour, the respondents recounts that they rarely did not show disruptive behaviour and behaved during gatherings are shown by its weighted mean of 3.94. The computed Pearson, r value is 0-53 which indicates high positive correlation. It means that inmates experiences in the past especially when they were children had relation in being in the jail.

Conclusions Based on the summary of findings, the following are the conclusions:
1. Many of the respondents are in ages 30 34 years old. The inmate

respondents are not too young nor too old, it cannot be said that they are just influenced by other people when they committed the crime because at this age, they are on their own. All inmates are male and mostly are singles. More of them are second child and more than half of the respondents are high school graduate. Moreover, the respondents

fathers and mothers are also high school graduates. Many of the respondents are from poor families and mostly 4- 6 members in the family. Majority of the respondents are living with their families and have performed a crime related to drugs.
2. The result implies that they have problems with the way they are treated

with parents, they felt that they never experience fair treatment and their relatives rarely showed concern to them and to their families. They experience bullying , abuse and offensement from others which may
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shaped their character. It seems to be interesting that respondents are honest in telling that they are not behaved during their childhood days.
3. The inmates experiences in the past especially when they were children

had relation in being in the jail. Those experiences have influenced the respondents to become engage in rude behaviour.

Recommendations According to the summary of findings presented and the conclusions drawn, the following are the recommendations: 1. Given the result of the profile of the respondents, the children of school age must be religiously and continuously taught of good manners and right conduct. The Barangay level is also suggested to create Barangay

ordinance about the importance of family and the role of the parents to their children especially in proper rearing of their children and their role of providing them with good education. 2. Parenting Seminars are also advised to be carried out in Barangay Hall and in school. 3. There should also be genuine program and concern for the street children so that they will be guided in the right living by the concerned agencies like DSWD and local government units. 4. Jail Officers are also suggested to encourage religious group to help them in the transformation of the inmates in the jail.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jones, D. Relationship Between Parenting Styles, Se;lf Restraint and Peer Relations in Early Adolence. London: Routledge and Regan Paul, .2008 Joseph, L., Over-time Changes in Adjustment and Competence Among Adolence from Authoritative, Authoritatrian, Indulgent an Neglectful Families , London: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.,2001 Holmes, K., Slaughter, T. & Kashani, R., The Impcat of Family Disruption in Childhood on Transition Made in Young Adult Life London: Falmer., 2001 Holmes, M. et al., Explaining Deliquency and Drugs Use. Beveryly Hills, CA: Sage. 2001 Garnefski, B. & Okma, S. Crime and the Family. London: Family Policy Studies, 2006 Lowenstein, L., Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach to Explanation and Prevention. London: Falmer, 2003 Miles, C. & Carey, D., Relation of Parental Transitions to Boys Adjustment Problems, Development Psychology, 2007 Morley, L. & Hall, J., Families and Deliquency: A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes, Social Problems, 2003 Rhee, J. & Waldman, L., Developmental Changes Through Adolescence in the Spontaneous Nomination of Reference Groups as a Function of Decision Content, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2002 Schmitz, R., Development of Juvenile Aggression and Violence: Some misconceptions and Controversies. American Psychologist, 2003

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Survey Questionnaire

Dear Respondents, We, the Fourth Year BS Criminology students, are conducting our undergraduate thesis about the relationship between the adult criminality and their childhood experiences. In this connection, we are asking your cooperation by answering this questionnaire honestly. We are looking forward for your favourable response. Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours, _______________ _______________ _______________ Part One. Profile of the Respondents Age: ____________ Civil Status: _________________ Gender: ________________ Birth Order: ______________

Educational Attainment: _____________________________ Mothers Educational Attainment : _______________________________ Fathers Educational Attainment : _______________________________ Economic Status : _____________________________________
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Number of Family Members: _____________________________ Living with whom ______________________________________ during childhood: Committed:

Crime ____________________________________________________

Part Two: Childhood Experiences Direction: Answer the question by checking the number that corresponds to your answer using the scale below: Scale 5 4 3 2 1 Verbal Interpretation Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always 5 4 3 2 1

Childhood Experiences A. Relationship with Family Members 1.There is close family ties among family members. 2.Children within the family experienced the love of the parents. 3.The whole family spent time together. 4.The children did not experience too much punishment but have experience consideration and rewards from parents. 5.Home became haven to all family members especially the children 6.The children were not deprive of their needs. 7.Parents were always fair to the children 8. With full supervision from parents 9.Parents are not strict 10.Parents have shown acceptance B. Relationship with relatives

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1.Receive acceptance from the relatives 2.Relatives had shown respect 3.Protected by cousins and other relatives 4.Showed concern to you and your family C. Relationship with others 1.Receieve respect from others 2.No experience of bullying, abuse, and offensement from others 1. No maltreatment from teachers, neighbours and from others. 4.Experience joining of good barkada 5.Played with others ( not violent games) D. Childhood Behavior 1.Have shown cooperation with others especially with playmates 2.Did not show any disruptive behaviour 3.Behaved during family gatherings 4.Go to church with the family 5.Did not get mad when their wants were not given 6.Could be easily persuaded to do good things

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Survey Questionnaire (Filipino) Minamahal na Tagapagsagot, Kami, na mga Fourth Year BS Criminology, ay kasalukuyan gumagawa n gaming thesis tungkol sa kriminalidad na nagagawa ng mga matatanda at ang relasyon nito sa kanila mga karanasan noong bata pa sila. Dahil ditto ay hinihingi naming ang inyong kooperasyon sa pamamamagitan ng pagsagot sa survey na ito. Inaasahan naming ang inyong kooperasyon. Maraming salamat po. Gumagalang, _______________ _______________ _______________ Unang Bahagi. Paglalarawan sa Sarili Gulang: ____________ Katayuang Sibil: _________________ Kasarian: ________________ Birth Order: ______________

Natapos na Pag-aaral: _____________________________ Natapos na Pag-aaral ng Ina : _______________________________ Natapos na Pag-aaral ng Ama : _______________________________ Katayuan sa Buhay : _____________________________________ Miyembro ng Pamilya: _____________________________ Miyembro ng Pamilya na nagkasala: ______________________________ Kasama sa bahay noong bata pa: _____________________________ Nagawang kasalanan:____________________________________________________ Ikalawang Bahagi: Karanasan noong Bata
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Panuto: SAgutin ang tanong sa ibaba gamit ang mga eskala: Eskala 5 4 3 2 1 Kahulugan Palagi Madalas Minsan Manak-naka Hindi kailanman 5 4 3 2 1

Karanasan noong Bata A. Relasyon sa Pamilya 1.Mayroong pagkakalapit-lapit sa pamilya. 2.Ang mga anak ay nakaranas ng pag-ibig mula sa mga magulang. 3.Ang buong pamilya ay mayroong oras na nagsasama-sama at naglalaan ang oras sa isat isa. 4.Ang mga anak ay hindi nakaranas ng matinding parusa mula sa mga magulang kundi konsiderayon at pagbibigay ng pagkakataon na may pabuya sa mabuting nagawa. 5.Ang tahanan ay naging lugar kung saan sila ay nakaramdam ng kanlungan at lugar na may kapayapaan lalo na sa mga anak.. 6.Ang mga anak ay nabigyan ng lahat ng kanilang pangangailangan. 7.Ang mga magulang ay lagging parehas ng pakikitungo sa mga anak. 8. Ang mga anak ay nakaranas ng lubos na pagkalinga at pagbabantay mula sa mga magulang. 9.Ang mga magulang ay hindi masyadong mahigpit. 10.Ang mga magulang ay nagpakita ng lubos na pagtanggap sa kanilang mga anak. B. Relasyon sa kamag-anak 1.Nakaranas ng pagtanggap mula sa mga kamaganak. 2.Ang mga kamag-anak ay nagpakita ng paggalang sa kanila 3.Ang mga pinsan ay mababait sa iyo at ikaw ay handing protektahan. 4.Nagpakita ang mga kamag-anak ng pagkalinga at

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malasakit sa iyo at sa inyong pamilya. C. RElasyon sa ibang Tao 1.Nakaranas ng pagrespeto ng ibang tao 2.Hindi kailanman nakaranas ng pag-aasar ng iba, pang-aabuso at ano mang uri ng panginsulto mula sa i8bang tao. 2. Hindi nakaranas ng pagmaltrato ng ibang tao. 4.Nagkaroon ng mabuti at maayos na kabarkada. 5.Nakaranas makipaglaro sa iba ngunit hindi ang mga larong nakakasakit. E. Naipakitang Pag-uugali 1.Nagpakita ng kooperasyon sa lahat lalo na sa mga kalaro. 2.Hindi kailanman nagpakita ng di kanaisnais na pag-uugali. 3.Nanatiling mabait at may tamang pag-uugali lalo na sa mga pagtitipon. 4.Pumupunta sa simbahan kasama ang buong pamilya. 5.Hindi nagpapakita ng pagkainis kapag hindi nakuha ang gusto. 6.Madaling mapasunod sa mg autos at gumawa ng mabuti.

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