AREA:
A = 3.142 D2/ 4
A1= 3.142 (0.0183)2/ 4
A1= 2.63 * 10-4 m2
A2=3.142(0.0240)2/4
A2=0.000452 m2
MITRE
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
ENLARGEMENT
CONTRACTION
Reynolds No.
440220.465
440220.465
440220.465
335668.104
440220.465
Manometer
1
h
m
2.42
2.8
3
3.06
3.1
Flow Rate
Qt
m/s
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
Manometer
2
Head Loss
h
Total head
loss
h
h
h-h
h+H1
m
m
m
2.18
0.24
0.24
2.63
0.17
0.17
2.88
0.12
0.12
3.18
-0.12
-0.1151269
3.02
0.08
0.08487308
GAUGE VALUE READING= 0 m
Area
Velocity
Dynamic Head
A=PI/4*d
V
V/2g
m
m/s
m
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0004525
0.2209595
0.011261957
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
Volume
Time
V
m*E-3
1
1
1
1
1
t
sec
10
10
10
10
10
K
h/(V/2g)
Flow
12.39016
8.776366
6.195082
-10.6552
4.130054
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Manometer
1
Manometer
2
Head Loss
h
Total head
loss
MITRE
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
ENLARGEMENT
h
m
1.99
2.75
3.15
3.25
h
m
1.46
2.38
2.94
3.44
h-h
m
0.53
0.37
0.21
-0.19
m
0.53
0.37
0.21
-0.18980507
CONTRACTION
3.41
Reynolds No.
Flow Rate
Fitting
Volume
Time
V
m *10^-3
2
2
2
2
t
sec
10
10
10
10
10
Flow
3.18
0.23
0.23019492
GAUGE VALUE READING= 0 m
Dynamic
Area
Velocity
Head
17274251.03
17274251.03
17274251.03
13171616.41
17274251.03
Fitting
Qt
m
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
A=PI/4*d
m
0.000263128
0.000263128
0.000263128
0.000452571
0.000263128
V
m/s
0.760086758
0.760086758
0.760086758
0.441919192
0.76008675
V/2g
m
0.038740406
0.038740406
0.038740406
0.022523914
0.038740406
h/(V/2g)
Total head
loss
Volume
Time
13.68081
9.550752
5.420697
-8.43548
5.936954
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Manometer
1
Manometer
2
Head Loss
h
h-h
m*10^-3
sec
MITRE
2.41
1.78
0.63
0.63
2.5
10
ELBOW
3.30
2.86
0.44
0.44
2.5
10
SHORT BEND
3.75
3.50
0.25
0.25
2.5
10
ENLARGEMENT
3.95
4.10
-0.15
-0.149695
2.5
10
CONTRACTION
4.05
3.76
0.29
0.290304
2.5
10
Flow
Area
Velocity
Dynamic
Head
Qt=V/t
m/s
A=PI/4*d
m
V=Q/A
m/s
V/2g
m
h/(V/2g)
21592813.79
0.00025
0.000263128
0.950108448
0.048425507
13.00967
Turbulent
21592813.79
0.00025
0.000263128
0.950108448
0.048425507
9.08612
Turbulent
21592813.79
0.00025
0.000263128
0.950108448
0.048425507
5.16256
Turbulent
16464520.52
0.00025
0.000452571
0.55239899
0.028154892
-5.32767
Turbulent
21592813.79
0.00025
0.000263128
0.950108448
0.048425507
5.98857
Turbulent
Reynolds No
1
2
3
Flow
Rate
Qt
m/s
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
Pressure 1
Pressure
2
Bar
Bar
0.7
1.1
1.62
1.1
1.62
2.25
Area
A=PI/4*d
Velocity
V=QT/A
V
h of
water
Volume
Time
P*10.2
Bar
0.4
0.52
0.63
4.08
5.304
6.426
m
0.004
0.003
0.002
sec
10
10
10
Reynolds
number
Re=DV/
Flow
34548502.07
25911376.55
17274251.03
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Dynamic
Head
V/2g
m
m/s
m
0.00026313 1.520173517 0.117784277
0.00026313 1.140130138 0.066253656
0.00026313 0.760086758 0.029446069
h/(V/2g)
34.6395978
61.5815073
138.558391
Sudden Enlargement
Sudden Contraction
Long Bend
Short Bend
Elbow Bend
Mitre Bend
Flow rate through the circuit is controlled by a flow control valve. Pressure tappings in the circuit are
connected to a twelve bank manometer, which incorporates an air inlet/outlet valve in the top
manifold. An air bleed screw facilitates connection to a hand pump. This enables the levels in the
manometer bank to be adjusted to a convenient level to suit the system static pressure. A clamp which
closes off the tappings to the mitre bend is introduced when experiments on the valve fitting are
required. A differential pressure gauge gives a direct reading of losses through the gate valve.
2. WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF STUDYING ENERGY LOSSES IN BEND?
ANS. For any process, a certain range of flow rates is permitted for maximum efficiency, if the flow rate
drops below that due to energy losses it disrupts the entire process and leads to loss of expenditure and
inefficiency. Hence the study of losses occurring in a particular fitting is necessary to obtain required
efficiency.
3. FOR EXERCISE A, PLOT GRAPHS OF HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD, AND K AGAINST
VOLUME FLOW RATE(QT).
HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD:
TOTAL HEAD LOSS
h
m
DYANAMIC
HEAD
V2/2g
m
MITRE
ELBOW
0.019370203
0.038740406
0.048425507
0.24
0.53
0.63
0.17
0.37
0.44
DYANAMIC HEAD
V2/2g
SHORT
BEND
0.12
0.21
0.25
CONTRACTION
0.084873
0.230194
0.290304
0.011261957
-0.115126
0.022523914
-0.189805
0.028154892
-0.149695
MITRE
0.3
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
0.2
CONTRACTION
0.1
ENLARGEMENT
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
DYNAMIC HEAD
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.0001
0.0002
0.00025
LOSS COEFFICIENT
K
MITRE
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
ENLARGEMENT
12.3901645
13.6808067
13.0096728
8.77636655
9.55075183
9.08612066
6.19508227
5.42069699
5.16256856
-10.655342
-8.4354789
-5.3276709
CONTRACTION
4.13005485
5.93695384
5.98857953
10
5
LOSS COEFFICIENT
MITRE
ELBOW
0
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
SHORT BEND
ENLARGMENT
CONTRACTION
-5
-10
-15
4. FOR EXERCISE B, PLOT GRAPHS OF EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD, AND K
AGAINST QT.
EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD
Head loss
h
Dynamic head
v2/2g
4.08
0.117784277
5.304
0.066253656
6.426
0.029446069
0.12
DYNAMIC HEAD
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS
6.5
Loss coefficient
K
0.0004
34.6395978
0.0003
80.0559595
0.0002
218.229466
200
LOSS CO-EFFICIENT
150
100
50
0
0
Flow rate
Qt