CANTOR THEOREM IS NOT APPLICABLE ON GROTHENDIEK UNIVERSE. WHAT IS A GROTHENDIEK UNIVERSE ONE MAY READ THE FOLLOWING.

THANKS TO GROTHENDIEK UNIVERSE CANTOR THEOREM HAS ITS LIMIT. Borrowed from scribd. Athiests may be glad to see that If Divine Knowledge is GROTHENDIEK UNIVERSE THEN CANTOR THEOREM IS INVALID. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN nLab Grothendieck universe Skip the Navigation Links | Home Page | All Pages | Recently Revised | Authors | Feeds | Export | Context Foundations Universes Contents Idea Definition Consequences Terminology: small/large Axiom of universes Large cardinals Structural version Examples Applications Presheaf categories Alternative approaches References Idea Problems of set theory arise by unjustified recursion of the naive notion of collection of things. If Cols are one notion of collections (such as set or class), then the notion Col of all Cols is in general problematic, since it is subject to the construction of Russell-style paradoxes (although its not the only source of such paradoxes). One way out is to consider a hierarchy of notions of collections: postulate that the collection of all Cols is not a Col itself, but is another notion of collection, a Col+: the Col+ of all Cols. Similarly, the collection of all Col+-type collections may be taken to be a Col++, and so on. One formalization of this idea is that of a Grothendieck universe: this is defined to be a set U which behaves like a set+ of all sets in that all the standard operations of set theory (union, power set, etc.) can be performed on its elements. Although developed for application to category theory, the definition is usually given in a form that only makes sense in a membership-based set theory. On this page we consider only that version; for a form that makes sense in structural set theory, see universe in a topos. I don't really like how this page looks now, since it focuses once more on the evil set theory. I think that I'll rewrite it to talk about strongly inaccessible cardinal numbers first, which is a reasonable approach from any perspective, and then look at how you can say this more directly in both material and structural set theory. That means that I'll restore some text that was removed (not much of that was moved to universe in a topos), but this time I'll verify the correctness of the

structural material (using universe in a topos as a guide) as I go. Toby Mike: Im not sure I agree. Firstly, I actually think it is better to define what you really wantin this case, a collection of sets closed under the operations we needand only later observe that it may be equivalent to something in terms of inaccessible cardinals. I also expect that the equivalence between universes and inaccessibles requires the axiom of choice, so wouldnt it be better to separate them? Finally, this page is called Grothendieck universe, not inaccessible cardinal, so I think that here we should take the universes as primary, not their cardinals. Toby: I disagree that this is is what we really want; the definition below is only what we want if we're using material set theory, which for the most part we aren't in the nLab. So it's really out of place to focus on that. But I'm not sure that you understand my intention, either. In explaining the point of universe to Urs, or more generally in explaining the point in a structural way, I find the cardinal number the easiest way to get at what matters. It is, as I said before, the bottom line for any proposed (re)definition. So I intend to define Grothendieck universes, certainly, although I intend to define them in terms of cardinal numbers. (Or rather, in terms of isomorphism classes of sets, but using cardinal arithmetic, so I'll call those cardinal numbers.) The discussion of inaccessible cardinals would be only lemmatic (if that's a word); if I get around to doing it, then you'll see what I mean. But here's another possibility: Maybe we should reserve this page for the strict notion in material set theory and make another page, say universe, for the non-evil concept. Then most (if not all) links here would really want to go there. I'm not sure that I like this, since universe has other meanings, but maybe there's another term that we could use that doesn't conflict with this term? In any case, if you want something like that, then I can go along with it. What I really don't want is a bunch of links on the lab implying that category theorists deal with size issues using something that's fundamentally part of material set theory. Mike: I can definitely get behind that last sentence. Grothendieck universe seems to be used pretty much everywhere with the material version in mind, but this is probably just because people dont understand or trust structural set theory, and of course the structural version would be just as good for the purposes people use them for. So I think it would be okay if we include both the material and structural versions on this page. (I definitely dont think we should include only the structural version.) Of course the definition below is only correct in material set theory, but there is also a straightforward structural version that you wrote down, in terms of families, that makes no reference to cardinality. What I dont see is why the cardinal number is what matters or the bottom line for any proposed (re)definition. It seems to me that whats important for category theory is that we have a collection of sets, called small, which are closed under various constructions (power sets, indexed unions, etc.), so that the resulting category Set of small sets behaves the way we want it to. Its completely irrelevant whether small is defined to mean of cardinality less than for some , or defined in some other way. If you assume the axiom of choice, then any collection of small sets closed under enough constructions will consist precisely of the sets of cardinality < for some , but in the absence of choice I see no reason for that to be true. All of this is equally true materially and structurally. (As an aside, Im not so sure that on the nLab we arent using material set theory; rather, I think that practically everything we do is completely agnostic as to whether the foundation is material or structural. In fact, if you assume the axioms of choice and foundation, then the two are completely equivalenta model of ZFC can be reconstructed, up to isomorphism, from its category of sets, and that category of sets is determined, up to equivalence, by its well-founded-set-objects.) Mike: In fact, you yourself wrote at foundations:

I understand all these large cardinals much better in terms of their categories of small sets. Definition A Grothendieck universe U is a pure set U such that: for all uU and tu, tU (so U is transitive); for all uU, the power set P(u)U; the empty set U; for all IU and functions u:IU, the union i:IuiU. Some authors leave out (3), which allows itself to be a Grothendieck universe. Other authors use the set N of natural numbers in place of in (3), which prevents the countable set V of hereditarily finite sets from being a Grothendieck universe. Consequences From the definition above, one can prove additional closure properties of a universe U, including the usual codings in pure set theory of function sets and cartesian products and disjoint unions of sets, using these lemmata: Lemma. If t is a subset of u and uU, then tU. Proof. By (2), P(u)U; tP(u), so tU by (1). Lemma. If u,vU, then uvU. Proof. Since U by (3), so are =P() and TV=P() by (2). Even in constructive mathematics, 2={,} is a subset of TV, so 2U in by Lemma 1. Then ( u,v) is a function 2U, so the union uv in U by (4). Then using their usual encodings in set theory: the nullary cartesian product is P() as in the previous proof; the binary cartesian product uv is a subset of P(P(uv)); the general cartesian product i:Iui is a subset of P(Ii:Iui); the nullary disjoint union is ; the binary disjoint union uv is a subset of 2(uv); the general disjoint union i:Iui is a subset of Ii:Iui; the set of functions uv is a subset of P(uv). Terminology: small/large Given a universe U, an element of U is called a U-small set, while a subset of U is called Umoderate. Every U-small set is U-moderate by requirement (1) of the definition. If the universe U is understood, we may simply say small and moderate. The term U-large is ambiguous; it sometimes means not small but sometimes means the same as moderate (or moderate but not small). The reason is that language that distinguishes small from large in terms of sets and proper classes translates fairly directly into terms of U-small and U-moderate sets. To be precise, if we redefine set to mean U-small set, then every proper class in this new world of sets will be represented by a U-moderate set (a subset of U). Those sets that are not even U-moderate are too large to be translated into language of proper classes. (Note, though, that not all U-moderate sets represent proper classes in the language of set theory relative to the world of U-small sets, only those that are first-order definable from U-small sets. In fact, if is the cardinality of the universe U, then there

are only proper classes relative to U, but there are 2 U-moderate sets.) As defined above, these concepts are evil, since two sets may be isomorphic yet have different properties with respect to U. However, a set which is isomorphic to a U-small or U-moderate set is called essentially U-small or U-moderate; these concepts are non-evil. Axiom of universes If U is a Grothendieck universe, then it is easy to show that U is itself a model of ZFC (minus the axiom of infinity unless you modify (3) to rule out countable universes). Therefore, one cannot prove in ZFC the existence of a Grothendieck universe containing N, and so we need extra settheoretic axioms to ensure that uncountable universes exist. Grothendiecks original proposal was to add the following axiom of universes to the usual axioms of set theory: For every set s there exists a universe which contains s, i.e. such that sU. This way whenever any operation leads one outside of a given Grothendieck universe (see applications below), there is guaraneteed to be a bigger Grothendieck universe in which one lands. In other words, every set is small if your universe is large enough! Later, Mac Lane pointed out that often, it suffices to assume the existence of one uncountable universe. In particular, any discussion of small and large that can be stated in terms of sets and proper classes can also be stated in terms of a single universe U (with large meaning Umoderate but not U-small). Large cardinals If U is a Grothendieck universe, then one can prove in ZFC that it must be of the form V where is a (strongly) inaccessible cardinal (Williams). Here V is the -th set in the von Neumann hierarchy of pure sets. Conversely, every such V is a Grothendieck universe. Thus, the existence of Grothendieck universes is equivalent to the existence of inaccessible cardinals, and so the axiom of universes is equivalent to the large cardinal axiom that there exist arbitrarily large inaccessible cardinals. It is worth noting, for those with foundational worries, that the axiom of universes is much, much weaker than many large cardinal axioms which are routinely used, and believed to be consistent, by modern set theorists. Of course, one cannot prove the consistency of any large cardinal axiom (if it really is consistent) except by invoking a stronger one. Structural version An equivalent concept (at least for the purposes of category theory) can also be defined in structural set theories (like ETCS). See universe in a topos. Examples The set V of hereditarily finite sets (finite sets of finite sets of ) is a Grothendieck universe, unless you phrase axiom (3) in the definition to specifically rule it out. In this way, the axiom of infinity can be seen as a simple universe axiom (stating that at least one universe exists), and Mac Lane's axiom that an uncountable universe exists is merely one step further. If you refrain from using the axiom of universes (except perhaps once, to get N as above), then the set of all sets (or cardinal numbers) that you can actually construct is a Grothendieck universe. Of course, you cannot possibly have proved that this universe exists, but the intuition that you ought be able to form the collection of everything that we've used so far is the justification for the axiom of universes.

Similarly, if you use the axiom of universes at most n times, then the set of all sets that you can construct with this restriction is a Grothendieck universe. Thus, we can find a sequence U1U2U3 of universes. The axiom of replacement then allows us to form the union (a directed colimit) nUn. This will not be a universe (it violates (4), by definition), but we can use the axiom of universes again to show that it is in some universe U. Proceeding in this way, we can construct a tower of universes indexed by the ordinal numbers. The set of all sets that can be constructed using the axioms of ZFC together with the axiom of universes is, if it exists, again a universe which contains all the U constructed above. Of course, it cannot be shown to exist using only ZFC and the axiom of universes; the axiom of universes is not the final word on large cardinal axioms by any means. Applications Let USet be the category of U-small sets, a full subcategory of Set. It is common, especially when U is understood, to redefine Set to mean USet; here we keep the distinction for clarity. But when Set means USet, sometimes SET is used to mean the category of all sets. A category whose set of morphisms is (essentially) U-small may be called a U-small category; it can also be thought of as an internal category in USet. A category whose hom-sets are all (essentially) U-small may be called locally U-small; it can also be thought of as an enriched category over USet. Every U-small category is locally U-small. A category whose set of morphisms is U-moderate may be called a U-moderate category; again U-large may mean not U-small, U-moderate, or both. In practice, most U-moderate categories are locally U-small, and vice versa, but there is no theorem that this must be true. Note that USet itself is U-moderate and locally U-small but not U-small. All notions of category theory that reference size, such as completeness and local presentability, must then be relativized to U. In order to move from a category defined in one universe to another, we need a procedure of universe enlargement. Presheaf categories Let C be a U-small category. Then the category of U-presheaves on C (the functor category [Cop,USet]) is also U-moderate and locally U-small but not U-small unless C is empty. (USet itself is the special case of this where C is the point.) These arguments go as follows: UPSh(C) is U-moderate: An upper bound for the size of [Cop,USet], hence of the set Obj([Cop,USet]) is the size of {F:Obj(C)Mor(C)U} where both Obj(C) and Mor(C) are in USet. So we are looking at the cardinal number Uuv where u=Obj(C) and v=Mor(C). Use the fact that any Grothendieck universe must be infinite (since it has , P(), etc) and the result follows from cardinal arithmetic that = when < and is infinite. UPSh(C) is locally U-small: An upper bound for the size of the set of morphisms between two functors F,G:CopUSet is the disjoint union indexed by the objects c of C over the U-sets G(c)F(c). Now G(c)F(c)U since it is a function set and cObj(C)G(c)F(c) by the assumption that unions stay in U. Now let C be a U-moderate category (and not small). Then the category of U-presheaves on C is not even locally U-small, nor is it even U-moderate (it is too large). However, it is locally Umoderate. Also, it is quite possible, if C is a U-moderate site, that the category of U-sheaves on C is U-moderate and locally U-small.

Note: Here we are considering presheaves on C with values in U-small sets. In many cases, a more appropriate notion of U-small presheaf is that discussed at small presheaf, namely a presheaf that is a U-small colimit of representables. Alternative approaches A different, potentially much more elegant and natural proposal for solving the problem to be solved by Grothendieck universes is that described at category of all sets. Dont get your hopes up too high, though; even if it works, it isnt quite the category theory youre used to. References The proof that a Grothendieck universe is equivalently a set of -small sets for an inaccessible cardinal is in N. H. Williams, On Grothendieck universes, Compositio Mathematica, tome 21 no 1 (1969) (numdam) category: foundational axiom Revised on September 11, 2012 23:40:30 by Urs Schreiber (131.174.190.72) Edit | Back in time (41 revisions) | See changes | History | Views: Print | TeX | Source | Linked from: category theory, topos, axiom of choice, locally small category, Cat, Set, Trimble on ETCS I, small category, hom-set, limit, n-category, foundations and logic, Boolean topos, Categories Work, large category, Categories and Sheaves, finite category, set theory, universe in a topos, hereditarily finite set, IPC-property, 2009 March changes, inaccessible cardinal, well-ordering theorem, proper class, countable choice, universe, SEAR, higher-order logic, structural set theory, discrete mathematics, ZFC, cocomplete well-pointed topos, large cardinal, Bousfield localization of model categories, small presheaf, small violations of choice, size issues, Calculus of fractions and homotopy theory, regular cardinal, measurable cardinal, metacategory, very large (infinity,1)-sheaf (infinity,1)-topos, Barr's theorem, intuitionistic mathematics, localizing subcategory, structurally presented set theory, contents of contents, universality, factorization structure, continuum hypothesis, Sandbox/Set, categorical model of dependent types, foundational axiom This site is running on Instiki 0.19.6(MML+) NOTE ; CANTOR THEOREM IS NOT APPLICABLE ON Grothendieck universe