Recent Research Advances in The Dynamic Behavior of Shells: 1989-2000, Part 2: Homogeneous Shells

Recent research advances in the dynamic behavior of shells: 19892000, Part 2: Homogeneous shells
Mohamad S Qatu
Ford Motor Company, MD 1247, 20000 Rotunda Dr, Dearborn MI 48124 Shell-like structures are used in various engineering applications including civil, aerospace, mechanical, marine, and automotive engineering. This article reviews most of the recent research done in the eld of dynamic response of homogeneous shells with special attention to free vibrations. Literature on dynamics of laminated composite shells was reviewed in Part 1 published in the July 2002 issue of AMR. Emphasis is given to the theory being applied thin, thick, 3D, nonlinear, . . . , the shell geometries that were subject to dynamics research cylindrical, conical, spherical, . . . , the analysis method exact, Ritz, nite elements, . . . , and the various complicating effects initial stress, imperfection, added masses and springs, elastic supports, rotating shells, interaction with uids, and others . This review article contains 606 references. DOI: 10.1115/1.1483078
INTRODUCTION
Shells are being used in many engineering applications. The research on shells and their dynamic behavior has been expanded further in the past three decades. In fact, a 1973 monograph by Leissa 1 that reviewed all shell vibration research up to that point included more than 1000 references. As can be seen from the list of references for this article, approximately 600 articles are listed for the past twelve years alone on homogenous shells. This is in addition to approximately 400 articles written on shells that are not homogenous particularly laminated composite ones . Review of the literature on dynamic behavior of composite shells is covered in Part 1 of this article 2 . Both Table 1 and Fig. 1 show the distribution of articles per year for the past 12 years. It should be mentioned here that some publications dealt with both homogeneous and composite shell dynamics and they are referenced in both articles thus, the actual total of references is less than the number shown in the table and gure . Plates offer use of the bending stiffness of the structure and limited, if any, use of their inplane stiffnesses. Shells, on the other hand, offer use of membrane, or stretching, stiffness as well as bending stiffness in their structure. This advantage enables engineers to use shells rather than plates to achieve lower weight and higher strength and stiffness in their structural design applications. The advances in manufacturing of shell structures gives these structures a competitive edge when compared with plates, and leads to more use. Shells now constitute a large percentage of current aerospace and submarine structures, and are increasingly being used in areas like civil and automotive engineering, as well as in other applications.
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Literature on shell vibrations research can be found in various conference proceedings and journals. Recent review articles eg, Liew et al 3,4 , Qatu 5 covered much of the research done in the past decades on certain specialized topics. Liew et al 4 reviewed most of the literature on shallow shells. This article focuses only on the recent research 19892000 done in the eld of homogeneous shell dynamics. Other research subjects of shell buckling, postbuckling, and stress analysis are not included. A heavy emphasis on the free vibration problem is placed in this article. Reasonable attention is given to the uid/shell interaction and acoustic radiation problems. This includes topics like uid-lled shells, shells submerged in uids, and other forms of interaction. Limited attention is given to the general problems of impact, utter, and forced dynamics. This paper reviews the literature focusing on various aspects of research. The rst aspect of research receiving interest here is the shell theory being used. Shell theories include thin and thick shell theories, shallow and deep theories, linear and nonlinear theories, and others. Most theories are classied based on the thickness ratio of the shell being treated, the shallowness ratio, and the magnitude of displacement compared mainly to the shell thickness . The fundamental equations for many of these theories are listed in Part 1 2 . The second aspect of research considered here is the various shell geometries that have been studied in recent years. Among classical shell geometries are the cylindrical, spherical, and conical ones. The third aspect of research investigated is the method used in the analysis. Among the methods being used are exact methods, the Ritz method, nite elements, and others. Another classication criteria and aspect of research includes
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Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2 Table 1. Number of articles on shell dynamics per year Composite 6 13 15 27 30 24 35 50 54 26 31 31 30 2 374 Homogeneous 22 27 39 47 38 44 68 54 73 52 44 53 42 3 606 Total 28 40 54 74 68 68 103 104 127 78 75 84 72 5 980
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Year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Other Total
The fundamental equations for the rst four of these theories are listed in Part 1 of this article for laminated composite shells 2 . Those equations are generally valid for isotropic shells as well. Two major simplications can be made to these equations to obtain simpler ones valid for homogeneous shells. These are: 1 Homogeneous shells are made of one layer. 2 Homogeneous shells are typically made of isotropic materials. The equations of homogeneous shells will not be derived here. Most of these equations are accurately presented in the previous monograph of Leissa 1 and the book of Soedel 6. 2.1 Thin shells One of the most common criteria used to classify shell theories is the thickness or thinness of the shell. If the shell thickness is less than 1/20 of the wavelength of the deformation mode, a thin shell theory, where shear deformation and rotary inertia are negligible, is generally acceptable to use in a dynamic analysis. Depending on various assumptions made during the derivation of the strain-displacement relations, stress-strain relations, and the equilibrium equations, various thin shell theories can be derived. Among the most common of these are Loves, Reissners, Naghdis, Sanders; and Flugges shell theories. Loves shell theory was used by Shen 7 , Liew et al 4 , Lam and Hua 8 , Shu 9 , Lam and Loy 10 , Zhu 11 , Tzou 12,13 , Sivadas and Ganesan 14,15 , Omprakash and Ramamurti 16 , Ganesan and Sivadas 17,18 , and Koga and Saito 19 . Sanders theory was used by Goncalves and Ramos 20,21 , Loy and Lam 22 , Huang et al 23 , and Swaddiwudhipong et al 24 . Flugges theory was used by Guo et al 25 , Luo et al 26 , Bert and Malik 27 , Okazaki et al 28 , Han and Liu 29 , Terhune and Karim-Panahi 30 , and Huang 31 . A good description of these and other thin shell theories can be found in Leissas 1973 monograph 1 and Soedels 1993 book 6 . Rosario and Smith 32 presented a spline approximation of thin shell dynamics. Lam and Ng 33 studied parametric resonance of cylindrical shells by different shell theories. Tao and Zhang 34 and Whally and Ebrahimi 35 used thin shell theories, as well. 2.2 Thick shells Shear deformation and rotary inertia factors should be considered in thicker shells. Theories that include such deformation are referred to as thick shell theories, or shear deformation theories. These theories can be based on two approaches. The rst is a displacement approach in which the midplane shell displacements are expanded in terms of shell thickness. If such an expansion is of a rst order, the theories are referred to as rst order shear deformation theories. Such theories were used by Liew and Lim 36 40 , Liew et al 4 , and Kobayashi and Leissa 41 . A recent theory which included accurate stress resultant equations was presented for laminated deep thick shells by Qatu 42 .
the complicating effects. Classical complicating effects are shells with added mass and/or spring, elastic support, large deformation, and thicker shells. Recent articles showed specic attention to interaction with uids, acoustic radiation, piezoelectric shells, initial stresses, and rotating conditions of the shell as well as others. Similar to Part 1, several articles may be cited more than once in this survey. For example, a research article that uses nite element methods to solve a doubly curved shallow shell may be cited under the nite element part of the methods of analysis section, as well as under the shallow shells part of the shell geometries section. The AMR Journal Article Abstracts Database on CD-ROM was used to nd the abstracts of most of the research articles being reviewed. 2 SHELL THEORIES Numerous shell theories are available in the literature. The classication of these theories depends on the shell thickness, deepness, and magnitude of deformation. These theories are classied in six main categories: 1 Thin shell theories 2 Thick shell theories 3 Three dimensional elasticity theory 4 Shallow shell theories 5 Membrane shell theories 6 Nonlinear shell theories
Fig. 1
Number of articles on shell dynamics per year
Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2
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If the expansion is of higher order usually third , the theories are referred to as higher order shear deformation theories. Such theories were developed and used Liew and Lim 43 , Palani et al 44 . Thick circular cylindrical shells were considered by various authors eg, Hirashima and Hirabo, 45 , Kobayashi and Leissa 41 , McDaniel and Ginsberg 46 , Mizusawa and Kato 47 , Ni and Weng 48 , Pai and Nayfeh 49 , Saito et al 50 , Singal and Williams 51 , Sivadas and Ganesan 5254 , Suzuki and Leissa 55 , Tsai and Palazotto 56 , Tsai 57 , Meish 58 , Wang et al, 59 . Non-circular cylindrical shells were picked up by Suzuki et al 60 . Spherical thick shells were studied by Chao et al 61 and Gautham and Ganesan 62 . Cai 63 , considered thick conical shells. Other thick shells of revolution were treated by Singh et al 64 , Singh 65 , Singh and Mirza 66 , and Canet et al 67 . The second approach to the development of shell theories is a stress-based approach. The displacement-based approach, however, is widely accepted mainly because of the convenience and straightforwardness it offers in deriving the shell equations. Thick shell theories have been used for thickness ratios thickness to wavelength as large as 1/10, and arguably for thickness ratios up to 1/5. Similar to laminated shells, including shear deformation increases the order of the differential equations from eight to ten or more. 2.3 Three-dimensional 3D theories Developers of the above theories were trying to obtain results closer to those obtained by the use of 3D elasticity theory. Some researches obtained results based on the 3D theory of elasticity for doubly curved shells eg, Kant et al 68 , Lim et al 69 and closed cylindrical ones Soldatos and Hadjigeorgiou 70 , Ding and Chen 71,72 , Mizusawa and Kato 47 , Okazaki et al 28 , Photiadis et al 73 , Zeng and Zhao 74 , Meish 58 , Singal and Williams 51 , Liew and Hung 75 , Liew et al 37,38 , and Svetlichnaya and Yanyutin 76 . Lim et al 69 studied the vibration of open cylindrical shells using a 3D elasticity approach. Young 77 applied a 3D theory to study free vibration of shells arbitrarily deep in one direction. Review of the literature on 3D analysis of cylindrical shells can be found in Soldatos 78 . Leissa and So 79,80 analyzed cylindrical and conical shells using the 3D theory of elasticity. Leissa and Kang 81 developed the equations for 3D vibration analysis of thick shells of revolution having arbitrary curvature and thickness variation, and used the Ritz method to obtain accurate frequencies for thick conical 81 and spherical 81,82 shells. Others McGee and Spry 83 , Ding and Chen 84 considered other types of shells. 2.4 Shallow shell theories
Shallow shell theories were developed mainly for open shells, but have been applied to deeper shells for higher wave numbers, mostly closed cylindrical and conical ones. Recent review articles summarized the literature on shallow shell vibration research Qatu 5 , Liew et al 4 . These theories were originally derived by Donnell and Mushtari for isotropic materials 1 . Shallow thin shell equations were used to analyze shell vibrations Crossland and Dickinson 85 , Liew and Lim 36,86 , Liew et al 36,87,88 , Lim and Liew 89 , Qatu 90,91 , Qatu and Leissa 92,93 , and Young and Dickinson 94 . Shallow thick shell equations were also used Kabir and Chaudhuri 95 , Liew and Lim 36,37,39,40,43,96 , Liew et al 97 , and Lim et al 98,99 . Lim et al 99 compared shallow and deep cylindrical shell theories.
2.5 Membrane shell theories The membrane theory was used to nd the natural vibrations of a spherical shell by Lyubimov and Pshenichnov 100 . Membrane shell theory is seldom used in recent years. This is due to the inability of such theory in predicting the low frequency exural modes.
The second criterion used in developing shell equations is the deepness or shallowness of the shell. Shallow shells are characterized as shells in which the rise of the shell is less than 1/5 of the smallest planform dimension. Shallow shell theories offer simpler equations, but the order of the differential equations remains the same as deep shell theories.
2.6 Nonlinear theories The third criterion used in classifying shell equations is the magnitude of deformation compared to shell thickness. It can be shown that if such amplitude exceeds the thickness of the shell often less than that , the results can be in gross error. In the thin, thick, deep, and shallow shell theories described earlier, the nonlinear terms are typically neglected. In nonlinear shell theories, such terms are retained. In many cases, they are expanded using perturbation methods, and smaller orders of the rotations are retained. Most frequently the rst order is retained, and recently even third orders have been included by Pai and Nayfeh 49 . The material used in the shell can also be nonlinear rubber, plastics, . . . . Theories that offer nonlinear material properties are also referred to as nonlinear shell theories. The vast majority of shell theories deal only with geometric nonlinearity. A review of nonlinear shell dynamics can be found in Grigorenko and Gulyaev 101 . Brank et al 102 and Meek and Wang 103 considered a nite rotation shell model to study nonlinear dynamics of shells. A nonlinear thin shell theory was used to study shallow shell vibrations by many researchers Andrianov and Kholod 104 , Coleby and Mazumdar 105 , Librescu and Lin 106 , Li 107 , Nie 108 , Ohnabe 109 , Pai and Nayfeh 49 , Paliwal and Bhalla 110,111 , Ye 112 , Raouf and Palazotto 113 , Sathyamoorthy 114,115 , and Ambili et al 116 . Sansour et al 117 discussed the nonlinear theory of dynamics of shells and implemented nite element solution schemes. Nonlinear theories were also used for cylindrical shells Birman and Twinprawate 118 , Popov et al 119 , El Damatty and Korol 120 , Amabili et al 116 , Goncalves and Batista 121 , Kobayashi and Leissa 41 , Cheikh et al 122 ,
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Raouf and Nayfeh 123 , Foale et al 124 , Tsai and Palazotto 56 , Amiro and Prokopenko 125 , and Kubenko and Kovalchuk 126 . Discussions of nonlinear theories and their use in spherical shells can be found in Huang and Huo 127 and Ye 112 . Other shells are discussed by Sathyamoorthy 114,115 , Li 107 , Alexander 128 , Andrianov et al 129 , Antufev 130,131 , Nie, 132 , Yeh and Ji 133 , Yang and Wu 134 , Tesar 135 , Lee and Kim 136 , and Valid 137 . Various research articles included both shear deformation and nonlinear terms. Qatu 138 showed that such theories will solve only limited problems and are not needed for general laminated shells. 3 SHELL GEOMETRIES Closed cylindrical shells remain the major geometry being addressed by researchers. Other shell geometries have also been investigated. Among other shell geometries receiving considerable attention recently are shallow shells, spherical shells, and conical shells. Shallow shells are usually open shells with rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, circular, elliptical, rhombic, or other planform. Since research will be classied in the following subsections according to shell geometries, this section will only cover key articles, especially those with no complicating effects. 3.1 Shallow shells Shallow shells with double curvature and having rectangular planform were analyzed for their free vibration by various researchers eg, Crossland and Dickinson 85 , Liew and Lim 86 , 36 39 , Nie 108 , Kobayashi and Leissa 41 Lim and Liew 139141 , Young and Dickinson 94 , Qatu and Leissa 93 , Low 142 , and Khader and Abu-Farsakh 143 . Young and Dickinson 94 and Liew and Lim 36 discussed circular and elliptical planforms. Shallow shells with triangular and trapezoidal planforms were discussed by Qatu 90,91 , Stavridis 144 , Godoy and DeSouza 145 , and Young and Dickinson 94 . Chen et al 146 studied boundary stabilization of shallow circular cylindrical shells. 3.2 Cylindrical shells Open circular cylindrical shells were discussed by Bardell et al 147 and Soldatos and Hadjigeorgiou 70 . Other cylindrical shells were discussed by Koga 148 , Bert and Malik 27 , Li 149 , Hung et al 150 , Magand and Chevret 151 , Wang and Lai 152 , Niordson 153 , Ding et al 154 , Lam and Loy 10 , Srinivasan and Kot 155 , Price et al 156 , Pierce and Kil 157 , Kil et al 158 , Amiro 159 , Amiro and Prokopenko 160,161 , and Filippov 162 . Effects of release of boundary constraints on the natural frequencies of cylindrical shells were picked up by Chakravorty and Bandyopadhyay 163 , Okazaki and Hirano 164 , and Koga 148 . A 3D solution of the free vibration problem of cylindrical shells was presented by Soldatos and Hadjigeorgiou 70 . Matsunaga 165 investigated free vibrations of thick circular cylindrical shells subjected to axial stresses. Three-dimensional results were presented by So and Leissa 81 . Beltman et al 166 researched the structural response
of cylindrical shells to internal shock loading. Wang et al 59 discussed vibrational analysis of free nite length thick cylinders. Loy et al 167 studied the vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells. Flores and Godoy 168 studied forced vibrations of silos. Naeem and Sharma 169 studied the natural frequencies for thin circular cylindrical shells. Vibrations of non-circular cylindrical shells was discussed by Mysore et al 170 and Suzuki and Leissa 55 , among others. Mechanics of such shells was reviewed by Soldatos 171 . Grigorenko and Zakhariychenko 172 studied corrugated cylindrical shells under different boundary conditions. Han et al 173 investigated chaotic motion in elastic cylindrical shells. Redekop 174 found the natural frequencies of a short curved pipe. Random vibration of cylindrical shells was studied by Han et al 173 , Zhao et al 175 , and Li and Kareem 176 . 3.3 Spherical shells Three-dimensional analysis of the spheroidal and toroidal elastic vibrations of thick-walled spherical bodies of revolution was discussed by McGee and Spry 83 . Threedimensional vibrations of thick spherical shells with variable thickness were analyzed by Leissa and Kang 81,82 . The membrane theory was used to nd the natural vibrations of a spherical shell by Lyubimov and Pshenichnov 100 . Niordson 177 found natural frequencies for open spherical shells. Al-Jumaily and Najim 178 studied approximations to the vibrations of oblate spheroidal shells. Huang et al 23 discussed vibrational modes of a rotating hemispherical shell. Fosdick et al 179 investigated viscoelastic spherical shell. Gauthaman and Ganesan 180 studied vibration characteristics of isotropic spherical caps. Other studies on spherical shells include Hughes and Marston 181 , Marston and Sun 182 , Chou et al 183 , and Fan et al 184 . 3.4 Conical shells Free vibration analysis of conical shells was the subject of research by Shu 9 , Young and Dickinson 185 , Thambiratnam and Zhuge 186 , Huang and Sun 187 , and Liew and Feng 188 . Free vibration of a thick truncated conical shell was studied by Cai 63 . Three-dimensional vibration results for truncated hollow cones were presented by Leissa and So 79 and Leissa and Kang 81 . Lim and Kitipornchai 189 investigated the effects of subtended and vertex angles on the free vibration of open conical shells using a conical coordinate approach. Lam and Hua 190 studied the inuence of boundary conditions on the frequency characteristics of a rotating truncated conical shell. 3.5 Other shells Vibration of other shells of revolution was discussed by Singh 65 , Kosawada et al 191 , Houmat and Hutchinson 192 , Kaplunov and Wilde 193 , Zhang and Zhang 194,195 , Kossovich and Parfenova 196 , Luah and Fan 197 , Fan and Luah 198 , and Tan 199 . Recently, Qatu
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200 presented a theory and vibration analysis for isotropic and laminated barrel thin shells. Tan et al 201 considered other non-cylindrical shells. Free vibration analysis of a toroidal shell was discussed by Leung and Kwok 202,203 , Yamada et al 204 , and McGee and Spry 83 . Bell-type shells were considered by Kim et al 205 . Vibration analysis of twisted thin cylindrical panels was discussed by Tsuiji and Sueoka 206 . Hu and Tsuiji 207 studied free vibrations of curved and twisted thin panels. Choi and Noh 208 and Krivoshapko 209 studied the dynamics of a cooling tower shell. Ogihara et al 210 considered other shells. 4 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Zarutsky and Sivak 237 and Zarutsky et al 238 summarized the Russian experimental researches in the area of dynamics of ribbed shells of revolution. 5 ANALYTICAL METHODS Many analytical methods are available for researchers to study shell dynamics, including obtaining natural frequencies and mode shapes. The most used analytical methods are exact methods, the Ritz method, the Galerkin method, and nite element methods. These will be the emphasis of this section. 5.1 Exact solutions Exact solutions to the differential equations of motion for shells exist only for a limited number of conditions. In particular, circular cylindrical shells with at least two opposite edges having S2 or shear diaphragm boundaries 1 permit exact solution. In most papers using the exact solutions, only shells with all four boundaries having the S2 condition are used. The complexity of the solutions resulting for two opposite edges having S2 boundaries, with the others arbitrary, prevented most researchers from getting results. Circular cylindrical shells were analyzed exactly for their natural frequencies by some research studies Suzuki et al 60 , Hirano and Hirashima 239 , Callahan and Baruh 240 . Manipulation of the stiffness matrix to analyze sensitivity was performed by Lund and Olhoff 241 . 5.2 Ritz method Among the most common approximate methods used in the vibration analysis of continuous systems are the Raleigh and Ritz methods. The method of Lord Raleigh permits obtaining an approximation to the fundamental frequency. If a mathematically complete set of functions is used, then the method of Ritz permits obtaining as many accurate frequencies as needed. The Ritz method has excellent convergence characteristics and is relatively easy to program. The Ritz method, also referred to as the Raleigh-Ritz method, has been used successfully to analyze cylindrical shells Tsuiji and Sueoka 206 , Wang et al 242 , Amabili 243 , Swaddiwudhipong et al 24 , Young and Dickinson 94 , and McDaniel and Ginsberg 46 . The Ritz method was used to analyze shallow shells Liew and Lim 36,37,39,40,86 , Liew et al, 36,87,88 , Lim and Liew 89 , Omprakash and Ramamurti 244 , Qatu 90,91 , Qatu and Leissa 92,93 , and Young and Dickinson 94 . Conical shells were analyzed for their vibrations using the Ritz method by Lim and Liew 89,140 , Leissa and So 79 , and Leissa and Kang 81 . The Ritz method was also used for spherical shells by McGee and Spry 83 , Leissa and Kang 81,82 , and Chen and Ginsberg 245 . It was used to analyze other shells as well Suzuki et al 60 , McGee 246 . One of the shortcomings of the Ritz method is its limited ability to handle a relatively complex shell structure or set of such structures eg, Young and Dickinson 94 , Sinha 247 . This shortcoming encouraged researchers to use other meth-
Experimental results were obtained for cylindrical shells by various authors eg, Chebair et al, 211 , Chiba 212216 , Singal and Williams 51 , Klauson et al 217 , Admire et al 218 , Dyshko et al 219 , and Huang and Hsu 220 . Ekimov and Lebedev 221 studied local mass inuence on sound radiation from a thin cylindrical shell. Experimental studies on conical shells include those of Raj et al 222 , Takayanagi 223 , and Takayanagi and Yamate 224 . Other experimental studies include those of Bonilha and Fahy 225 . There has been considerable experimental research on shell dynamic behavior under hydrodynamic forces. This can be the case when the shell is submerged in a uid, lled with a uid, or in various aerospace applications where the surrounding uid is air. Such research has been encouraged by the petroleum, aerospace, and submarine industries. In addition to this, experimental studies were conducted on the acoustic radiation of shell structures. Anaturk 226 performed an experimental investigation to measure hydrodynamic forces on shells at small amplitudes and high frequencies. Chiba 214 conducted experimental studies on a nonlinear hydroelastic vibration of a clamped cylindrical tank partially lled with liquid. Lecroq et al 227 investigated the acoustic scattering from an air-lled cylindrical shell with welded at plate endcaps. They compared their experimental results with theoretical predictions. Harari et al 228 performed analytical and experimental studies on the vibration and pressure radiation from a submerged, stiffened cylindrical shell with two end plates. Other studies on shell dynamics in a uid media can be found in Chebair et al 211 and Woodard et al 229 . Carroll 230 studied the effect of sensor placement errors on cylindrical near-eld acoustic holography. El-Deeb and Royles 231 investigated the response of spherical shells subjected to explosive loading. Fukuyama et al 232 studied dynamic buckling experiments on cantilever cylindrical shells containing liquid and subjected to horizontal excitation. Mann et al 233 studied the energy exchange between structural vibrations and acoustic radiation using near-eld acoustical holography measurements. Pratte and Hart 234 conducted experiments on periodically forced ow over shells. Verheiji 235 measured structure-borne wave intensity on lightly damped pipes. Other experimental studies include those of Williams 236 .
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ods eg, Huang and Soedel 248 250 , Huang 251 , and Tso and Hansen 252 . 5.3 Galerkin method The Galerkin method is used mainly to study nonlinear vibration problems. Many researchers used the Galerkin method to analyze shallow shells eg, Kobayashi and Leissa 41 , Raouf and Palazotto 113 , Nie 108 , and Ohnabe 109 , cylindrical shells eg, Lepik 253 , Goncalves and Ramos 20 , and Lee and Lu 254 , conical shells Khatri 255 , spherical shells Goncalves 256 , Yahner and Burroughs 257 , and Chao et al 61 , and other shells Laing et al 258 . 5.4 Finite element methods Finite element methods FEMs use the Ritz method minimizing the energy functional and other energy methods on an element level to obtain the element stiffness matrix. The FEM overcomes the difculties the Ritz method has in dealing with various boundary conditions and relatively complex shapes. Consequently, FEM development and analyses have been growing rapidly in the last three decades. For simple structures, the Ritz method shows better convergence for less computational need. Thin and thick shallow shell elements were developed and used for shell vibration research Providakis and Beskos 259 , Sinha and Mukhopadhyay 260 , Sabir et al 261 , Mirza and Alizadeh 262 , and Khader and Abu Farsakh 143 . Finite element methods were used to analyze cylindrical shells eg, Goncalves and Ramos 21 , Mazuch et al 263 , McCollum and Siders 264 , Sabir et al 261 , Santiago and Wisniewski 265 , Tsai and Palazotto 56 , Tzou and Tseng 266 , and Wang et al 59 . Many of the references described in Section 3.2 for cylindrical shells used nite element methods to obtain results. Finite element methods were used for spherical shells Fan et al 267 , Gautham and Ganesan 63 , McCollum and Siders 264 , and Hwang and Forster 268 and conical shells Raj et al 222 , Takayanagi and Yamate 224 . Researchers used FEM to study the dynamics of other types of shells Fan and Luah 198,269 , Wang and Banerjee 270 , Allman 271 , Krawczuk 272 , Noor et al 273 , Ozakca and Hinton 274,275 , Ozakca et al 276 , Palani et al, 44,277 , Rappaz et al 278 , Zeng and Zhao 74 , Yao 279 , Rajakumar et al 280,281 , Yang and Wu 134 , Rengarajan et al 282 , Senjanovic and Fan 283 , Shankar et al 284 , Sinha and Mukhopadhyay 285 , Stepanishen and Chen, 286 , and To and Wang 287 . Aksu 288 used FEM to study free vibration of shells of general shape. Chung and Lee 289 studied the vibrations of a nearly axisymmetric shell using a new nite ring element. Sansour et al 117 implemented a nite element solution scheme in the nonlinear dynamic theory of shells. Gennaretti et al 290 developed a third-order Boundary Element Method BEM for exterior acoustics. BEM was used extensively for acoustical response.
5.5 Other methods Other methods exist for solving the vibration problem of shells including collocation, nite strip, point matching, Trefftz differential quadrature, and others. They have not gained much popularity. The relative ease, accuracy, and dependability of the Ritz method, for linear analysis, and the Galerkin method, for nonlinear analysis, has proved to be most valuable. Differential quadrature was used to analyze cylindrical shells by Bert and Malik 27 , Hua and Lam 291 , Hua 292 , and Loy et al 293 , and conical shells by Shu 9 . Finite strip methods in conjunction with FEM were used for shallow shells Cheung et al 295 , Hinton et al 296,297 , cylindrical shells Shu et al 297 , Mizusawa and Kato 47 , and other shells Au and Cheung 298 , Canet et al 67 , Cheung and Kong 299 , and Suarez et al 300 . Free vibration of bodies of revolution by boundary collocation was the subject discussed by Houmat and Hutchinson 192 . Mikami and Yoshimura 301 used a collocation method to determine the natural vibration characteristics of cylindrical shells. Vibration analysis of non-circular cylindrical shells using Bezier functions was discussed by Kumar and Singh 177 and Singh 65 . Rosario and Smith 23 and Gennakakes and Wang 302 used spline nite strips to study thin shell dynamics. Tavakoli and Singh 303 used the state space method. Wong and Sze 304 and Wong and Bush 305 applied matched asymptotic expansions to study free vibrations of a hermetic shell. Foale et al 124 used numerical dimension reduction methods for nonlinear shell vibrations. 6 COMPLICATING EFFECTS Several complicating effects can exist in shell structures that will complicate the analysis of such structures. The complicating effects that are included here include added support, elastic foundation, initial loading and stresses, thermal stresses, rotating shells, imperfect shells, piezoelectric shells, stiffened shells, shells with variable thickness, and viscoelastic shells. Finally, shells imbedded in uids including air, or lled with uid will also be covered. 6.1 Initial and dynamic loading and thermal stresses
Initial axial loading for cylindrical shells was treated by Averbukh and Mavlyutov 306 , Birman and Twinprawate 118 , Chakravorty and Bandyopadhyay 163 , Filshtinskii and Khizhnyak 307 , Guzhas 308 , Goncalves and Ramos 20 , Glandier et al 309 , Huang and Hsu 220 , Koga and Kodama 310 , Laneville and Mazouzi 311 , and Li 149 . Mikhasev 312,313 investigated free and parametric vibrations of cylindrical shells under static and periodic axial loads. Matsunaga 165 addressed free vibration of thick circular cylindrical shells subjected to axial stresses. Ng and Lam 314 found critical speeds of rotating shells subjected to axial loading. Zhang and Ma 315 studied the radial vibrations of an axisymmetrically loaded stepped pressure vessel. Shallow shells were treated by Achong 316 . Other shells were investigated in many research studies eg, Trotsenko and Kladinoga 317 , Babich 318 , Baumgarten et al 319 ,
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Borshch et al 320 , Fanous and Greimann 321,322 , and Librescu and Lin 106 . Christoforou and Swanson 323 and Drewko and Sperski 324 considered the impact problem of cylindrical shells. Auslender and Combescure 325 , Mukhoi 326 , and Martineau et al 327 analyzed spherical and cylindrical shells under internal explosion. Chou et al 183 considered hemispherical shells excited by an electrostatic eld. Librescu et al 328 studied thermal effects on shell vibration. Ohnabe 109 considered thermal effects on shallow shells. Thermal stresses of cylindrical shells were discussed by Botogova and Mikhasev 329 , Librescu and Lin 330 , and Wu et al 331 . Thermal effects on the dynamic behavior of conical shells were treated by Mecitoglu 332 . Yang et al 333 considered thermal effects on spherical shell dynamics. Achong 334 presented a nonlinear analysis of compressively-thermally stressed shell structures. Hu et al 335 used nite element analysis to study shells subjected to wind excitation. 6.2 Parametric excitation
ton et al 355 , Jiang and Olson 356 , Klauson et al 217 , Loy and Lam 22 , Palamarchuk 357 , Photiadis 358 , Raj et al 222 , and Stanley and Ganesan 359 . Stiffened conical shells were discussed by Raj et al 222 , Ross and Richards 360 , Skopetsky and Deineka 361 , and Schneider et al 362 . Stiffened shells of revolution were treated by Blocka 363,364 . Stiffened shells of revolution were picked up by Ross and Etheridge 365 , Kuznetsov 366 , and Bhimaraddi et al 354 . Other shells were studied in several articles eg, Harari et al 228 , Haftka et al, 367 , Langley 368 , Palani et al 44,277 , Yeh and Ji 133 , Ryaboy and Weller 369 , Sinha, and Mukhopadhyay 260,285 . Xu et al 370 considered a periodically stiffened shell lled with uid. Imperfect shallow shells were treated by Goncalves 256 , Librescu and Lin 330 , and Librescu et al 328 . Other imperfect shells were picked up by Goncalves 256 , Librescu and Lin 106 , Wedel-Heinen 371 , and Hui 372 . 6.4 Piezoelectric shells Cylindrical shells made either partially or completely with piezoelectric materials to actively control noise were studied in many research articles eg, Brevart and Fuller 373 , Guo and Yang 374 , Brevart and Fuller 375 , Ding et al 154 , Howard et al 376 , Pan and Hansen 377 , Qiu and Tani 378,379 , Yang and Batra 380 , Tani, et al 381 , Baz and Chen 382 , Tzou and Tseng 266 , Tzou 383 , Tzou and Zhong 384,385 , Tzou and Bao 386 , Vovk and Oliynik 387 , Karnaukhove and Kirichok 388 , Rosario 389 , and Kirichok and Vengrenyuk 390 . Karlash 391 considered piezoelectric conical shells, while Banks and Wang 392 , Ruckman and Fuller 393 dealt with spherical shells having piezoelectric actuators embedded in them. Kelmanson and Maunder 394 , Yang, et al 395 , Rosario 389 , and Barrett and Palazzolo 396 looked at other shells. 6.5 Damped and viscoelastic shells Damping of shallow shells was discussed by Altman et al 397 and Okazaki et al 398 . Damped cylindrical shells were picked up by Lu and Roscoe 399 , Botogova and Mikhasev 329 , Okazaki et al 28 , Boily and Charron 400 , Klosowski and Woznica 401 , Huang and Fuller 402 , and Sivadas and Ganesan 53 . Huang and Chen 403 conducted design optimization of dynamic absorbers on vibration and noise control of shell structures. Damped conical shells were discussed by Khatri 255 and spherical shells were treated by Gautham and Ganesan 62 , Fosdick et al 179 , and Okazaki et al 398 . Mohring 404 considered Helmholtz resonators and their effects on damping airborne noise. Other shells were picked up by He and Ma 405 and Wagner et al 406 . Viscoelastic shallow shells were analyzed by Niziol and Kozien 407 . 6.6 Fluid lled and submerged shells Fluid lled cylindrical shells have received considerable attention lately. They were the subject of many research studies eg, Brevart et al 408 , Ding et al 154 , Muftu and Cole
Ng and Lam 336 looked at the effects of boundary conditions on the parametric resonance of cylindrical shells under axial loading. They used different shell theories in another study 33,337 . Ng and Lam 264 investigated the effects of elastic foundation on the dynamic stability of cylindrical shells. Ng et al 338 studied parametric resonance of a rotating cylindrical shell in one investigation and the effect of transverse shear in another one Ng et al 339 . Most of the studies investigating parametric resonance were for cylindrical shells. Recently, Ng et al 294 considered the phenomenon for conical shells. They used the generalized differential quadrature method. 6.3 Rotating, stiffened, and imperfect shells
Rotating shallow shells were considered by Kobayashi and Yamada 340 . Rotating cylindrical shells were picked up by Botogova and Mikhasev 329 , Amiro and Prokopenko 160 , Librescu and Lin 330 , Hua and Lam 291 , Huang and Chen 341 , and Wu et al 331 . Rotating prestressed conical shells were treated by Yamada et al 342 . Others who studied rotating shells include Chang et al 343 , Kobayashi and Yamada 340 , Bauer 344 , Bauer and Komatsu 345 , Dzygadlo et al 346 , Dintrans et al 347 , and Omprakash and Ramamurti 16 . Huang et al 23 took up vibrations of a rotating hemispherical shell. Loveday and Rogers 348 studied the free vibration of elastically supported thin cylinders, and included gyroscopic effects. Lee and Kim 136 investigated nonlinear free vibration analysis of rotating hybrid cylindrical shells. Ng and Lam 314 found critical speeds of rotating cylindrical shells subjected to axial loading. Lam and Hua 190 examined rotating truncated conical shells. Sinha and Mukhopadhyay 260 considered stiffened shallow shells. Stiffened cylindrical shells were the subject of various studies eg, Amiro and Prokopenko 160,349 , Amiro and Zarutsky 350 , Zarutsky and Skosarenko 351 , Bardell and Mead 352,353 , Bhimaraddi et al 354 , Hous-
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409 , Bo and Tang 410 , Goncalves and Ramos 16 , Zhu 11,411 , Akyuz and Ertepinar 412 , Amabili 243,413,414 , Amabili and Dalpiaz 415 , Mazuch et al 263 , Brevart and Fuller 373,375,416 , Lee and Lu 254 , Journeau 417 , Maze et al, 418 , Hoop et al 419 , Brenneman and AuYang 420 , Williams and Moubayed 421 , and Goncalves and Batista 121 . Fluid lled spherical shells were analyzed for their vibrations by Huang and Gaunaurd 422 , Xu and Zhang 423 , Bai and Wu 424 , Gaunaurd and Werby 425 , Ding and Chen 84 , Saravanan et al 426 , Amabili et al 427 429 , Amabili and Garziera 430 , and Pellicano et al 431 . Mikhasev 312 studied traveling wave packets in an innite thin cylindrical shell under internal pressure. Ruzzene and Baz 432 433 used FEM to study the vibration and sound radiation from uid-loaded damped shells. Liquid lled shells were reviewed by Blocka 434 . Partially lled cylindrical shells were discussed by Han and Liu 29 , Mistry and Menezes 435 , Zhu 412 , Mazuch et al 263 , and Chiba 215 . Other uid loaded shells were discussed by Van Dijk et al 436 and Bondaryk and Schmid 437 . Oda and Suzuki 438 studied the normal mode oscillations of a sphere with solid-gas-solid structure in a recent article. Kiiko 439 considered utter of a shell of revolution and a shallow shell in a supersonic gas ow. Cylindrical shells submerged in uids were the subject of research in many studies eg, Metsaveer and Klauson 440 , Klauson et al 441 , Bogomolov and Poruchikov 442 , Choi et al 443,444 , Huang 445 , Harari and Sandman 446 , Ho 447 449 , Tesei et al 450 , Rajakumar et al 280 , Junger 451 , and Gaunaurd and Werby 452 . Spherical shells submerged in liquids were studied as well Huang and Gaunaurd 422 , Sprague and Geers 453 , Jones-Oliveira and Harten 454 , Jones-Oliveira 455 , Ding and Chen, 71 , Ruckman and Fuller 393 , Chen et al 456,457 , Ho and Felsen 458 , Ho 449 , Chen and Ginsberg 245 , and Gaunaurd and Werby 425 . Recently Ye et al 459 studied free vibration of a submerged hollow sphere. Other uid loaded or submerged shells were examined Akkas et al 460 , Barbone and Crighton 461 , Antione and Cristini 462 , Chen 463 , Cheng and Richard 464 , Choi et al 465 , Endo and Tosaka 466 , Ettouney et al 467 , Everstine 468 , Gaunaurd and Akay 469 , Finnveden 470 , Goldenveizer and Kaplunov 471 , Guiggiani 472 , Gupta 473 , Halle et al 474 , Horacek and Zolotarev 475,476 , Horacek 477 , Ishii and Knisley 478 , Ishii et al 479,480 , Jakubauskas and Weaver 481 , Jeong and Lee 482 , Jeans and Mathews 483 , Kaduchak and Marston 181 , Kallivokas and Bielak 484 , Kaplunov and Veksler 485 , Kaplunov and Korsunskii 486 , Kaplunov 487,488 , Kargl and Marston 489 , Koga 148 , Koga and Tsushima 490 , Krasnopolskaya and Heijst 491 , Kuzelka 492 , Lakis and Sinno 493 , Kubenko et al 494 , Mikhasev 312 , Nakata et al 495 , Pierce 496 , Patitsas and Patitsas 497 , Peake 498 , Peng et al 499 , Pettigrew et al 500 , Podolsky 501 , Rogacheva 502,503 , Rogers et al 504 , Tani and Zhang 505 , Weaver 506 , Yoshikawa et al 507 , Zeng and Bielak 508 , Zhu 509511 , and Zhu and Guo, 512 .
Ross and Richards 513 studied vibration of ringreinforced circular cylinders under external water pressure. Other studies considered the effects of uniform external pressure on domes Ross and Johns 514 , Ross 515 , conical shells Ross 516 , Ross and Richards 360 , and circular cylindrical shells Ross et al 517 . Smith and Hodges 518 evaluated algorithms for uid-solid interaction. Mead 519 considered wave propagation in periodic structures. 6.7 Acoustic radiation The acoustic radiation of vibrating cylindrical shells was the subject of various recent articles eg, Blaise and Lesueur 520 , Blaise et al 521 , Borgiotti and Rosen 522524 , Choi et al 444,465 , Choi and Joo 525 , Crane et al 526 , Cushieri and Feit 527530 , Feng 531 , Ho 447 , Horacek and Zolotarev 475,476 , Houston et al 355 , Huang 445 , Huang and Gaunaurd 422 , Junger 451,532 , Klauson et al 441 , Lebedev 533 , Lecroq et al 227 , Leon et al 534 , Photiadis et al 73,535,536 , Qaisi 537 , Radlinski and Simon 538 , Rajakumar et al 280 , Shulga 539 , Utschig et al 540 , Veksler et al 541-543 , Wu et al 544-546 , Wang and Lai 547 , Rumerman 548 , Vovk and Oliynik 387 , Doria and Morellati 549 , Sun et al 550 , Ismail and Fyfe 551 , and Wen et al 552 . The acoustic radiation of spherical shells was studied by Ho 448,449 , Hickling et al 553 , Pathak and Stephanishen 554 , Zhang 555 , Zhang and Zhang 556 , and Rossing, et al 557 . Other shells were studied for acoustic radiation Eisinger 558 , Gaunaurd and Werby, 425,452 , Jeans and Mathews 483 , Norris and Vasudevan 559 , Partridge 560 , Werby 561 , Rebinsky and Norris 562 , Smoglie 563 , Sorokin 564 , Stepanishen and Chen 286 , Stephishen and Ramakrishna 565 , Veksler 566 , and Veksler and Izbicki 567 . 6.8 Other complexities
Ekimov and Lebedev 221 considered an added mass on a cylindrical shell, and Antufev 130,131 , Amabili and Dalpiaz 568 , and Low 144 considered other shells. Yim et al 569 treated the free vibration of a clamped circular cylindrical shell with a plate attached at an arbitrary axial position. McDaniel 570 studied a cylindrical shell with an attached structure. Cylindrical shells attached to circular end plates were discussed by Cheng and Nicolas 571 . Librescu and Lin 572 , Paliwal and Bhalla 110,111 , Paliwal and Sivastava 573 , and Paliwal et al 574 considered an elastic support or foundation for shallow shells. Paliwal et al 575 looked at such supports for cylindrical shells. Other shells were considered by Rudnikki 576 . Loveday and Rogers 348 studied the free vibration of elastically supported thin cylinders. Hygrothermal effects were introduced by Folso 577 . Shallow shells with variable thickness were discussed by Liew et al 578,579 . Cylindrical shells were examined by Ganesan and Sivadas 17,18 , Gautham and Ganesan 62 , Hinton et al 296,297 , Sivadas and Ganesan 15,54,580 , and Suzuki and Leissa 55 . Conical shells with variable thickness were discussed by Sivadas and Ganesan 14 . Spherical and other shells of revolution were treated by
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Afonso and Hinton et al 296,297 and Andrianov et al 129 . Three-dimensional analysis of conical and spherical shells of variable thickness was carried out by Leissa and Kang 81,82 . Segmented cylindrical shells were treated by Huang and Soedel 248,249 , Huang 250 , Missaoui et al 581 , and Sivadas and Ganesan 53 . Liu and Huang 582 considered other segmented shells or folded plates. Hwang and Forster 268 and Sivasubramonian et al 583 treated shallow shells with cutouts. Dyshko et al 219 and Levin and Pankova 584 studied cylindrical shells with cutouts. The relative complexities of radii of curvature and different geometrical shapes ignited optimization studies by various researchers Hinton et al, 296,297,585,586 , Afonso and Hinton 587,588 , Inoue et al 589 , Nordgren 590 , Ozakca and Hinton 274,275 , and Ozakca et al 276 . Other studies that covered various complexities include those of Dudnik et al 591 , Hamdan 592 , Huang and Hsu 593 , Huang et al 594 , Au-Yang and Brenneman 595 , Cheng 596 , Coquart et al 597 , Horacek et al 598 , Kaduchak and Marston 599 , and DCruz 600 .
linear analysis of homogeneous shells and the Galerkin method for the nonlinear analysis of such shells are still widespread and frequently used methods. Limited experimental results are available in the literature. More of such data is needed to qualify certain shell theories and methods of analysis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author thanks Professor AW Leissa for his careful review of the manuscript, continuous encouragement, and valuable input.
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7 CONCLUDING REMARKS Cylindrical shells are still the subject of most of the recent research on the dynamic behavior of shell structures. They are followed by studies on doubly curved shallow shells. The widespread applications of these shells in aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering, and the uniformity and consistency in the theories applied to the analysis of these shells especially shallow shells resulted in considerable interest in them. Conical and spherical shells are also receiving some attention. Researchers in shell vibrations are increasingly using the 3D theory of elasticity. This is probably the only way to judge on the accuracy of the several thin and thick shell theories that are now available for shells. The theories of Love, Reissner, Flugge, and Sanders and their extensions to include shear deformation and rotary inertia are among the most used theories in the analysis of shells. Membrane shells have been seldom considered in recent years. Complicating effects of various kinds have received considerable interest. Shell interaction with elastic or uid media is receiving more interest recently. In particular, attention has been given to uid lled shells, shells submerged in uids, and shell vibrations in an acoustic medium. Stiffened and rotating shells are also becoming another corner of interesting research. Parametric resonances of homogenous shells are starting to receive reasonable attention. Finite element methods are being used successfully in many shell vibration studies. With better elements available for most engineers through commercial packages, condence is built on using the method to study the dynamic behavior of shells. Special attention is still needed when non-classical curvature, boundary conditions, or certain complicating effects are treated, as these are not yet covered by most packages. Similar to laminated shells, the Ritz method for the
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Mohamad S Qatu received his undergraduate engineering degree from Yarmouk University in Jordan in 1985. He then obtained his MS and PhD degrees from the Ohio State University in 1986 and 1989, respectively. His academic experience includes being the director of the mechanical engineering technology program at Franklin University (19921995), and an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Lake Superior State University (19951997). His industrial experience includes working for Dresser Industries (19891991), Honda of America (1994), SDRC (Summer 1996), Dana Corporation (19972000), and Ford Motor Company (2000-present). He is the author of more than 50 research papers, review articles, and book reviews, in addition to numerous abstracts. He is a registered professional engineer in both Ohio and Michigan. His research interests are noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), composite structures, and computer-aided engineering (CAE). He has two patents on noise suppression, several technical awards, and manuals to his credit. He has developed courses for the Society of Manufacturing Engineers and others. He is the proud father of four sons: Abdullah, Mossub, Khalil, and Osayd. In his spare time, he plays soccer and basketball.

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Recent Research Advances in The Dynamic Behavior of Shells: 1989-2000, Part 2: Homogeneous Shells

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Recent research advances in the dynamic behavior of shells: 19892000, Part 2: Homogeneous shells

2002 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Number of articles on shell dynamics per year

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

261 262 263

264 265 266

277 278 279 280 281 282

283 284 285 286

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

315 316 317 318 319 320

362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369

389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452

475 476 477 478 479 480

Qatu: Dynamic behavior of shells. Part 2

Appl Mech Rev vol 55, no 5, September 2002

595 596 597 598 599

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