FETUS

Essential elements of embryology

16th Edition

ABEDUR RAHMAN
MBBS (DMC), M Phil (DU)
Editorial Assistant
Dr. Farzana Iqbal
 Published by
Afrazul Haque
Bhelejan
Thakurgaon
On behalf of Fetus Publications

First published………. September, 1991.

Second Edition………. September, 1993.
Third Edition………. February, 1995.
Fourth Edition………. September, 995.
Fifth Edition……….January, 1997
Sixth Edition………. May, 1998
Seventh Edition……….March, 2000
Eighth Edition……….August, 2000
Ninth Edition………. May, 2002
Tenth Edition………. October, 2003
Eleventh Edition………. April, 2004
Twelfth Edition………. December, 2004
Thirteenth Edition………. February, 2006
Fourteenth Edition……….October, 2006
Fifteenth edition ……….January, 2008
Sixteenth edition ……….November, 2008

MD. ABEDUR RAHMAN

AII rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means without the written permission of the author.

Cover Design: Abedur Rahman

Price: Taka Three hundred and Twenty (320/-) only.

For all kinds of correspondence:

DR MD ABEDUR RAHMAN
Phone: +88 01819-050041
E-mail: abeddmc@yahoo.com

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 Dedicated to
My father
for the uncompromising
principle that guided his life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I remember
 Dr. A. Hye Fakir
EX-Head of the department of anatomy, BSMMU.
 Dr. Habibur Rahman.
EX Head of the department of anatomy, SBMC
 Dr. Shahid-UlIah
EX-Head of the department of anatomy, RPMC
 Dr. Kazi Rafiqul Haque
Head of the department of anatomy, USTC. Chittogong
 Late Dr. S.S. Banik.
Ex-Associate Professor of anatomy, SSMC.
 Dr. Motahar Hossain. Ex-Head of the department of anatomy, DMC.
 Dr. Manjar-e-Shamim. Professor & head of the department of anatomy, BSMMU.
 Dr. Shamim Ara
Head of the department of anatomy, DMC
 Dr. Shafiq Haider
Asst prof. of anatomy, CMC.
for their good wishes to this publication

 Dr. Nazrul Islam

Principal, Dinajpur Medical College
 Dr. Rubaiual Morshed
Ex Asst. Professor, Pediatric Surgery, DMCH
for their kind efforts in revising this book.

I am also grateful to Alauddin (SOMC) and other students who made constructive criticism to make
the book more helpful for the students.

I want to acknowledge my students Juthy (K-63, DMC) and Sristi (K-63, DMC) for their whole hearted
co-operation in editing this 16th edition of the book; Ilias (K-62, DMC), Juwel (K-63, DMC), Pritom (K-
63, DMC), Fauzia (NUB) for their constructive criticism for making necessary correction of in this
edition. I am also grateful to the doctors and students of different institutions and medical colleges
who made constructive criticism to make the book more helpful for the embryology student.

Forewords
Excellent one
I have gone through the book and found that the author has been
succeeded in presenting the essential elements of embryology in
an excellent manner. The elements served here are authentic. I
hope that this humble presentation will serve its purposes well. My
best wishes go to the author.

Prof. Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam

MBBS, M. Phil (DU), MS
(Glasgow). MHPED
(Australia)
Principal, Dinajpur Medical
College
Ex Vice president, BMA
Really charmed to find the simplicity
I have gone through the book Fetus by Dr. Abedur Rahman with
interest & have been really charmed to find the simplicity of its
presentation & diagrams which depict the wide subject of
embryology into the small space of this handy volume. Student
can peep into the memory of the whole aspect of
embryology through this book instantaneously and
comfortably even at rest or in leisure like the cow which enjoys the
taste of food by cutting its jaw while at rest.
Dr. Kazi Rafiqul Huq
I wish the promising young author & his book a glorious Head, dept. of success in
the days to come. Anatomy
USTC, Chittogong.
 AUTHOR’S SAYINGS
“The history of man for nine months preceding his birth would,
probably, be far more interesting, and contain events of greater
moment than all three score and ten years that follow it.”
--- Samuel Taylor Coleridge

It is now well proved that ‘Fetus’ is the most read embryology book in our country. The last 15
editions of the book have proven that it is unique in its field. In this edition, I have tried my best to
make it more useful for the students making necessary changes elsewhere.

New to this edition-

 Development of different organs at a glance
 Answers of all first professional SAQ
 Some new information
 Some figures and information are modified.

All praises for the Almighty. Thanks to all the anatomy teachers and students – past, present, and
future.

November 2008 Dr Md Abedur Rahman

Contents
Part-1: Introduction

1. Introduction to embryology 1

2. Reproduction and Development 3

3. Some basic concepts in embryology 8
4. Some historical elements on embryology 12

Part-2: General Embryology

5. Gametogenesis: Conversion of germ cells into male & female 21

gamete
6. Female reproductive cycles and ovulation 34
7. Pre-embryonic period – I: Fertilization, cleavage and implantation 68
8. Pre-embryonic period-II: Formation of germ layers (Gastrulation) 90
9. Embryonic period: Derivatives of germ layers 115
10. Fetal period Some facts concerning the fetus 123
11. Fetal membranes and placenta 127
12. Congenital malformations 155
13. Developmental genetics 159

Part-3: Systemic Embryology

14. Cardiovascular system 165

15. Digestive system 190
16. Respiratory system 231
17. Diaphragm and septum transversum- 237
18. Urogenital system 241
19. Head neck and ear 279
20. Nervous system 304
21. Skeletal system 325
22. muscular system 329
23. Integumentary system 332
Glossary 339

Fetus 2 contents
SAQ in Embryology
Development of Different organ at a Glance

Look for the other books by the same

author
1. D”P evW †cÖmvi: cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iva
2.Medical Genetics
3.Research methodology
4.How to Write a thesis
5.Essentials of Biostatistics
 Sample Chapter

20
Nervous System,
Eye and
Endocrine Gland

SAQ of professional examination 4. Give the development of following

1. How neural tube is formed? Give its glands.
subdivisions. • Pituitary gland
2. Give the developments of brain & • Adrenal gland.
spinal cord. 5. Give the development of various
3. What are the derivatives of neural components of N.S.
crest? 6. Give the development of retina
7. Give the development of lens.

Introduction for grasping the system

The whole nervous System develops from ectoderm (except blood vessels & some
neurological elements). The part of ectoderm overlying the notochord becomes thickened
to form the neural plate. It is folded and fused to form neural tube (Fig 20.2). The cells in
the junction between neural plate & rest ectoderm forms neural crest. The neural crest &
neural tube together give rise to N S. Eyes begin to develop as optic vesicle of each side of
the forebrain. Part of the adrenal gland and pituitary gland develop from this system also,
Derivation of different components of nervous system from ectoderm is shown in the table
below.
Diagram showing the derivation of different components of nervous system from
ectoderm
Neural Tube
Development / Formation (neurulation)

1. Ectoderm overlying the notochordal process becomes thickened to form the neural
plate.
2. The neural plate becomes depressed to form neural grooves
3. Now edges of the neural groove come nearer to each other & fuse to convert the
neural groove into neural tube.
The neural tube is initially connected to the amniotic cavity via the anterior and
posterior neuropores. The lamina terminalis marks the location of the anterior
neuropore in the adult.

Derivatives
1. CNS with Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland.
2. Neuroblasts – They will form nerve cells.
3. Spongioblasts - They will form neuroglia.
Subdivision of CNS
The caudal end of the neural tube becomes elongated to form spinal cord. The
cranial end becomes expanded to form brain. The expanded brain forms
vesicles from which different parts of brain develop.
 Neural Crest
The specialized group of cells in the dorsolateral aspect of primitive neural tube
which give rise to some components of nervous system is called neural crest.
When neural plate forms, the primordial of neural .crest appears in the
junction between the plate and surface ectoderm.
 Figure: Neural crest

Derivatives
Please see in derivatives of germ layers in capter-8.
 Development of CNS
Development of Spinal Cord
It develops from caudal elongated part of neural tube. Different parts &
components of it develop as follows-
The wall of the tube is subdivided into 3 layers-ependymal layer, mantle layer &
marginal layer These are again subdivided into dorsal alar lamina and ventral
basal lamina. Basal lamina gives rise to structures that are motor in function
and alar lamina into those that are sensory in function.
• Grey Column: from mantle layer of lateral wall of neural tube.
• While matter: Comes from marginal layer of lateral wall of neural tube.
• Nerve cells: Come from neuroblasts of mantle layer of neural tube.
• Neuroglia: Comes from spongioblasts of neural tube.
• Lining of central canal: Comes from ependymal layer.
 Fig.: Formation of filum terminale

Development of Brain

Fig.: Primary brain vesicles.

It develops from cranial expanded part of neural tube. This part of tube forms 3
vesicles from where the parts of the brain develop as follows—

(a) Prosencephalon (Forebrain 1. Telencephalon (cerebrum)

vesicle) 2. Diencephalon (thalamus &
hypothalamus)
(b) Mesencephalon (Midbrain Midbrain
vesicle)

(c) Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain 1 Myelencephalon (Medulla)

vesicle) 2. Metencephalon (pons & cerebellum)

Development of Meninges
A. The dura mater arises from mesoderm that surrounds the neural tube.
B. The pia mater and arachnoid membrane arises form neural crest cells.

Development of autonomic nervous system

1. The sympathetic nervous system originates from the basal plate of the
neural tube and neural crest cells .
2. The parasympathetic nervous system also originates from the basal plate of
the neural tube and neural crest cells.

Table: Origination of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Embryonic Adult Derivative

Structure
Basal plate of Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
neural tube within the intermediolateral cell
column

Neural crest Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

cells within the sympathetic chain
ganglia and prevertebral ganglia

Table: Origination of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

Embryonic Adult Derivative
Structure
Basal plate of 1. Preganglionic parasympathetic
neural tube neurons within the nuclei of the
midbrain (III), pons (VIII), and
medulla (IX, X)
2. Preganglionic parasympathetic
neurons within the spinal cord
nucleus at S2-S4
Neural crest 1. Postganglionic parasympathetic
cells neurons within the ciliary (111),
pterygopalatine (VII), submandibular
(VII), otic (IX), and enteric (X)
ganglia
2. Postganglionic parasympathetic
neurons within the ganglia of the
abdominal
and pelvic cavities

Some Important Anomalies in Development of CNS

Anencephaly—Here neural folds in the brain region fail to fuse. A secondary
failure of development of vault of the skull occurs.

Spina bifida —Failure of fusion of vertebral column (usually in sacroiliac

regions) is called spina bifida.
Development of Neuron
A. There is a fantastic variety in the neuronal family. Nevertheless, the
differentaiation of a motor neuron in the spinal cord will serve to illustrate
the major principles of neuronal differentiation.
1. The motor neurons in the spinal cord develop from neuroblasts that
have very few processes The neuroblasts, once formed, migrate away
from the lumen of the spinal cord, and as they do so they begin to
form a small number of processes
2. Some of these processes develop into a dendritic., group of
moderately tong processes that receive inputs form other cells via
synapses
3. One axonal process becomes extremely elongated and may grow
extensively in the marginal layer if it is destined to carry impulses
parallel to the long axis of the spinal cord, or it may grow a process
that begins to project through the marginal layer out of the central
nervous system into the peripheral nervous system.
4. Motor neurons eventually will contract developing muscle fibers and
form motor end plates with them
B. Some neuroblasts form motor neurons, while others form small interneurons,
or large pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, or purkinje cells of the
cerebellum, or another of the may types of neurons, These diverse cell types
differ in the size and shape of their cell bodies, extent of dendritic
arborization. and length of axons and in may functional criteria as well [Ref:
Kurt E Johnson, NMS, page- 170]
 Development of Endocrine glands
Parts of pituitary and adrenal gland have been derived from CNS. These two
endocrine glands only will be considered in this chapter. Other has been
described in the previous chapters.

Development of Pituitary Gland

Fig.: Development of hypophysis cerebri (Pituitary gland).,

1. Adenohypophysis (ant. & intermediate lobe)

 An ectodermal outpocketing develops from stomodeum in front of the
buccopharyngeal membrane. This is Rathke’s pouch. Its anterior wall forms
the ant. lobe & post. wall forms intermediate lobe. An extension from it
forms the tuberal lobe.
 Adenohypophysis is ectodermal.
2. Neurohypophysis (post lobe and the stalk)
• A funnel shaped diverticulum from the floor of 3rd ventricle forms it.
• It is neuroectodermal.

Development of Adrenal Gland

Cortex
 Mesodermal.
 Develops from coelomic epithelium that lies in the angle between the upper
end of mesonephros & dorsal mesentery of the gut.
Medulla
 Neuroectodermal
 Cells from the neural crest invade medial aspect of cortex and form the
medulla.
Figure: A, Drawing showing the chromaffin (sympathetic) cells penetrating the
total cortex of the suprarenal gland B At a late stage of development, the
definitive cortex surrounds the medulla almost completely

Development of Eye
The eye develops from the following sources—

1. Optic vesicle— It is an outpocketing of Prosencephalon (neuroectodermal (Fig

A).
2. Lens placode—From surface ectoderm by the induction of optic vesicle (Fig B)
3. Surrounding mesenchyme
Fig. A: The development of the eye showing the optic vesicle
Fig. B- The development of the eye showing the formation of optic cup and the
lens
 Fig 20.. 7. C-The development of the eye from the forebrain

Different components of the eyeball develop from these

sources as follows—
A. Refractive Media—

1. Lens—

• Ectodermal
• From the two walled lens vesicle The vesicle is first lined by a single layer
of cubical cells (fig.A) The cells in the anterior wall of the vesicle
remain cubical.Those in the posterior wall gradually become elongated
(Fig.B C 0). As they do so, the cavity of the vesicle is encroached upon
and eventually obliterated. The elongated cells of he posterior wall lose
their nuclei and are converted into fibres and anterior layer forms cubical
lining epithelium covering this aspect of lens. (I Singh)
2 Vitreous body—Protoplasmic filaments are derived from ectoderm; rest
from the mesoderm.

B. lnnerlayer—
2. Retina—
 • Neuroectodermal.
• From opitc vesicle. Optic vesicle forms the two layered optic cup, a larger
posterior part, that becomes thick and forms the retina proper and an
anterior part that remains thin and forms an epithelial covering for the
ciliary body and iris.
a. The outer wall of the post. part of the optic cup remains thin. Its
cells form the pigment layer of the retina.
b. The inner wall of the cup differentiates into matrix cell, mantle and
marginal layers as in the neural tube. After giving origin to cells of
the mantle layer, the cells of the matrix layer forms rods and
cones. The cells of the mantle layer form the bipolar cells, the
ganglion cells and other neurons of the retina and also the
supporting elements. The axons of the ganglion cells grow into the
original layer to form the layer of nerve fibers.

Fig : Development of retina

C. Middle layer
1. Choroid –
• Mesodermal..
• From mesenchyme surrounding optic cup
2 Cilliary body
• Mesodermal..
• from forward prolongation of the mesoderm forming the choroid.
3. Iris muscles--- Develop from optic cup (neuroectoderm) and rest
from mesenchyme.
D. Outer layer

1. Sclera- From mesenchyme.

2. Cornea --Corneal epithelium is derived from surface ectoderm and
substance proper from mesenchyme.

Q. Neural tube defect leads to anencephaly why? (Janu-07)

Ans:
• Anencephaly is a condition in which the vault of the skul does not formed
(cranioschisis).
• As a result brain exposed to amniotic fluid and degenerates, leaving a
mass of necrotic tissue
• During neurulation (Process of formation of nerual tube) anterior or
cranial neuropore closes at day 25 & post or caudal neuropore at day 27.
Forming a closed tube.
• But in some cases there is failure to close cranial neuropore. That’s why
vault does not formed.