Below is a summary of anti-corruption strategies and actions that were taken by countries such as Singapore, Tanzania, Philippines, India

and main points from World Bank framework on anti-corruption polices. Two definitions that can be used in our action plan, Corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gain (Bardham, 1997) Corruption is a product of Monopoly plus Discretion in the absence of Transparency (Rose Ackerman (1978, 1994) and Klitgaard (1995a, 1995b) Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion Transparency (in governance) The success factor; Success of anti-corruption relies heavily on the political will of the country. For example the success of good governance in Singapore is based its foundation the political will upon which the pillars of the framework is build, namely effective anti-corruption acts, effective anti-corruption agencies, effective adjudication/punishment and efficient government administration. In its simple evaluation framework the World banks high lights that corruption is a product of opportunistic behavior of public officials. Meaning that there are conditions within the system that encourage public officials to seek out opportunities to engage in corruption. These are driven by; The public officials pure self-interest that the expected gains exceed the expected costs of undertaking a corrupt act. In other words the possible consequence of engaging in a corrupt act is seen as of no value compared to the benefit he can gain. In view of World Bank a selfinterested individual will seek out or accept corruption if the expected gains outweigh the cost

E*B+ = n x E*G+ prob *P+ x *p+ > 0 Where, E is the extectations operator n is the number of corrupt transections G is the gain from the corrupt transactions Prob *P+ is the probability of paying a penalty P is the penalty for the corrupt activity The weight of impact or detrimental effects on others by corruption is of no concern to the public official.

Hence World Bank suggests that all anti-corruption programs should be designed to change the costbenefit calculation public officials who believe that the expected net benefit of corruption is positive. To achieve that all action plans to combat corruptions should be strategies on; 1. Reducing of expected gross benefits (strengthening enforcement institutions, and judicial framework etc)

2. Reducing of number of transactions (improving service standards, decentralization of services and to some extent regulated privatization programs) 3. Increasing the possibility of paying penalties (detecting, prosecuting and exacting the penalty) a. Detection of corruption can be done through increasing citizen participation, service charters to show the expected service out of any public servant and transparency enhancement. 4. Increasing magnitude of penalties (aimed at reducing the expected benefit) Possible actions that can be adopted t our action plan on fighting Corruption in Civil Service, Gain Political will: on this strategy what we can do is to lobby the Executive in declaring a Citizens Social Contract, in which the government would pledge to zero-corruption in the government and the public service at large. Develop Action plan to initiate and implement good governance, which builds upon the key 4 pillars of, a. Transparency b. Accountability c. Citizens engagement d. Service quality standardization This should include the following enabling factors to be active; a. Review of Policies and regulations (relating to anti-corruption) b. Enforcement of Law c. Establish E-Systems (Digitization of government processes) d. Awareness, communication and active advocacy

Steps under key initiatives For example for strategies under Transparency we can take steps such as, a. b. c. d. Mandatory Disclosure of budget information Use of electronic systems (procurement.etc) Electronic Gazette (one stop information system access to information) Posting of Service Charters

Examples of strategies under accountability can be divided into two types; 1. Punitive measures i. Speedy resolution of corruption cases ii. Build an effective and efficient detection and investigative cell iii. Strengthen witness & whistle blower protection 2. Preventive means i. Forming and instilling effective Internal control 1. Sops, Service Standards ii. Link Performance Management with organizational performance indicators a. Public expenditure reform b. Strengthening SAP c. Enhancing quality if service delivery

i. All services to adopt to standard quality services such as ISO or QMS (quality management systems) Examples of strategies under citizens engagement a. Enhancing civil society engagement in budget process b. Public sector integrity initiative, Additional to the above examples the following can also be incorporated; means that can be taken to ensure good governance a. Create code of civil service delivery i. Identifying and removing loopholes and opportunities within the system for corrupt practices within government work at all levels ii. Streamline cumbersome administrative practices to more efficient and transparent, faster service, so that no one needs to resort to petty corruption or higher for things too be done faster iii. Review government salaries regularly to make sure they are paid adequately and comparable to private sector. iv. Strengthening government contracts with its contractors: termination and black listing of contracts and the contractor where bribing is found at any time.

For in-depth reading I suggest you to get hold of the following papers over internet, the above are the main points summarized from these.

References Corruption Control in Singapore, Koh Teck Hio, CPIB, Singapore Anti-Corruption Policies and Programs, Jeff Huther, Anwar Shah, World Bank Combating Corruption in Tanzanias public service; success and challenges, Dr. Mujwahuzi Njunwa, Institute of Public Administration.