January26,2013

ChihPingChou

WhatisSEM
StructuralEquationModeling(SEM)isa
statisticaltechniqueinvolvingthe
hypothesesonassociationsamonglatent
variablesandobservablevariables.
SEM

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WhatisSEM?
TheSEMallowsformoreexplicitand
precisetheoreticalinferencestobemade
thanthosebasedonordinarymultiple
regressionorsimplecomparisonsof
meansandproportions.

AdvantagesofSEM
Explicitspecificationandtestof
hypothesesonassociationsand
causations.
SEM

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AdvantagesofSEM
Appropriatenessofthemodelcanbe
testedbyexaminingthedifference
betweenthecovariancematricesbased
onthemodelandempiricaldata.

Controlformeasurementerrors.

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KeyAdvancesinSEM
ThedevelopmentofSEMcanbe
consideredfromtwoseparatelinesof
statisticalapproach:
PathAnalysisand
FactorAnalysis
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FamilyTreeofSEM
Bivariate
Correlation
(ttest)
Confirmatory
Factor
Analysis
(GCM)
Path
Model
(MANOVA)
Factor
Analysis
Multiple
Regression
(ANOVA)
Structural
Equation
Model
Exploratory
Factor
Analysis
PathAnalysis
PathAnalysis
SewallWright(1918,1921,1934).
HermanWold (1954)treatedpathmodelasa
formofsimultaneousequationmodelingin
econometrics.
HubertMBlalock(1961)andOtisDudley
Duncan(1966)launchedtheapplicationofpath
analysisinsociology,andthen,inpolitical
science.
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ChingChunLi, , (1956)applied
pathmodelonpopulationgeneticsand
publishedPathAnalysis:APrimer
(1975).
Inthe80s,pathanalysishasevolvedinto
astructuralequationmodelingapproach.
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FactorAnalysis
CharlesSpearman(1904,1927)wasthe
firsttointroducethetermfactoranalysis
topresenttheconceptoffactorbasedon
correlations(Pearson,1896)amongaset
ofitems.
MajorcontributorstoFAduring1900to
1920includeCyrilBurt,KarlPearson,G.
H.Thomson,J.C.MaxwellGarnett,Karl
Holzinger.
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ApplicationofFAwasprimarilyinthe
fieldofpsychologyandbecamepopular
inotherfieldssince1950.
FAwasalsoknownasExploratoryFactor
Analysis(EFA)untilJreskogpublished
thefirstpaperonCFAin1969.
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Jreskogpublishedhispaperonageneral
methodanalyzingcovariancestructures.
Inearlierstageofthedevelopmentof
SEM,wecallthistechnique:Covariance
StructureAnalysis(CSA).
1
st
LISREL.Joreskog,K.G.;VanThillo,M.
(1972)
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Starting1970,theapplicationsofSEM
techniquebegantospreadoutduetothe
developmentsinmethodology,statistical
techniques,softwareprograms,and
empiricalapplicationsinsocialsciences
andotherresearchareas.
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Methodologicalissuessuchasdatawith
clusterstructureddata,longitudinaldata.
Technicalissuessuchasanalysisofnon
normallydistributeddata,dichotomized
data,orderedcategoricaldataandmissing
data.
Computationalissuessuchasthe
calculationofgoodnessoffitindices,of
standarderrorsfordirectandindirect
effectsincausalmodels.
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SomeQuotes
Analysisofcovariancestructuresis
explicitlyaimedatcomplextestingoftheory,
andsuperblycombinesmethodshitherto
consideredandusedseparately.Italso
makespossibletherigoroustestingof
theoriesthathaveuntilnowbeenvery
difficulttotestadequately.(Kerlinger,1977)
Allmodelsarewrong,butsomeareuseful.
(Box,1979)
ModelsusingLatentVariables
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ObservableVariables
LatentVariables Continuous Categorical
Continuous SEM,
FactorAnalysis
LatentTrait Analysis
(ItemResponseTheory,
IRT)
Categorical LatentProfile
Analysis
LatentClass Analysis
StructuralEquationModel
V4
V9
V10
V11
V12
F1
F3
E1
E9
E10
E11
E12
D3
V3 V2 V1
E2 E3 E4
F2
V8 V7 V6 V5
E5 E6 E7 E8
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InterestingQuotes
Allmodelsarewrong,
butsomeareuseful.(Box,1979)
Somemodelsareright,
butmostareuseless.
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ExamineMediation
andModeration
EffectsusingSEM
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TheoreticalModelofSmokingamongYouth
DistalFactors Mediators Outcome
Friends
Smoking
Parents
Smoking
Siblings
Smoking
Media
Exposure
Attitude
Self
Efficacy
Social
Normative
Belief
Parents
Reaction
Friends
Reaction
Smoking
Behavior
Smoking
Intention
MediationEffect
Agivenvariablemaybesaidtofunction
asamediatorifitaccountsforthe
relationbetweenapredictorandan
outcome.
Mediatorsprovideexplanationtohowor
whycertaineffectsoccurred.
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ApplicationofSEM
in
RandomizedClinicalTrials
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WellElderly2ConceptualModel
Activitybasedinterventionsforelders
CognitiveFunctioning
HealthyActivity
ActiveCoping
SocialSupport
PerceivedControl
PositiveReinterpretationBased
Coping
StressRelated
Biomarkers
LifestyleRedesign

Intervention
Program
PerceivedPhysicalHealth
PsychosocialWellBeing
Program
Activity
Frequency
ActivityPurpose
ActiveCoping
SocialSupport
PerceivedControl
SF36v2
Mental
SF36v2
Physical
CESD
LSIZ
PathAnalysis
Covariates
Age Education
Gender Ethnicity
Activity
Frequency
Activity
Purpose
Active
Coping
Social
Support
Perceived
Control
SF36v2
Mental
SF36v2
Physical
CESD
LSIZ
SignificantRelationships
NonsignificantRelationships
Covariates
Age Education
Gender Ethnicity
PathAnalysis:RegressionWeights
Program
Results
Significantdirectpathsdemonstratedwithsolid
lineswerepresented.
Interventionprogramdidntshowanysignificant
directeffectonoutcomemeasures.
TheEffectsoftheinterventionprogramon
outcomesareprimarilythroughthemediators.
Results cont.
Theprogramhadsignificantimpactson
MAPA(HealthActivity)related
mediatorsandperceivedcontrol.
BothMAPAmeasures,especiallythe
MAPASurvey,socialsupportand
perceivedcontrolalsodemonstrated
significantinfluenceonmostofthe
outcomes.
Conclusions
Interventiondemonstratedsignificant
indirecteffectsonallfouroutcome
measuresthroughMAPAmeasures.
Inotherwords,theUSCWellElderlyII
interventionalprogramhasbeenfoundto
haveimpactsprimarilyonengagingin
activities,whichinturnimprovesthe
outcomes.
ModerationEffect
Avariableisconsideredamoderatorifit
affectsthedirectionand/orstrengthof
therelationbetweenapredictorandan
outcomeorcriterionvariable.
Moderatorvariablesspecifywhencertain
effectswillhold
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TheoreticalModelofSmokingamongYouth
DistalFactors Mediators Outcome
Friends
Smoking
Parents
Smoking
Siblings
Smoking
Media
Exposure
Attitude
Self
Efficacy
Social
Normative
Belief
Parents
Reaction
Friends
Reaction
Smoking
Behavior
Smoking
Intention
Moderators:
Gender,Race,
Age,SES,etc.
1990:SecondGenerationofSEM
Icalledthisyearasthesecondgeneration
ofSEMprimarilybecauseoftheworkof
MeredithandTisak (1990)onLatent
CurveAnalysis,ormorecommonly
knownaslatentgrowthcurvemodelor
growthcurvemodel(GCM).
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ApplicationofSEM
in
LongitudinalStudies
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LongitudinalStudy
X
1
o
1
Y
2
Y
1
X
2
X
3
X
4
o
2
Y
4
Y
3
Y
6
Y
5
Y
8
Y
7
o
3
o
4
c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
5
c
6
c
7
c
8
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2
q
1
q
2 q
3
q
4
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
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12
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X11

X21

X32

X42

Y11

Y21

Y32

Y42

Y53

Y63

Y74

Y84
LongitudinalStudy
GrowthCurveModel
AdvancedApplications(Handbook
odSEM,Hoyle,2012)
GrowthMixtureModeling
MultilevelSEM(multilevelstructure,
multilevelpathmodels)
SpatialSEM(incorporatesneighbor
adjacencymatrixintolatentfactors)
SpatialRegressionModel:
y=Wy +|
0
+|
1
X+e
whereWisaNNcontiguitymatrix
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SEMinGenetics,orGeneticCovariance
StructuralModel(GCSM)
GeneticModelfortwindataisSEM
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A D C E
P
A:AdditiveGeneticFactor;D:DominantGeneticFactor;
C:CommonEnvironmentalFactor;E:SpecificFactor
(Neale,1995)
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GCSM
Withphenotypesmeasuredfromtwin
designsinvolvingbothmonozygoticand
dizygotictwinslivingtogetheror
separately,SEMcanbedevelopedwith
certainparametersfixedpergenotyping
information.
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GCSM
Modelscanbedevelopedforcommon
pathway(treatingphenotypeasmediating
latentfactor)orindependentpathway
(treatingphenotypesasseparateobservable
variables).
GCSMcanbedevelopedtostudyGE
(GenotypebyEnvironmental)Interaction.
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FutureApplications
SEMofNeuroimagingData
Temporalinformationofneuroimaging
datacanbeadequatelyhandledusingthe
SEMapproach.
ThemainfocusofSEMistounderstandif
therearetaskdependentchangesof
effectiveconnectionsbetweenbrain
regions.
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FutureApplications
BayesianSEM(Bayesianapproachtoall
typesofSEMapplication)
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