Her1 2ed Sept12

Herodotus Histories Book 1
Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary
2nd Edition
Geoffrey Steadman
Herodotus Histories Book 1

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary
2nd Edition
2012 by Geoffrey D. Steadman
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work only under the same or similar license as this one.
The Greek text is the edition by Karl Hude, first published by Oxford University
Press in 1908.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-8-9
ISBN-10: 0-9843065-8-7
Published by Geoffrey Steadman
Cover Design: David Steadman
Fonts: Times, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode
geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
Table of Contents
Pages
Preface..v-vi
How to Use this Commentaryvii
Ionic Dialect..viii-ix
Running Core Vocabulary...x-xv
Abbreviations and Additional Readings....xvi
Verb Synopses...240-243
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary.....244-249
Histories Book I
Introduction, Conflicting accounts of kidnapping (sections I.1-I.5).2-9
Rise and Fall of Croesus of Lydia (fl. 560-546 B.C.)
Early kings of Lydia (I.7-I.25).8-27
Gyges and Candales (I.7-I.14)
Rise of the Lydian empire under Croesus (I.26-I.28).....26-29
Solon and Croesus (I.29- I.33)...28-37
Adrastus and Atys, Croesus son (I.34- I.45).36-47
Croesus ambition toward Persia (I.46- I.55).46-55
Croesus appeal to the Greeks (I.56- I.70).....56-75
Pisistratus of Athens (I.59- I.64)
Sparta and its neighbors (I.65- I.68)
Croesus attack on Persia: fall of Sardis (I.71- I.92)....74-105
Croesus on the pyre (I.86- I.91)
Lydian geography and customs (I.93- I.94)...104-109
Rise and Fall of Cyrus of Persia (fl. 559-529 B.C.)
Early history of Persia (I.95- I.106)...108-121
Birth and rise of Cyrus (I.107- I.130)120-151
Persian customs (I.131- I.140)...150-159
Persian conquest of the Ionian Greeks (I.141- I.176)158-193
Cyrus conquest of Babylon (I.177- I.200)192-221
Description of Babylon (I.179- I.183)
Babylonian Customs (I.192- I.200)
Cyrus attack on the Massagetae; death of Cyrus (I.201- I.216)...220-238
Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make Herodotus Histories Book I as accessible as
possible to intermediate and advanced Greek readers so that they may experience the
joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in
classical antiquity in the original Greek.
Each page of the commentary includes 14-16 lines of Greek (half of a page from
Hudes 1908 Oxford Classical Text) with all corresponding vocabulary and grammar
notes below on the same page. The corresponding vocabulary includes all words
occurring 14 or fewer times, arranged alphabetically. The bottom of each page is
devoted to grammatical notes, which are organized according to line numbers.
To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a Running
Core Vocabulary List at the beginning of this commentary that includes all words
occurring 15 or more times arranged in the order in which they first occur in the
dialogue. An alphabetized form of this list can be found in the glossary. Together,
this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have reviewed and
mastered the Running Core List, they will be able to rely solely on the Greek text
and facing commentary and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries as
they read.
The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and
so I have passed over detailed literary and philosophical explanations in favor of
short, concise, and frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and
morphology. The notes are intended to complement, not replace, an advanced level
commentary, and so I encourage readers to consult some of the additional readings
listed in the bibliography. Assuming that readers finish elementary Greek with
varying levels of ability, I draw attention to subjunctive and optative constructions,
identify unusual aorist and perfect forms, and in general explain aspects of the Greek
that they should have encountered in first year study but perhaps forgotten. As a rule,
I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little.
vi
Print on Demand Books
This volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book, and as such it
gives its author distinct freedoms and limitations that are not found in traditional
publications. After writing this commentary, I simply purchased an ISBN number
(the owner is de facto the publisher) and submitted a digital copy for printing. The
most significant limitation regarding a POD book is that it has not undergone
extensive peer-review or general editing. This is a serious shortcoming that should
make readers wary. There are sure to be typographical and factual errors that an
extra pair of eyes could have spotted immediately. Until all of the mistakes have
been identified and corrected, I hope the reader will excuse the occasional error.
The benefits of POD, however, outweigh the costs. This commentary and others
in the series simply would not exist without POD. Since there is no traditional
publisher acting as a middle man, there is no one to deny publication of this work
because it is a financial gamble and may not be profitable for the publisher. In
addition, since the production costs are so low and there is no standing inventory of
unsold books, I am able to offer this book at a comparatively low price. Finally,
since this book is no more than a .pdf file waiting to be printed, I am able to make
corrections and place a revised edition of a POD book for sale as often as I want. In
this regard, we should liken PODs to software instead of traditional typeset books.
Although the first edition of a POD may not be as polished as a traditional book, I
am able to respond very quickly to readers recommendations and criticisms and
create an emended and augmented POD that is far superior to previous editions.
Consider, therefore, what you hold in your hand as an inexpensive beta version of
the commentary. If you would like to recommend changes to this volume or
download a free .pdf copy, please contact me at the email address or URL below.
Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D.
geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
geoffreysteadman.wordpress.com
vii
How to Use this Commentary
Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of
reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone.
One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.
1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.
A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing running vocabulary and forms
before you begin reading. Begin with an intensive review of the running core list
on the following pages and then turn to less frequent vocabulary words as you
encounter them.
B. If you have to consult the alphabetized core list as you read, either photocopy
the list or print it from online and keep it by your book to avoid page-flipping.
More importantly, place a dot or similar mark by all core words that you consult.
As review progresses, devote extra effort on the words that accumulate marks.
C. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg).
Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times
before you are able to commit them to long term memory, and flashcards are
particularly efficient at promoting repetition. Develop the habit of deleting
flashcards that you have mastered. Focus your efforts on the remaining words.
2. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses
One of the benefits of traditional dictionary work is that it gives readers an
interval between the time they encounter a questionable word or form and the
time they find the dictionary entry. That span of time often compels readers to
make educated guesses and actively seek out understanding of the Greek.
Despite the benefits of vocabulary lists, there is a risk that without that interval
of time you will become complacent in your reading habits and treat the Greek
as a puzzle to be decoded rather than a language to be learned. Your challenge,
therefore, is to develop the habit of making an educated guess under your
breath each time before you consult the facing vocabulary and grammar. If
you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your understanding of the
Greek. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your
weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.
3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.
Repeated readings not only help you commit Greek to memory but also increase
your ability to read the Greek as Greek. Always read the words out loud (or at
least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text
into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Greek as Greek.
4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.
This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary,
forms, and syntax, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you
with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.
viii
Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek

Herodotus wrote in an Ionic dialect, and below is a summary of some of the
differences that readers will encounter from the Attic dialect that they learned in
elementary Greek. Many of these examples are taken from the first pages of Book 1.
Attic
Herodotus (Ionic)
a. after , ,
b. before , ,
c. before , ,
d.
d. or
a.
b. in , etc.
c. , , , ,
1. Vowel Changes
2. Consonant Changes
3. Changes in Declension Endings

a. First Declension
1. masc. gen. sg. - -
2. gen. pl. - -
3. dat. pl. - -()
b. Second Declension
1. dat. pl. - -()
c. Third Declension
1. endings are uncontracted
Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek

Attic
Herodotus (Ionic)
a. -augment sometimes omitted:
b. uncontracted vowel stems:
(pple )
ix
4. Changes in Verbs
c. 3rd pl. mid./pass. often changes:

i. - -
ii. - -
5. Personal Pronouns
a. 1st person
gen. sg.
gen. pl.
()
b. 2nd person
gen. sg.
dat. sg.
gen. pl.
acc. pl.
()
c. 3rd person
acc. sg.
acc. sg.
,
, ,
nom. pl.
gen.. pl.
dat. pl.
acc. pl.
, ,
,
, ,
all forms
, ,
, ,
, ,
6. Reflexive Pronoun

, ,
, ,
, ,
7. Relative Pronoun
Non-nominative forms are identical to the definite article ( , ; , ,
; , , ).

in which
whom
adapted from Herodotus Book III S. Newmyer (Bryn Mawr, 1986)
x
Running Core Vocabulary
This is an running list of the core vocabulary (words occurring 15 or more times Herodotus
Histories Book 1. To use this book properly, readers should learn the running core vocabulary
as they read. Digital flashcards are available online. The number of occurrences of each word
in Herodotus was tabulated with the help of Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
The numbers in the left column correspond to the page on which the word first occurs.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
, -, -: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15

, -, -: one another (non-nominative forms) 17
, -, -: other, one...another, 171
, : human being, human, man, 56
-, , , , , : to come, arrive, 78
: from, away from. (+ gen.), 74
-, -, -, -, - -: demonstrate, exhibit, produce 20
, , : every, quite all, 21
, -, -: Assyrian, 16
: straightway, at once; presently, 17
: for, since, 247
, , , , , : come to be, become; happen, 212
: but, and, on the other hand, 1249
: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 244
: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 39
: , if (contracted as ), 103
, : out of, from (+ gen.), 164
, , : Greek, 48
: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 262
: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (dat.), 199
, : work, task, deed, act, 24
: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 661
, : sea, 22
: and, also, even, too, 1187
, , , , , : to call, summon, invite, 63
, -, -: long, far, distant, large, 17
, , : big, great, important, 107
: on the one hand, 395
: now; as it is, 106
, , : the; he, she, it, 4017
, , : this, this here, 133
, , , , , : to inhabit, dwell, live, 36
, , : this, these, 667
, -, : a Persian, 108
, , , , , : to say, claim, assert, 51
, : time, 48
, : land, region, area, place, 46
, : ground, place, land, 16
: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 238
, -, -: -self; he, she, it; the same, 392
, : a king, chief, 73
, , : a woman, wife, 77
, : to be, exist, 689

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
xi
, , , , , : to come or go, 32
: or (either...or); than, 69
, : day, daylight, dawn, 35
, : a daughter, 21
, , , , , : make stand, set up, stop, establish, 21
: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 130
, , , , , : to say, speak, (fut. is often ) 159
: most of all; certainly, especially, 32
, , : a ship, boat, 19
: to or for him(self), her(self), it(self); dat. sg., equivalent to , (acc. ) 118?
, , : who, which, that, 226
, -, : name, 48
, , : every, all, the whole, 234
, , : much, many, 107
, , , (): they, equivalent to , - 160
: modal adv., 78
, , , , , : to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48
, -, -: second, 24
: for the sake or because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 31
: hence, thence; thereupon (Att. ), 19
, , , , , : to have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 171
: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 75
, , , , , : to set out, begin; set in motion, urge, 15
, , : not, 226
: in this way, thus, so, 82
, , , , , : to send, conduct, convey, 44
, : more, greater, larger, 21
, : river, stream 75
: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 111
, -, -: first, earliest 56
, (, ): who? which?; anyone, something, 943
, : messenger, envoy 17
, , , , , : to hear, listen to, 32
, -, -: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece), 15
, , , , , : to wish, be willing, desire, 42
, , , , , : to give, offer, grant, provide, 37
, : justice, reparation, penalty; lawsuit, trial, 15
, , , , , : to seem, seem best, think, imagine, 53
(), , , , , : to be willing, wish, desire, 32
-, -, -, -, -, -: to give up, surrender, render, 21
, -, -: that, those, 51
, : messenger, herald; auctioneer, 15
: that; because, 38
-: and not, but not, nor, not even, 36
: from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
, , : a man; husband 92
, : Asia, 29
, -, : race, people, tribe, 35
: if, whether, 78
, : word, speech, discourse, argument, 61
: not, lest, 92
xii
6 -, -, -: no one, nothing, 20
6 , -, -: alone, only, solitary, 36
6 , , , , , : believe, consider, deem, hold 27
6 , , : whoever, whichever, whatever, 62
6 -, -, -: no one, nothing, 78
6 , , , , , : to do, make; mid. consider, 193
6 , -, -: before, in front of; earlier, 108
6 , , : to wage war, campaign against, 34
7 , , , , , : to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 38
7 : but, 76
7 , : a beginning; rule, office, 38
7 , : a city, town, 26
7 : I, 187
7 : when, after, since, because (also , ) 60
7 : will say, will speak, will mention (fut. of , pf. ) 20
7 , , , , , : to find, discover, devise, invent, 20
7 , , , , , : to learn, understand, 24
7 : to know (pf. with pres. sense), 22
7 , -, -: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
7 : around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
8 , -, : Aeolian, 15
8 , : Alyattes, 22
8 , -, -: each of two, both, 18
8 -, -, - - -: upset, overturn; mid subdue 22
8 , -, -: Lacedaemonian, Spartan, 31
8 , , , : a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
8 , , , , , : to flow, run, stream, 18
8 , -, -: dear, beloved; subst. friend, kin, 15
9 , , : to rule, be king, 23
9 , -, : a year, 43
9 , : Ionian, 60
9 , : Ionia, 15
9 : five, 16
9 , : a city, 78
9 , , : Sardis, capital city of Lydia, 49
10 : at once, at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 21
10 : said, spoke (aor. , ), 51
10 , -, -: my, mine, 57
10 , , : to see, watch, look at; consider (Att. ), 15
10 , -, -: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 26
10 , -, -: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 18
10 , , , , , : to bid, order, exhort, 39
10 : how, in what way; in order that, that, 26
10 , , , , , : persuade, trust; mid. obey, 27
10 : around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
10 , : deed, act; matter, affair, trouble, 29
10 : you, 161
10 , -, -: such, 32
10 , , , , , : to chance upon, get; meet with; happen, 21
10 : so that, that, so as to, 22
11 , , : to answer, make return; exchange, 23

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
xiii
(), , , , , : to lack; mid. want, need, ask 20

, -, -: each, every one, 39
: whenever, 15
, -, -: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 133
, : to lie (down); be assigned, be established (often equiv. to pass. ) 16
, , , , , : to see, look, behold, 32
-, -: to be near, be present, be at hand, 38
, , ,, , : attempt, make trial of 15
, , , , , : to set, put, place, arrange, 22
, -, -: such, 33
: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 74
, : Gyges, 22
: will go, will come, (fut. of ,) 38
, -, -: Lydian, of Lydia, 86
-: and not, neither...nor, 54
, -, -: very fast; , very quickly, 36
: at that time, then, 26
, , , , , : to bear, carry, bring, convey, 42
, , , , , : to go, come; have room for, 49
-, -, -, -, , : to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 15
, -, -, , , : deliberate, take counsel, 18
: it is necessary, must, ought; it is right, (+ inf.), 18
: saw, beheld, (aor. of ) 41
: at least, at any rate; indeed, 37
, : road, way, path, journey, 23
, , , , , : to seize, take; mid. choose, 26
-, -, -, -, -, -: ask, inquire of, 17
: just; all, however, though, 42
, : way, manner, course, direction, 30
, , : to rule, be king, 23
, -, : Delphi, 37
: however, nevertheless; certainly, 21
: backwards, back, back again, 18
, -, -: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 45
: until, before, 20
, : Pythia, priestess of Apollo, 17
, : an oracle, 23
, -: royal, kingly, 35
: where; there, 16
, : an army, expedition, land force, 22
, , , , , : use, employ, engage in (dat.), 57
, , , , , : to proclaim or direct by oracle, 10
, -, -: golden, 32
, : gold, 17
, , : one, single, alone, 34
, -, : a year, 43
, : Mede, Median, 63
, : Scythian, 20
: and, both, 419
, : earth, 26
-, -, -, -, -, -: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 17
xiv
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
, , , , , : to permit, allow, let be, suffer, 3

, : Milesian; , Milesia, 25
, : a house, home, dwelling, 18
, : a father, 23
, : battle, fight, war, 24
: still, besides, further, 40
, , , , , : to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 20
, -, -: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
, -, -: not even one, no one, 15
, : plain, flat land, 15
, : a god, divinity, 53
, : temple, 26
, , , , , : to proclaim or direct by oracle, 10
: to be about to, to intend to, 18
, : guest, foreigner, stranger, 16
, , ,--, ,--: to learn by inquiry, learn by hearsay, 41
, : temple, 26
, , , , , : to sail, 16
, -, : money, goods, 28
: in this way, so, thus, 20
, , , , , : to take, receive, catch, grasp, 30
: more, rather, 20
, - , -: middle, in the middle of, 16
: him(self), her(self), it(self), one(self); acc. sg. equiv. to , (dat. sg. see ) 69
: ship, vessel, 15
, , : quick, swift, hastily, 30
: and so, then; at all events (Ion. for ), 68
: well, 24
, : law, custom; tune, 31
, , , , , : to end, complete, finish; die, 30
-, -, : votive offering, 16
, -, : a kingship, rule, 21
, - : wall, city-wall, 35
, : a horse, 19
, : Croesus, King of the Lydians, 165
: O! oh!, 39
: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 18
: very, very much, strongly, 19
, : an island, 19
, , , : a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
, : Carians, 16
, -, -: of what sort, as, 21
, , : to ask, enquire, question (usually aor., Att. pres. ) 16
, -, -: your, yours, 41
, -, -: good, brave, capable, 22
, : battle, fight, combat, 21
, -, -: holy, divine; neuter noun temple (Att. ), 37
, , , , , : to sacrifice, 19
xv
34 , -, -: one of two, other, different, 37

34 , , , , , : show; mid. appear, seem 19
37 , : a dream, 11
38 , , : hand, 15
39 : at the very place, here, there, 49
39 , -, : a mountain, hill, 18
41 : here, there, 147
42 , : mind, opinion, intention, purpose, 20
42 , , , , , : to conquer, defeat, win, 21
43 , , , , , : keep watch, guard 15
46 , : Astyages, 63
46 , -, : Cyrus, 125
48 : here, hither, there, thither, then, (Att. ) 17
53 , : army, encamped army, 33
55 , , , , , : to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
58 , : Pisistratus, 24
59 -, -, -, - - -: set down; appoint, establish 17
71 , , , , , , : to dig, dig through, quarry 19
72 -, , , , , : to command, enjoin, 18
76 : up, above, 16
79 , -, -: Babylonian, 20
81 : in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 16
82 -, -, -, -, -, -: to make revolt; remove, 15
85 , , , , , : to be taken, be caught, 16
121 , : Harpagus, 50
123 -, : cowherd, herdsman, 24
169 , : Pactyes, 16
169 , : Babylon, 18
170 , , , , , : to march, drive, set in motion, 27
221 , : Massagetae, 18
xvi
Abbreviations
abs.
acc.
act.
adj.
adv.
aor.
app.
comp.
dat.
dep.
d.o.
f.
fut.
gen.
absolute
accusative
active
adjective
adverb
aorist
appositive
comparative
dative
deponent
direct object
feminine
future
genitive
imp.
impf.
imper.
indic.
i.o.
inf.
inter.
m.
n.
nom.
obj.
opt.
pple.
pass
imperative
imperfect
impersonal
indicative
indirect object
infinitive
interrogative
masculine
neuter
nominative
object
optative
participle
passive
pf.
pl.
plpf.
pred.
prep.
pres.
pron.
reflex.
rel.
seq.
sg.
subj.
superl.
voc.
perfect
plural
pluperfect
predicate
preposition
present
pronoun
reflexive
relative
sequence
singular
subject
superlative
vocative
Additional Readings
The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories (2007) edited by Robert
Strassler is arguably the best single volume available on Herodotus for its
price. In addition to a vivid translation of the entire Histories, the book
includes copious detailed maps and 21 short articles (5 to 11 pages each) that
introduce a lay audience to historical topics as diverse as the the Herodotus
Egypt, Greek religious festivals, hoplite warfare, and Greek women. There is
also a good bibliography for the general reader.
The Cambridge Campanion to Herodotus (2006) edited by Carolyn
Dewald and John Marincola contains a series of 20 essays on the Histories
that are somewhat longer than those found in the Landmark edition (about 15
pages each). The essays focus not only on relevant historical topics but on
the literary qualities in Herodotus writing as well.
Discourses on the First Book of Herodotus (1995) by James Arieti offers a
very thoughtful analysis of Book I aimed for the general reader. In roughly
40 short chapters of very readable prose, Arieti discusses each episode of
Herodotus narrative sequentially, offering insights into the nuances of
Herodotus Greek, the significance of particular passages, and the continuity
of Herodotus thought. The book can be read in its entirety as an introduction
to Book I or chapter by chapter as readers advance through the Greek.
The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one great thing.
- Archilochus
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
Herodotus 1.1.1 1.4
,
,
, , ,
.

.
,
,
,
[]
.
.
10
13
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
, : cause, responsibility, blame, 9
-, -: without fame, inglorious, 1
, -, : of Halicarnassus, 2
: lead away, carry off (), 1
-, -, : presentation, display, 2
, -, : Argos (a Greek city), 5
, : foreigner, a non-Greek, 10
: difference, disagreement, quarrel
, -, : Greece, 8
, -: forgotten, obliterated; fading, 1
-: put on, set up; apply oneself to, 9
, -, -: red, 5
--: to come to or into, arrive at, 1
, : Herodotus, 1
, -, -: wonderful, strange, 1
, : inquiry; examination, 2
, -, -: versed in stories, learned, 3
-: and not, neithernor, 14
, : voyage, a sailing, 2
: wage war (against + dat.), 10
-: hold before; is superior, surpass, 4
, , : Phoenician, 9
, : freight, merchandise, load, 3
1 : the following is a
presentation; as often, add the verb
..: so thatmay
become; purpose, with aor. subj.
2 : things having happened; aor.
pple., neuter pl. subject of a 3rd sg. verb
3 : some others; in
apposition to neuter pl.
: both are dat. of
agent with pass.
4 : having been exhibited;
neuter. pl. aor. passive pple. -
: for what reason; on account
of which cause, is a relative adjective
6 : 3rd sg. pres.
: accusative subject and
accusative predicate of the aor. inf.

in an ind. statement governed by
; means responsible
7 : i.e. the Indian Ocean
8 : i.e. the Mediterranean Sea
9 : which they inhabit; relative
: even now; is adverbial
10 : set (out) on ; ind. discourse
with ; aor. inf. - (+ dat.)
12 : and in particular, and
especially; and indeed also,
: during..; duration
13 : was surpassing in all
things; dat respect, impf., gen. comparison
: those (cities) in the
place now called Greece; attributive
Conflicting accounts of kidnapping
. ,
,

, ,
.


-: to disposit, arrange, treat, handle 3
, -, -: sixth, 4
--: to sell off, trade, traffic, 1
, : desire, heart; soul, life, 5
, : Inachus (a river god), 1
, : Io (daughter of Inachus), 5
3
14
15
20
, -, -: fifth, 6
, : stern, 3
: nearly, almost, just about, 5
: to buy, purchase, 6
, , : Phoenician, 9
, : a load, freight, cargo, 2
15 : on the...or; dative
possession
of time when
18 : in the same way that;
: from which (day); supply
crasis ; is a relative pronoun
: 3rd pl. aor.
19 : the (daughter) of Inachus
16 : everything
: acc. pl. aor. pple , with
having been sold off; gen. abs., pf. pass.

: on the prow
pple
: gen. sg.
: by them; dat. agent from
20 : (some) of the merchandise;
: aor. inf.
partive gen.
17 : acc. subj. of
: of which they had a
18 : and her name
desire; relative, is dat. of possession
was; to her the name was is 3rd
pers. pronoun equivalent to , dat. of
Herodotus 1.1.4 4.1
.
,
. 2 .
, ,
.
( )
. .
,
2 .
,
, ,
3 .
10
14
-, -, : injustice, wrongdoing, 3
-, : injustice, wrong-doing, 2
-: relate, tell; lead away (from), 6
-: to flee from, escape, 2
-: to sail away, sail off, 4
: seize, carry off, kidnap, 11
, : Aia (later Colchis, home of Medea), 1
, : Egypt, 10
-: bid, encourage one another, 3
-: accomplish, complete, settle, 1
-: put or throw into; put on board 13
, : Europa, Europe 7
, -, -: equal to, the same as, like, 5
-: sail downstream, sail to shore, 4
, -, : Colchis, 2
, -, : a Cretan, from Crete, 2
, : Medea, 2
: to go, go off, depart, 9
-: to offer, provide; put in, land on,
2
: along with, with, together (+ gen.), 11
, : Tyre (a Phoenician city), 1
, - (-), : Phasis river, 2
, , : Phoenician, 9
, : Phoenicia, 1
1 : encouraging (one
another);aor. mid. pple., reflexive action
: aor. inf., in ind. discourse
3 : aor. pass. inf.
: (those) throwing (the
women); acc. subject of ,
: onto the ship
5 : aor. inf. -
: not as the Greeks (say)
6 : aor. inf., + gen.; subj.
7 : they are not able; common
translation of with an infinitive
: of Phoencia, partitive gen.
8 : that (they) heading toward;

aor. pple modifying acc. subject
: aor. inf.
9 : these would be; potential opt.
10 : equal for equal; pred. adj.
: for them
12 : with a long ship; dat. means
13 : acc. pl. aor. mid. pple.
: and other things for
the sake of which; ; is a rel.
: 3rd pl. plpf. -
14 : acc. sg. aor. pple. modifies
, is the acc. d.o.

[]
.
3 .
,
,
, .
2 . ,

. , , ,

4 .
5
15
20
25
, : Alexander, Paris of Troy, 1

-: to ask back, demand back, 3
, : seizure, robbery kidnapping, 9
: to ask, ask for, beg, 6
, : generation, race, family, lineage, 4
, : Helen, 2
, -, : Greece, 8
: to know (how) understand, 12
, -, -: Colchian, 4
: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
, : Medea, 2
: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
, : Priam (king of Troy), 2
-: bring, bring forth, 1
-: to put forward, propose, 3
-: to answer, reply, respond, 4
15 : the Colchian king; acc. subj.

16 : for; gen. of accusation
: and these; i.e. Trojans, acc. subj.
17 : that those; ind. discourse
: did pay the penalties; not
inflicted the penalties 3rd pl. aor.
18 : and so, therefore; in Attic Greek
: they themselves (say that
they) will pay; fut. inf. in ind. disc.
19 : having heard (acc) from
(gen. of source); acc. sg. pf. pple
21 : aor. inf.
20 : that he have a
wife; be a wife for him, dat. possession
21 : 3rd sg. fut.
22 : acc. subj; i.e. Paris will not pay

since those Greeks did not pay earlier
: gen. abs.
23 : it seemed good; aor. inf.
24 : and these; acc. subject
: (the Greeks)
proposing these things; gen. abs.
25 : that the Greeks
themselves not paying the penalties nor
giving up (the girl)wanted to have
penalties from others; 3rd pl. opt.
in indirect discourse
26 : with (the Asians) asking
back; gen. abs.
27 : up to this (point of time)
Herodotus 1.4.1 5.3
,
.
,
,

, , .

,
.
.

,
10
14
-, -: unjust, unrighteous, 6
: always, forever, in every case, 14
-, -: foolish, unintelligent, 2
, -, -: clear, evident, conspicuous, 2
, -, : power, wealth, strength, 10
, -, -: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8
-: to inhabit, dwell in , live in, 1
-: then, next, secondly, 8
: to lead; consider, think, believe, 5
-: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5

: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
: make or mid. claim as ones own, 2
, -, -: hostile, of the enemy, 8
, : Priam (king of Troy), 2
, : earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm
3
, : expedition, armament, 3
-: to gather together, assemble, 2
, -: prudent, temperate, sound, 1
: to avenge, exact vengeance, 7
, : care, concern, regard for (gen), 1
1 : but from this (time)

2 : earlier than; comparative
: aor. inf. ; acc. subj.
3 : them; see reference box p. 5
: now, at present; adverbial acc.
4 : (the Asians) believe that
: to kidnap is
the task; articular infinitive is acc. subject
5 ... : to make
earnest to avenge(is the task); supply
from above; see l. 6 below
: for those having been
kidnapped; gen. pl. aor. pass.
6 ...: to have no care(is the task)
: for; see. 5, objective gen.

: it (is) quite clear that
7 , : if they
did notthey would not; pres. contraryto-fact conditional ( + impf., + impf.)
: those from Asia; acc. subj.
prep. phrase is in attributive position
9 : made no account; +gen
: for the sake of; + gen., i.e. Helen
10 : aor. inf.; acc. subj.
11 : acc. pl. aor. pple.,
: aor. inf., -
12 : (the Persians) believed
14 : (Persians) have considered; pf.

.
,
5

2 .

,
,

3 , .

,

,
, .
7
15
20
25
, : Egypt, 10
: be or feel ashamed of; respect, 2
: otherwise, in another way, 7
, -, : capture, destruction, 2
, : seizure, robbery, kidnapping 9
, -: pregnant, 1
: voluntarily, 1
--: to go over, go through, 2
, : hatred, enmity, 2
, : Ilium, Troy, 1
-, -, -: quite clear or evident, 1
: Ion. for , how? in what way? 2

: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
, : shipowner, ship-master, 1
-: to speak together, agree, 4
-: to advance, step forward, 6
: forwards, further, far, 2
: to show, indicate, point out, 10
, -, -: small, little; insignificant, 5
--: to sail out along with, 1
, : parent, 3
-: begin; make a beginning of (gen) 4
, , : Phoenician, 9
: to separate, sever, divide, 4
: pf. pass. inf.

: that (it) happened
: fem. acc. pple. Att.
with; dat. obj. of -
: engaging in
kidnapping; takes a dat. obj.
20 : aor. inf.
: that; impf. middle
21 : of the ship
: she (Io) learned; aor.
: fem. nom. sg. pple, Att.
in ind. disc. (i.e. that she was) with
22 : being ashamed before (+ acc)

: I will advance; fut.
23 : that she may become; purp.
25 : I am going to say; fut.
periphrastic; pple , fut. of
: in this or some other way
26 : this which I know;
the antecedent follows the relative clause
27 : nom. sg. aor. pple.
: I will advance; fut.
: a further point of my story
28 : nom. fut. pple. --
15
16
17
19
Herodotus 1.5.4 7.4
, ,
, .
.
, ,
6
,

2 .
,
.
,
3 .

4
10
14
, : Halys river, 7
, , : wind, 9
, -, -: human, 4
, : payment, a leading away, 2
, : the North; North wind, 5
, -, : Dorian, 8
, -, -: free, 4
: within, inside, 4
-: to go out, come out, 2
-: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6
: know, know how, understand, 12
-, : happiness, prosperity, 5
, : the Black Sea, the Euxine 4
, -, : race, family, lineage, stock, 13
: we, 7
, : the Cimmerians, 4
, : Lydus, son of Atys, 2
: to stay, remain, 8
-, : mid-day, noon; the south, 3
: between, 3
: in no place, in no way, not at all, 3
: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
, - : Paphlagonian, 3
, : sea, 5
: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
-: make over; mid gain, win over 2
, : an expedition, campaign, 3
, -, -: Syrian, 9
, : an absolute sovereign, 3
, : tribute, 6
1 ...: (as for things) which

long ago were important, many of them ;
in respect to what was acc. respect
: long ago; adverbial acc.
: have become; subject is neut. pl.
2 : (those things) which; the
rel. clause is parallel to above
: in my (time)
3 : in the same place; crasis
5 : by race, by lineage; acc. respect
: common gen. sg, Attic -

7 : discharged, sent out; impf.
9 : (of those) whom we know;
acc. rel. made gen. by missing antecedent
12 : some others of the
Greeks; partitive gen.
: Dorians in Asia
14 : were; 3rd pl. impf.
...: having come against
Ionia; aor. pple., modifying
Gyges and Candales

7 .
,
2 , . ,
, , .

3 , .

,
4 , .
,
,

, ,
9
15
20
25
, - : Agron, 2
, : Alcaeus, 2
, -, : Atys, 4
-, -: descendents, born from, 4
, : seizure, robbery, kidnapping, 9
, : Belus, 2
, : people; district, country, land, 11
, : slave-girl, 1
-: receive from, take up; succeed, 7
-, : raid, sudden inroad, 1
-: to entrust, turn over to, 5
: twenty, 13
, : sovereignty, hegemony, 2
, : Heracles, 7
, : Heraclids, 7
, : Iardanus, 1
, : Candaules, King of Sardis, 12

-, : overturning, subduing, 2
, : Lydus, son of Atys, 2
, : Mermnadae, 2
, -: Maionian, 1
, : Myrsus, 2
, : Myrsilus, 1
, : Ninus, Nineveh, 8
: to name, call by name, 9
, -, -: five hundred, 2
-: to come around, go around, 3
, -, : old (man), 5
-, : oracle, prophesy, 5
, : an absolute sovereign, 3
, -, -: last, latter, 1
15 : than Croesus; gen. comparison

: being; nom. sg. neuter pple,
17 : came around (and ended) at
: being of the
Heraclids; nom. sg. fem. pple, ;
18 : whom call; relative
24 : from whomever; Attic
: this entire district was

called Lydian; aor. pass.
26 : having been entrusted
(with the rule); aor. pass. pple.
: held; 3rd pl. aor.
27 : having been born; pf. pple
28 : over 22 generations of men
10
8
Herodotus 1.8.1 9.3

.
,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
(
), ;
,
, ;
.
10
14
-: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2

: to please, satisfy, (+dat.), 1
-, -:, : untrustworthy, distrustful 1
, - : modesty, sense of shame, 1
, : bodyguard, spearman, 3
, : Dascylus, 1
, : mistress, lady, 2
, : master, lord, 11
-: to go through, pass, 1
- : or -, take off, strip off; 2
: to love, to be in love with, 3
, -, : beauty; form, shape, figure, 5
, -, -: naked, unclothed, 5
, - : clothes, chiton; Lat. tunica 5
, : Myrsus, 2
, : the eye, 3
, , : ear, 1
, -, -: serious, important, 1
--: to take off at the same time, 1
, -: sound, healthy, wholesome, 1
-: to praise above measure, 1
-: to set over; communicate, 3
: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
1 : fell passionately in love; 3rd sg.

aor. dep., an ingressive aorist
2 : having fallen in love; aor. pple
: that he had; dat. poss.; inf.
3 : by far the most
beautiful of all; acc. extent; superlative
: he had; dat. poss.; 3rd sg. impf.
4 : among; partitive gen.
5 : comparative adjective
7 : gen. abs., aor. pple
: it was fated, was fitting; impf.
8 : go badly; + adv.
10 : neuter acc. pl.
: happen to be; pple
11 : comparative, neuter pl.

: than; gen. of comparison
: make it happen that; ,
singular imperative and clause of effort
: (), fut. 2nd sg.
12 : but he; i.e. Gyges, change of subject
: loudly; adverbial accusative
: nom. sg. aor. pple. -
: what unsound
speech
13 : aor. inf.
14 : at the
same time as the robe is removed, a
woman removes; pass. pple and pres. mid.
Gyges and Candales

,
, .
,
9 . , ,
. , , ,
, ,
2 . .

.
.
,
3 .
2
11
15
20
25
: near, nearby, 3
-: to open, 6
-, -: lawless, without law, 2
-: to fight off, decline, 1
: to fear, dread, shrink from, 3
, : harm, damage, hurt, 1
- : or -, take off, strip off; 2
-: to find out, discover, 11
-: to go in, enter, 8
-, : entrance, way in, 1
, : silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7
: take courage or heart, be confident 5
, : chair, seat, 5
, : a door, 4
, : a cloak or mantle, 1
: to put to sleep; mid. to fall asleep, 2
, : bed; sleep, 1
-: and not, but not, nor, 12
: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
, -, : (store)room, workshop, 6
: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
-: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
: to look at, examine, consider, 3
: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 4
15 : noble things have been

discovered; pf. pass. with dative of agent
16 , : this is one, namely
that one see his own possession
17 : I ask (from) you; Att.
19 ...: lesthappen; fearing clause
: something bad; is indefinite
20 : with the following words; means
: take courage; , sg. imp.
: do not fear
eitheror; sg. imp., Att.
21 : (thinking) thatI say
: testing you; Att.
: lesthappen; fearing clause

22 : first; adverbial acc.
23 : so that she
does not learn that she was watched;
result clause; acc. aor. pass. pple
24 : in which; relative cl.
25 : I will set you; 1st sg. fut.
: acc. sg. aor. pple, -
: will be present; fut. -
27 : she will put down; tmesis
-
: it will be granted to you; fut.
impersonal is passive in sense
12
Herodotus 1.9.3 11.4
,
.
10 , , ,
. .
2 .
,
, .

, .
3 ,

11 . .
,
10
14
-: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2

, : shame, disgrace, dishonor, 1
: to shame, mid. feel shame, 3
: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit 7
-: to flee, get away from, escape, 2
: to be able, can, be capable, 11
, -, : clothing, clothes garment, 5
-: to see, observe, take notice of, 7
: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8
, : bed 1

, : chair, seat, 5
, : a door, 4
, : the marriage-bed, bed-time 2
: there is a care for (dat., gen.), 2
, : mind, perception, heart, 9
, : the back, 3
, -, : a servent, house-slave, 5
: to walk, come or go (in a line), 1
: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
--: to slip out of, escape 2
, : season, time, period of time, 10
1 : whenever she walks

and comes to be; aor. subj. ,
: from behind her back
2 : let it be a care for you; 3rd
sg. imperative
: that she not see; fut.
: acc. sg. pres. pple,
3 : since he was not able
4 : 3rd sg. aor.
5 : 3rd sg. impf. -
6 -, : pres. pple
: 3rd sg. impf.
8 : nom. sg. aor. pple,

: , 3rd sing. impf. -
: having learned; aor.
9 : what was being done; neuter sg.
aor. pass. pple, + gen. agent
: being ashamed; aor. dep. pple
10 : to punish; aor. mid. inf.
12 : that even a
man be seen nude; aor. pass. inf. ;
13 : held her silence; impf.
14 : as soon as
: had come; plpf.
Gyges and Candales
,
. ,
, . ,
.
, .
, , .
,
.
,
.
13
15
20
25
, : necessity, force, 5
-: to kill, slay, 12
-: to die off, perish, 10
-: marvel at, wonder at, 4
, : choice, 2
, : a queen, princess, 8
-: decide, settle; distinguish, 2
-: to bind; compel, 1
: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense,
11
, -, -: ready, prepared, at hand, 12

-: either () in truthor (), 2
: to beseech, approach as a suppliant 1
, -, -: remaining, the rest, 13
, -, -: which (of two), 4
, -, -: trustworthy, faithful, 7
: before, 3
: till then; as long as, 5
: to turn, direct;alter, change, 13
: to go to and fro, visit, 8
15 : 3rd sg. impf. ,

: to herself; governed by
: making them
available
16 : none of the
things done; aor. pass. pple
: that she knew; ind.
discourse governed by the pple.
17 : was accustomed; plpf., impf. sense
: wheneverqueen called;
opt. general temporal cl. in secondary seq
18 : pres. infinitive, -constract verb
19 : two paths lie before
you; are at hand to you, gen. abs.

20 : (), 2nd sg. pres.
: that you yourself die; with
22 ...: so that in the future you not see
all that it is not proper that you (see), by
obeying Candales; purpose, 2nd sg. aor.
subj.
23 : in the future; time within
25 : things not being
accustomed
26 : afterwards, he begged;
impf.
14
,

. .
,
.

,
12 . ,
( ,
, )
, , ,
2 .

10
14
: to force, compel, requir e, 5

, : necessity, force, (Ion ) 5
-: to rest; make cease, stop, 3
-, : escape; release, departure, 1
: to prepare, devise, arrange, 1
, : Archilochus, 1
-, : hand-knife, dagger, 2
: to follow, accompany, escort, 13
-, : plot, the plan against, 1
-: to display, point out, prove, 2
-: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6
-, : attack, attempt, try, 1
, : bedchamber, inner room, 2

, : a door, 4
-: to conceal, hide, cover over, 1
: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
-: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
, , : a night, 13
-: from where, from which, 2
, : assault, attack, onset, 1
-: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
-: be set before or forth, propose, 7
--: to go out secretly, escape, 2
: to sleep, 1
-: to take up, reply; suppose, 4
, : place, spot, region, 8
1 : she saw; 3rd sg. impf.

: either to killor be killed;
2 : chooses; pres. mid.
3 : 3rd sg. impf. -
5 : come now!; often preceding an imper.
: let me hear; aor. jussive subj.
. .: in what way; means Att.
6 : said; 3rd sg. impf.
: will be; 3rd sg. fut.
7 : upon him (while) sleeping
9 : was being let go; impf. pass.

: he had; there was to him dat. poss.
10 : it was necessarythat he; impf.
: die; pf. inf. -
: 3rd sing. impf. , + dat.
11 : having given; aor. pple.
: behind
12 : nom. sg. aor. pple
: 3rd sg. impf.
14 : whom he recalled; aor.
Gyges and Candales

13 .
.
,
,
, , ,
2 .
. ,
.

14 , .
,

, ,
-: choose, pick up, answer, 3
-: to take away from, remove, 9
-, -: descendent, born from, 4
-: to give back, restore, return, 6
-: to send away, to dismiss, 13
, : silver, silver coin, 4
, -, -: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11
-: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9
, -, : a word, 11
: to have come, be present, 10
, : Heraclids, 7
, : iambic poem, satire, 1
: to strengthen, confirm, 3
15 ...: born during the same
time
16 : was confirmed, was
strengthened aor. pass.
17 : consideredterrible;
impf. mid..
: was; 3rd pl. impf.
18 : agreed; came together
20 : ifif not; =
15
15
20
25

, : Mermnadae, 2
-, -: few, little, small, 14
, : a tool, implement; arms, 5
: suffering, experience, misfortune 6
, -, -, : Parian, from Paros, 1
, -, -: fifth, 6
, -, -: most, greatest, largest, 14
, : supporter, partisan member, 6
-: to meet, happen, occur, 4
, : revenge, vengeance, payback, 2
, , : so great, much or many 4
, : trimeter, of three metres, 1
: to be or become a sovereign, 9
, -, : sovereignty, 12
21
24
25
26
27
: 3rd sg. aor. subj. -

: then he rules
: he gives back; aor. inf.
in indirect discourse
: will come; 3rd sg. fut.
: considered of no
account; impf. mid.
: was fulfilled; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
-: taking it from; -
16

,
,
.
,

, .

.

,
.
,
.

10
14
, -: true, 6
-: to dedicate, set up, attribute, 14
-: to be set up, to be devoted, 2
, : number, amount, quantity, 5
-, -: boundless, immense, 3
-, -: well worth seeing 2
, -, -: worthy of, deserving of, 11
, : silver, 4
, : Gordias, 3
: Gygean, of Gyges, 1
, -, -: public, of the people, 2
: give judgment, pass judgment, 6
: six, 4
, : name, a nickname, surname, 3
, : Eetion, 1
, : treasure (house), treasury, 7
, : chair, seat, 5
, -, -: Corinthian, 8
, -, : mixing bowl, krater, 11
, : Cypselus, 3
, : Midas, 4
, : Miletus, 10
, : remembrance, memory, record, 4
-: besides, except, 5
--: sit down before, sit in public, 2
, : Smyrna, 5
, : weight; jamb, post, 6
, : talent (equiv. to 57.75 lbs.), 5
: thirty, 8
, : Phrygia, 2
1 : dedicated; 3rd sg. aor. -

2 : in particular; both other and
: (that) for which it is
especially worthy to make mention; is a
rel. pronoun that modifies the pred.
3 : six in number; acc. of respect
: have been dedicated by him;
pres. as pf. pass. ; is dat agent
: stand; 3rd pl. pf.
4 : in weight; acc. of respect
: for one using a true assessment

5 : is not the peoples but Cypselus
7 : whom we know; acc. rel.
pronoun draw into genitive by
9 : upon which; rel. pronoun
10 : acc. sg. pres. pple.
11 : at the very place where
12 : which; relative, see l. 1
13 : in name
after the one having dedicated it; respect
Early kings of Lydia

15 , ,
.
,

.

16
, ,
2 .
,
, ,
.
,
-, : citadel, acropolis, 10
-: to set free, release; end, 12
-, -: descendent, born from, 4
, : Ardys, 4
, : Deioces, 15
-: twelve, 11
-: rise and depart from, emigrate, 4
-: drive out, 13
-: put on ship, put on land, throw, 13
, - : custom; accustomed place, 3
, : Clazomenae, 2
, -, : Colophon, 3
: to found, establish, colonize, 7
14 : when he ruled
15 : captured; 3rd sg. aor (stem )
: no other important deed
16 : for 38
years; acc. duration, forty lacking from
two, pple and genitive of separation
17 : 1st pl. fut. -
: having recalled; aor. dep.
17
15
20
25
, : Cyaxares, 14
, -, -: Mede, Median, 2
, : Miletus, 10
, , : nomad; adj. nomadic, 6
-: to pass over, skip over; neglect, 10
: fifty, 6
: except, but (+ gen.), 12
, : Priene, 1
-: strike against, stumble; lose, 2
, : Sadyattes, 6
, : Smyrna, 5 : forty, 5
: so great/much/many 11
: obj. of
: (son) of Gyges
: because of the Scythians
: for 49 years; see l. 16
: he drove out: aor. -
: having been settled; aor. pple
28 : not as he wished, he
ceased
18
20
23
27
18
17

.
, .

,

.
,
,

, .
,
. ,

,
10
14
, : field, country, 4
, , : ripe, full-grown, 1
, -, -: of a man, brave, low tone 3
-, -: worth telling, 2
-: to release; end; depart, 12
-: to tear away, drag away, 2
, : a flute, 2
, -, -: of a woman, high tone, 2
, : tree; also, , -, , 4
-: to burn, set on fire, kindle, 3
-, : siege, a sitting, seat, 1
-: drive on, charge, 3
-: to rule over, overpower + gen. 4
: to work, labor, toil, 11

, : a door, 4
, : crop, fruit, benefit, 14
-: to strike down, overthrow, 3
, : Miletus, 10
-: to take in charge, inherit, 6
, -: harp, 1
: besiege, hem in a city, 11
: sow, plant, 2
, , : a pipe, 1
1 : exhibited,; aor. -
: being in power; pple
: superlative degree
2 : from his father
3 : in such a way
: whenwas; 3rd sg. opt. of
, temporal clause in secondary sequence
6 : flute both high and
low tone; feminine and masculine
: When he arrived; 3rd sg.
opt., temporal cl. in secondary sequence
7 : houses in the
countryside
8 : he allows (them); i.e. houses;
: on land
: to stand; pf. inf.
9 : whenever; 3rd sg. opt.
10 : he used to depart; impf.
11 : so thatwas not a goal;
12 : for the following reasons
13 : so that might be
able might be able; purpose with opt. in
secondary sequence; common meaning of
with an infinitive

18
.
,

.
,

, , ,
.

.
--: to give back, repay, 1

, : Ardys, 4
: make clear; reveal; show, exhibit, 7
, -, -: two, two-fold, double, 2
: eleven, 4
: strenuously, vehemently, 1
: six, 4
, : Limeneion, 1
, : Maeander, 2
19
15
20
25
: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 10

-: offer; attend to; put in, land on, 2
, : Sadyattes, 6
: to plunder, do harm, destroy, 1
-: join together (in battle), tie
together, 1
--: help make light, relieve, 1
, -, -: their own, their, 5
: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
, : disaster; wound, () 1
, : Chians, from Chios, 10
15 : something also; acc. obj; is adv

the years following those six (years); acc.
: for 11 years; acc. duration
of duration
16 : in which years; antecedent
24 : as it has been revealed
: with the
by me; pf. pass. and dat. agent
Milesians having fought both in the
: from his father
Limeneion (district) of their land and in
25 : assisted the Milesians
the plain of Maeander; gen. abs. aor. pple
in
17 ... : for; acc. of duration
: except; common after a negative
19 : gen. object of
clause
20 : was also one joining battle; 26 : in kind; the same sort; acc.
nom. sg. aor. pple; 3rd sg. impf.
direct object of
21 . : for five of
20
19 .

,
,
2 .
,
.
, ,
.
3
,
20 .
,
10
14
, : Athena, 9 (, : Athens 6)
- : rebuild, set upright, 1
, , : wind, 9
: kindle, set afire; fasten, touch (gen.), 6
, -, -: of Assesus, 1
, : Assesus, 2
: to overpower, use force, constrain, 1
, -, -: twelfth, 1
: either...or; whether...or, 9
-: to burn, set on fire, kindle, 3
-: ask, ask in addition, 11
: by name (adverbial acc.), 2
, : Erythraeans, 2
-, : messenger to an oracle 10
-: to burn down, burn completely, 5
, : crop, 3
: to be sick, ill, 2
, : malady, illness, sickness 10
-: immediately, straightaway, 2
-: to add, attribute, impose, give, 7
-: deliberative together, advise, 8
-: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
--: help to wage, carry on (war),1
1 : against Erythraeans
2 : 3rd pl. aor. --
: in..; dative time when
3 : gen. absolute
: by; gen. agent
: it happened that
some such event came to be; 3rd sg. aor.
pass. of -
4 : as soon as
: was set on fire; aor pass.
: (the fire) overpowered; pass.
pple; supply as the modified noun
5 : touched, reached; aor. mid.
: the temple; partitive gen. of
: having been set on fire; nom.

singular aor. pass. pple
6 : 3rd sg. aor. passive, -
: no account was made
7 : but afterwards; is an adverb
: gen. absolute
: fell ill; ingressive aor.,
8 : rather lengthy; comparative
: gen. absolute
: for him; dat. interest or dat. possession
9 : since someone
advised him; someone having advised
() is a gen. sg. indefinite pronoun
10-14 notes on the facing page

, ,
, .
21 . ,
,
.
,
, ,
2
,
, ,
21
15
20
25
, : marketplace, an assembly, 8
, : messenger, envoy, 1
- : to send out, 1
, : Thrasybolus, 7
, -, -: private, 1
-: to disclose, speak, 1
, : Cypselus, 3
-: to build, build a house, 10
, : Periander 5
: to drink, 2
-: to tell beforehand, 8
-: learn or hear beforehand, 2
-: know beforehand or in advance 1
, -: reliable, definite, clear, distinct, 1
, : to grain, food, 5
, : treaty for peace, libation, 2
-: to bring together, collect, 1
10 : it seemed; aor. , + dat.

: that he having sent (a
messenger); Alyattes is antecedent of
and acc. subj.
11 : said that she would not
respond by oracle; fut. inf.
12 : before, until; sooner than
: which they burned;
relative clause, 3rd pl. aor. -
13 : of the land of
Milesia
: from Delphi; obj. of
: that it came to be in this
way
15 : a guest-friend to
the greatest degree to Thrasybolus; pred.
of , acc. sg. pple of
18 : that he may
deliberate; purpose clause with pres. subj.
: nom. sg. pple -
: regarding what is
present; neuter pple -
22 : for as much time as; for
a time, as much as, acc. of duration
23 : went; 3rd sg. impf. (Att. )
: nom. sg. pf. pple
-
24 : knowing (the things) which;
nom. sg. pple
25 . . .: as much grain as; antecedent
27 : he gives the sign; 3rd sg. pres.

subj.
22
22

.
,

.

, ,
.

,
.

, ,
10
14
: to announce, proclaim, report, 2

: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13
-: to go away, depart, 3
, : Assesus, 2
-, : reconciliation, truce, 2
: to hope for, look for, expect, 10
, -, -: opposite, contrary, 4
, : instructions, orders, commands 2
, -, -: extreme, last, furthest, 3
, : enjoyment, 3
, : Thrasybolus, 7
, -, -: strong, powerful; severe, 13
-: to suppose, believe; guess, 3
, : party, revelry, a village festival, 1
, : people, population, 1
, : Lydus, 1
, : Miletus, 10
: return, come back, 3
-: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
, -, -: of Sardis, 3
, : to grain, food, 5
-, : famine, want of food, 2
-, -: allied; an ally, 5
, : a heap, 1
: to rub down, wear out, 1
: to throw up, heap up, 25
1 : have fun; enjoy a party

2 : for the sake of the following
: so thatmight report;
purpose clause; 3rd sg. aor. subj.
3 : seeing; nom. sg. aor. pple.
: having been heaped; pf.
: being; acc. pl. pres. pple
: to Alyattes; dat. indirect object
5 : and these things in fact
occurred; these things in fact came to be
: having spoken; nom. aor. pple
6 : 3rd sg. aor. -
7 : as I; parenthetical
: for no other (reason)
8 : that; ind. disc. inf.
9 : have been worn down; pf. pass.
, ind. discourse
10 : aor. , hear (acc) from (gen)
11 : or so he thought
: afterwards; is adverbial
12 : on which (condition)
they be friends to one another and allies
13 : two instead of
one temples; is gen. sg.

.
.
23

(
) ,
,
,
24 . ,
,
.
23
15
20
25
-: to make stand up, raise up, 6

, -, : Arion, 8
, : life, 12
, -, : dolphin, 3
-: to pass time, consume, spend, 2
: to teach, instruct, 2
, : dithyramb, 1
-: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8
-: to desire, long for, 5
: we, 7
, : Thrasybolus, 7
, -, : wonder, astonishment, 6
, : Italy, 3
-, : lyre-player, singer with lyre 1

, : Cypselus, 3
, -, -: inhabitants of Lesbos, 3
: to disclose, reveal, 1
, -, -: of Methymna, 1
-: to set before the mind, stand, 5
, : Periander 5
, : Sicily, 1
, : Taenaron, 3
15 : rose, recovered; 3rd sg. aor.

-
16 : Thus it was for Alyattes in the
war against; + adv. = to be
17 : this (was) the one
having revealed; supply a form of
19 ...: as for this (man)
: agree with them
20 : wonder came to
mind
21 : being carried, having been
carried; acc. sg. aor. pass. pple -
21 : pres. pple. of , modifies
22 : second to
no one of those being (lyre-players) at
that time; (than no one); is gen.
of comparison with , is
a partitive gen.
23 : whom we know
25 : desired to sail; aor.
26 : having worked
for much money he wished; aor. inf.
24
2

,
.

. ,
, .
,
, ,

, ,

.

,
.
10
14
: to sing, 7
-: to go back, withdraw, retreat, 3
, ; singer, bard, 1
-: to threaten, force back, 4
-, : difficulty, bewilderment, 3
, -, -: best, most excellent, 11
, -, : Arion, 8
- : to use constantly; destroy, 5
-: to throw out of, cast away, 3
-: to leap out, 2
: put on, clothe, 2
-: plot against, contrive against, 7
-: to go into, enter, 6
, : quarter-deck, 2
, : pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 1
-: make, achieve; overcome, 5
: to beg, pray, entreat, beseech, 1

: to rent, hire, 3
-: to beg, beg from, 4
, -, : the sea, 2
-: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
: to trust, believe in, rely on, 1
, : a sailor, 2
-: to send before; surrender, betray, 3
, : stern, 3
, : attire, equipment, gear, 4
-: understand, realize; put together, 3
-, : Tarentum, 2
, : burial; pl. funeral 3
, : chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
-: receive, undertake, promise, 4
, : breath, life, spirit, soul, 2
: he set out; Arion is acc. subject

: more than; comparative
: acc. sg. aor. pple -
: surrenderings; pr. pple -
: he does not persuade these
: the sailors bid;
: that he kill himself
7 : so that he may obtain; purp.
: to leap out; inf. contract verb
8 : by the quickest way; +

: acc. sg. aor. pass. -
9 : that (they) allow;
10 : in full entire
: standing; acc. sg. pple
: aor. inf.
11 : to kill himself
12 : the pleasure came to them
13 : they withdrew; aor. inf.
1
2
4
5
6
,
,
.
,
.
, .

, .
,
.
,

.
,
, .
: with , give heed to (+ gen.) 1

-: to relate, tell; lead away from, 6
-, : disbelief, distrust, mistrust, 3
-: to turn out, result; disembark, 4
: then, after all, as it turned out, 8
, -, : Arion, 8
: to deny, refuse, 1
, -, : dolphin, 3
--: to go through; recount, 4
, : quarter-deck, 2
-: to leap out, 2
-: strike or drive out of; amaze, 4
: to cross-examine, test, refute, 3
-: to be upon, be set upon, 10
-: appear, make an appearance, 1
: to question, inquire into, 5
, : Italy, 3
15
17
18
20
22
: a high-pitch tune
: just as he was; impf. + adv.
: aor. inf. -
: all that happened; pf. pple
: letting go; acc. sg. aor. pple.
25
15
20
25
, : lyre, lute, 1
, : Corinth, 5
: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
, -, -: upright, straight up, steep, 1
: no where, in no place, 3
, : Periander 5
, : a ferryman, 2
: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
: to throw, cast, hurl;. 2
, , : safe (and) sound, 3
: Taenaron 3 : Tarentum 2
, : a watch, guard, 7
, -, -: made of bronze, copper 13
: as, just as, as if, 4
23 : summoned; aor. pass.
24 : that he wasthey left
26 : just as he was (when)
: struck dumb; aor. pass.
27 : were able to deny (it); + inf.
26

,
2 .

,
,
, .

26
, .
22
,
. ,
25
10
14
-: to set up, dedicate; attribute, 14

, -, -: silver, of silver, 8
, : Artemis, 1
, : Glaucus, 2
-: to carry over; differ, surpass, 4
-: to flee out away, escape, 4
-: to tie from, bind from, 1
-: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9
: seven, 4
, -, -: Ephesian, 3
, : age, time of life, 6
, : view, sight, spectacle, 1
, : welding, glueing, 1
, -, -: welded or glued together, 1

: between, 3
-: thereafter, 3
, : sickness, illness, disease, 10
, -, -: old, aged, ancient, 6
: fifty, 6
, : handwork, work done; poem, 1
: besiege, hem in a city, 11
, -, -: made of iron, iron, 6
, : iron; sword, knife, 7
, : rope, cord, 1
: thirty, 8
-, : bowl-stand, 1
2 : nom. sg. aor. pple -

: 3rd sg. pres. -contract
3 : he dedicated; aor. -
: escaping; aor. pple -
5 : worthy of seeing; apposition
6 : the work of Glaucos of
Chios; acc. apposition to -
8 : discovered; 3rd sg. aor. -
9 : gen. abs.
10 : being; pres. pple

: in age; acc. respect
11 : he attacked; aor. mid. + dat.
: the first of the
Greeks (that Croesus encountered)
12 : At the very moment when
: they dedicated; aor. -
13 : aor. pple -; in this
way the domain of Artemis extends to the
walls as well
Rise of the Lydian empire under Croesus

, .
,
, ,
, 27 , .
,

2 . ,
, , ,
3 ,
,
. ,
2
27
15
20
25

, -: true, 6
, : payment, a leading away, 2
, , : Bias, 3
, -, : Greece, 8
-: bring a charge against, blame 1
- : to devise, contrive, 2
-: to bring against, put on, 6
: to ask, enquire, 1
-: to stop, prevent put an end to, 4
, -: larger, greater, taller, 8

, -, : a part, share, portion, 5
, -, -: numberless, countless, 3
, -, -: Mytilenian, 3
, : shipbuilding 3
, -, -: young; new, novel, strange, 10
, : islanders, Aegean islanders, 6
-: to discover, invent, 1
, -, -: Pittacus, 1
, : Prieneus, of Priene, 5
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
-: to buy together, 1
, -, -: trivial, insignificant, cheap, 3
, : tribute, 6
15 : seven stades; subject of

16 : but afterwards
: in turn
17 : some accusations
against some, others accusations against
others; other accusations against others
18 : making greater
(accusations) against (those) whose
(accusations) he was able to find greater
19 : but against others of

them bringing even trivial matters
20 : had been overturned; 3rd
pl. plpf. pass. -
22 : all being available to him; abs.
: for shipbuilding
23 : some sayothers say
25 . . : whether there was any news
29 . . .: would that..; opt. wish
28
.
,
, .
,
, , , ;
5 ,
, .
28 .

. , , ,
4
10
14
, : Halys river, 7
: to pray to, invoke; vow that (inf.), 2
: to make a slave of, enslave, 5
: within, inside, 4
-: to pass, come after, supervene, 3
-, : conclusion (of a conversation)1
: to pray, offer prayers, 3
: to enjoy, take delight in, 5
, : mainland, land, 14
: to ride (a horse), 2
, : Cilician, 3
, -, -: Lycian, 11
: to build ships, 1
, : shipbuilding 3

, : guest-friendship, hospitality, 2
: to be like, seem, (Att. ) 8
: to stop, make cease, 14
-, -: eager, zealous, ready, 4
-: shrewdly; appropriately, 1
-: to put together, form; agree, 2
: above, on behalf of gen; beyond acc, 7
, , : a Phrygian, 4
1 , : would that the

gods bring to the attention of the
islanders this, (namely) to come
: against + acc.
: he says; pres. inf.
2 : you seem; (), 2nd sg.
3 : to catch; is acc. object
: things appropriate; Att.
4 : what do you think the
islanders pray for something other than
: as soon as
: they learned; 3rd sg. aor.

5 : against them
6 .. : so that they may punish
you; purpose, 3rd sg. aor. subjunctive
7 : whom you posssess; rel. clause
: nom. sg. aor. pple
8 : was pleased; aor. dep. inf.
9 : since he seemed to speak
shrewdly; made an aor. inf. by attraction
: obeying him; i.e. Pittacus
Solon and Croesus

, , , ,
, , , , ,
29
,
,
, ,
,

, ,
2 .

30 .
-
29
15
20
25
, : Egypt, 10
: to be in full bloom, flourish, 1
: to force, compel, require, 5
-: to be away (from home), 1
, : Bithunian, 1
: ten, 5
, -, : Dorian, 8
-: to be or go abroad, 2
-: to sail off, sail away, 2
, -, : Greece, 8
, : sight-seeing, 3
, , : a Thracian, 2
, : Thunian, 1
-: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7

: to loosen, abolish, break, dissolve, 4
, : Mariandynian, 1
, -, -: a Mysian, 8
, : oath, 9
, : Pamphylians, 1
, : wealth, riches, 2
-, : excuse, pretext, 2
--: to acquire in addition, 1
, : Solon, 11
, : sage, wise man, 1
, -, : Chalybian, 1
9 : from shipbuilding; separation

10 : he made a friendship with
Ionians
11 : within the Halys
river; i.e. west of the river Halys
13 : held under himself
: they are these (following)
18 : flourishing; modifies acc.
pl.
19 ..: during; acc duration
20 : happened to be; 3rd sg.
impf., + complementary pple
: wheneverarrived; opt.
21 : ordering him; dat. pl. aor. pple

: having made; nom. sg. aor.
22 : on the excuse of sightseeing
23 : so thatbe forced; 3rd
sg. aor. subj
..: to abolishwhich he set
down; aor. inf. and aor. mid.
24 : were able; +
to be fit to often governs an infinitive
26 . . : which Solon set down; aor.
subj.
30

.

,
. ,
. ,

, .
, .

10
14
, : Amasis, 2
, : palace. 13
-: come upon, approach, attack, 8
-: to display, point out, prove, 2
: eagerly, earnestly, 1
: already, now, at this time, 14
, -, : an attendant, servant, 3
, : sight-seeing, 3
, : a longing, yearning, desire, 2
, : time, (proper) time, 2
: how? in what way? in what respect?, 1

, -, -: happy, blest, blessed, 12
: to receive or entertain a guest, 2
-: to lead around, 1
, : a wandering,
: to look about, examine, inspect, 1
, : Solon, 11
, : wisdom, skill, judgment, 4
, -, : Tellus, 4
, -, -: fourth, 3
, -, -: the third, 7
-: to flatter (a little), 1
-: seek knowledge, philosophize, 1
: and in particular
: afterwards
on theday; dat. time when
: were leading around; impf.
: were showing; 3rd pl. impf.
: when it was the
right time for him; at the right time
7 : asked; 3rd sg.
8 : concerning you; Att.
: has come; 3rd sg. pf.
9 : you have come to; 2nd sg. pf.
10 : desire came to me;
: whether you
saw anyone (to be) the happiest of all men
11 : to be the happiest;
superlative agrees with the subject
12 : was asking; impf. -
: not at all; internal acc.
13 : employing the
truth; that being (the case) pple
1
2
3
4
5
6
Solon and Croesus

;
,

, ,
5
,
,

31 . ,
,
. .
2
31
15
20
25

: to suffice, be enough, ward off, 1
-, -: neighboring; neighbor, 1
, : livelihood, life, 12
, : Biton, 2
: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8
, : the second prize, 2
, -, -: public, of the people, 2
-: to be born to, be made from, 2
, : Eleusis, an old city in Attica, 1
: at least, (Att. , ) 1
: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9
: very well, 2
, : Cleobis, 2
: to choose, decide, 4
, -, -: bright, brilliant, radiant, 2
: quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, 2
-: to live and grow up, remain, 5
: to fall, fall down, 5
-: to turn forth, persuade, urge, 1
, : Solon, 11
, : a child, 11
, -, : Tellus, 4
, : an end, completion; death, 12
: to honour, value, esteem, 11
, : rout, turning, 1
-: to be under, 1
14 : what was said; aor. pple

: asked; 3rd sg.
15 : to Tellus there were; poss.
. . : in partin part
16 : the city being
well-off; gen. abs.; fem. pple + adv.
17 : to them all; i.e. children
18 : to him being well off; see l. 16
: in his livelihood; limits the adv.
: just as things in our time
20 : offering assistance
and making a rout of the enemy; aor. pples
21 : died; 3rd sg. aor. -
: most nobly; superlative adverb
22 : by the public, at public expense
: aor. ,
: there, in the very place where
: whom Solon saw; 3rd sg. opt.
26 : he will carry; fut. ind.
32

, .
,

.

,
.
,
,
,
10
14
-, -: athletic prize-winner, 1
, : a wagon, cart, 4
, -: better, nobler, braver, 5
, -, -: facing, opposite, against, 9
, : cow, 4
-: to make plain, show clearly, 2
-: to bring over or across, 1
-: to shut out, constrain, exclude, 3
: to draw, drag, 10
: to live, 8
, : the strap of a yoke, 1
, : cart (drawn by yoked animals), 3
, : Hera, 1
: to die, 5
: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8
: to get, attain, obtain (+ gen.) 4
: to deem blessed or happy, 1

, : a mother, 12
, -, : a young man, youth, 8
, : festival, 7
-,: assembly, 1
-: to be present; to arrive, 5
-: to stand around, 2
-, -: very pleased, 2
, : bodily strength, might, 3
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
, -, : the body, 7
, : a child, 11
: forty, 5
-: to place underneath; go under, 2
, : praise, report, rumor, 2
1 : in addition to this
2 : the following account is told
: while the
Argives were having a festival for Hera;
dat. interest; dat. of. poss.
3 : it was necessary; impersonal impf.

4 : to be brought; aor. pass. inf.
5 : were not arriving; impf.
: constrained by time
Solon and Croesus

, ,
2 .
,

.
32 . ,
,
; ,
3 .
, .
33
15
20
25
, - : image, statue; honor, 6

-: to set up, dedicate; attribute, 14
, -, -: human, 4
-: throw away or aside; disown, 2
, : Biton, 2
, : the second prize, 2
, -, : a likeness, image; statue, 3
, : a prayer, vow, 2
: to pray, offer prayers, 3
: eat a feast, feast, entertain well, 2
, -, -: our, 7
, -, -: from god, divine, 5

, -, : a private citizen, 4
-: to fall asleep, sleep through, 1
, : Cleobis, 2
: to portion out, distribute; inhabit, 7
-: no more, no longer, no further, 3
: to suffer, experience, 11
, : Solon, 11
: be angry, be set off (in motion), 1
, -: turbulent, confusing, 1
, : a child, 11
, -, : end, result, 9
, -, -: jealous, grudging, 1
: 3rd sg. impf.

: proceeded 3rd sg. impf.
: arrived; 3rd pl. aor.
: to those doing
and being seen; dat. pl. aor. act. pple
; dat. sg. aor. pass.
10 : showed i.e. aor. -
11 : that it was better; opt.
: pf. inf.
: rather than; redundant
13 : the Argive women (deemed)

their mother blessed; add
14 . . : in deed in words; respect
16 : to give; aor. inf.
17 ...: that which it is best for
a human to attain; gen. attracted to acc
20 : were held bound; aor mid = pass
21 : since ; alleged cause
28 : aor. inf., ,
...: which no one wishes; relative
6
7
8
9
34

.
,

, ,
,
.
,
,

. .

, ,
10
14
, -, -: two hundred, 4
-, -, -: twenty thousand, 2
: seventy, 4
-, -: inserted, intercalary, 2
, : year, long period of time, 4
--, -, -: six thousand, 2
, : life, lifetime, 5
, , : a month, 9
, : boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6
-: not yet, (Att. ) 2
-: entirely, altogether, 5

--, -, -: five thousand, 2
: fifty, 6
: to be rich, wealthy, 1
-: to bring to, attach, apply, 1
-: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
-, : event, accident, misfortune, 11
: thirty, 8
, -, -: a thousand, 2
1 : at 70 years; up to
2 : being 70 years; pple
3 : there being no
intercalary month; gen. abs.; i.e. no
intercalary month is inserted to align the
lunar calendar with the solar calendar
4 : one (of two); , subject
: by a month; dat. degree of difference
with the comparative
5 : so that they come
together at the appropriate (time); that
being fitting, purpose clause, pres. subj.;
adding a month to align the two calendars
6 ...: besides the seventy years
9 : up to 70 years
10 : each one of them; i.e.
days
11 : to the next day; with
: entirely; adverb
12 : a human being is
altogether a thing of chance; is
adverbial accusative
13 : you appear; () pres.
: greatly; adverbial accusative
14 : as for that which you
asked me; acc. respect, relative clause,
and a 2nd sg. impf. ()
Solon and Croesus
.

, .
, .
,

,
,
, , , ,
, .
, - : span of life, life, 1

-, -, -: not happy, not blessed, 2
-, -: without sickness, 1
-, -: without experience of, 2
-: to ward off, keep away, 2
-, -: unmaimed, 1
, : ruin, misfortune, bewilderment, 2
, -, -: capable, strong, possible, 6
-: to bring to an end, to accomplish, 1
-: to follow after, obey, 2
, : desire, longing, yearning, 2
15 : I learn; 1st sg. aor. subj.
16 : greatly; adverbial acc. with
: than (one) having

(enough) for the day; i.e. subsistence
living, gen. comparison with
17 ...: unless luck should
follow upon him that; aor. opt. -
: aor. inf.; is acc. subj.
19 : being ordinary; +
adv. is often translated as to be + adj.
: in his livelihood; limits the adv.
: nom. pl. predicate; supply
19 : one very wealthy but
35
15
20
25
-, -: good-looking, attractive, 7
-, -, : having good children 1
-, -: lucky, fortunate, 3
, : good luck, success, prosperity, 2
, -: very wealthy, 1
, -, -: ordinary, moderate, 2
, -, -: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3
-: hold before; is superior, surpass, 4
-: to fall upon, befall, 2
20
21
22
23
24
26
not happy man; adjectives modify the

same man
: is superior to a lucky
man in two ways; dat. of respect, gen.
comparison
: see l. 20, supply
, : to fulfill, to endure;
aor. inf. , governed by
: is superior to that one in

the following ways; see. l. 20 above
: similarly to that one
: to endure; aor. inf.
: in addition to these things
36

, , <>
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
9
,

,
.
,
33 .
,
-, -: unable, impossible, 2
-: to overturn, upset, ruin, 1
, -: self-sufficient, 1
-: to continue, bring to an end, 2
, -, -: just, right, lawful, fair, 8
-, -: in need of, lacking (+ gen.), 1
-: to have, hold, restrain, 8
-: need of (+ gen.); fasten or bind on, 2
: well, 24
-, -: lucky, fortunate, 3
: agreeably, 1
: to seek, look for, investigate, 3
10
14
-: to suffice, 1
: in what way; in some way, somehow, 5
: yet, up to this time, 10
: somehow, in any way, Att. , 9
, -: root and branch, utterly, 1
-: to collect, gather together, 5
, -, : the body, 7
: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 7
1 : whom you seek; relative

for itself; pres. pple modifies fem.
: to be called; pf. pass.
: one landbut ; is subject
2 : before he dies; aor. subj. 6 : from another thing, of another
: infinitives as imperative
thing; gen. of separation with
4 : it is impossible
: whoever has; 3rd sg. pres. subj.
: that (one) being a man; 7 : supply ; is pred.
acc. subj. of , aor. inf.
: so; correlative with
5 : providing everything 8-14 notes on the facing page
Adrastus and Atys

, ,
.
34

, ,
.
,
2 .
, , ,

.
3 , .
,
,
,
37
15
20
25
, : spear(point); war, battle, 9

, : truth, 5
-, -: unlearned, ignorant, stupid, 1
, -, : Atys, 4
: to throw, pelt, hit, strike, 3
: to guess, make like, 2
-: to send out, send forth, 8
-: to wake up, 2
: to know (how), understand, 12
: to sleep, lie down to sleep, 4
: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense 11
, -, : of the same age, peer, 3
-: to fear, dread, 3
, -, -: dumb, 2
, : divine vengeance, resentment, 1
, : a dream, 11
, : Solon, 11
: wage war, campaign against, 2
8 : (that) which (one) possesses;

relative clause, antecedent is subject of
. . .. . .: whoever...;
general relative + 3rd sg. pres. and aor. subj.
9 : continues possessing;
governed a complementary pple
10 : this (one) to me is right
to carry this name; i.e. blessed, mid. inf.
12 : it will turn out; fut. dep.
: having shown; nom. aor. pple
14 : considering him of no
account
15
16
18
19
22
: present; being present pple.

: passing over; nom. pple -
: sinceto venture a guess
: stood by him; aor. -
: of these, one
had been disabled; ; plpf. pass.
25 : will lose him; fut. -
: struck; aor. pass. pple
26 : was awakened; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
: made a plan..; aor.
27 : brings a wife to his son;
: being accustomed; pple.
38
,
,
35 . ,

, , .
,
2 .
.
, ,
3
,
;
; ,
10
14
, : javelin, 1
, : the men's quarters, 1
, : palace. 13
, : a wedding (feast), marriage, 4
, : generation, race, family, lineage, 4
, : Gordias, 3
, : javelin, 1
-: to carry or bring out, 2
-: to fall on, fall upon, 1
-: to get, attain, obtain (+ gen.), 1
, -: of the hearth; suppliant, 3
-, -, -: local, native, 5
, : bedchamber, inner room, 2
, : purification, 1
, -, -: (of) purification, 2
: to clean, cleanse, purify, 8
, -, -: clean, pure, spotless, 5
: whence? from where?, 2
: to hang, 2
: to get, light upon; attain, obtain, 4
: whence, from what place, 1
-: to go pass, enter, 3
, -, -: resembling; nearly, 10
-: pile together, heap up, 2
: to murder, kill, slay, 9
, , : a Phrygian, 4
, -, -: Phrygian, from Phrygia, 2
1 ..: which humans use..; rel.

3 ...: lestfall; fearing, aor subj
: something hanging for him
+ : on the son; dat. compound verb
4 : While the son has
the marriage in his hand; gen. abs.
6 : with respect to his hands; respect
: being; nom. sg. pres. pple
: by lineage; dat of respect
: of royal family; gen.
of description governed by pple

7 ...: according to laws
8 : he was asking; 3rd sg. impf.
9 : 3rd sg. aor.
10 : what is customary
11 : attempted to learn; impf.
: who he was; opt. , second. seq.
12 : ; voc. dir. address
: being who and
having come from where; with pples
13 : you came; 3rd sg. impf. ()
Adrastus and Atys

, ,

4 .
,
,
36 . .

.
,
2 .
. , , .
39
15
20
25
, : a brother, 5
, : Adrastus, 7
-, -, -: unwilling, unintending 12
: be at a loss for, lack from, (gen) 1
-: to reveal, show forth, display, 2
, : a way of living, living, 5
-, -: offspring, a child, 2
, -, -: myself, 3
-: drive out, 13
, -, -: our, 7
: to gain, make a profit, 1
, -, -: light, nimble; easy, 1
, : Midas, 4
, -, -: a Mysian, 8
, : Olympus, 3
: many times, often, frequently, 3
: to deprive, bereave, rob of, 2
, , , : the wild boar, sow, 4
16 : of mine, my; gen.

: pf. pass. pple
17 : pf. pass. pple
18 : with these words
: you happen
to beand to have come; complementary
pple nom. sg. and pf. pple ;
19 : you will lack from (+ gen.)
20 : in our (house)
: bearing as lightly
as possible; + superlative adverb
21 : was living his life; idiom,

impf.
: at this same time
22 : a great thing of a
boar; is gen. sg.
24 : worked lands; i.e. plowed lands
. . .: was accustomed
to destroy to do; - = iterative impf.
28 : appeared to us; aor. dep.
-
40

.
,
. ,
.
.
,
37
.
,
.
,
. ,
-
10
14
, : chase, 6
-: be content, suffice, use up, 2
, -, -: noble, well-bred, 3
-: to take out, remove, leave out, 5
--: to come in (in addition), 1
, -, : a word, 11
, : a wild animal, beast, 4
: very well, 2
: ever, at some time, once, 14
, : a pack of hounds, 1
, , , : a dog, 8
, : picked men, 4
: is a care for (dat., gen.), 2

: to mention, remember (+ gen.) 3
: to recall, remember (+ gen.) 1
, -, -: a Mysian, 8
-, -: newly married (spouse), 3
, : a dream, 11
-: to be eager, zealous, ready, 3
-: to need or ask in addition, 1
-: to send along with, 5
--: to help remove, help take out,
1
1 : aor. inf.
: from you; obj. of , Att.
3 . . .: so that we may remove it

5 : no longer mention;
prohibitive subj., 2nd pl. aor. dep.
6 : I would not send him; potent.
: these things are now a care for him
8 : those going. dat. pple
: as eager as possible
to; + superlative, predicate of
: aor. inf. --
10 : being content; gen. abs.

11 : having heard; nom. sg. pf. pple
: (the things) which..; relative
12 : Since Croesus
was saying that he would not send; abs.
13 at some time
before it was a very fine and very noble
thing for us to be well-reputed going to
both wars and hunts
14 :
from both of these you have closed me off
Adrastus and Atys

,

3 ; ,
;
; ,
.
38 . ,
, ,
2
,
.

, ,
.
[ ]
-, : cowardice, without heart, 1
, : sense of hearing, hearing, 2
-: persuade, convince, 6
-: to shut off or away from, 3
-, - -: unpleasant, graceless, 4
, : cowardice, 2
-: to keep alive by stealth, 1
: to be well-reputed, 2
, : the chase, 1
, -, -: what sort of? what kind of?, 11
: somehow, in any way, 9
41
15
20
25

-, -: short-lived, 1
, -, : the eye, 1
, : a dream, 11
, -, : dream, vision, sight, 14
-: to receive, undertake, 8
-: see (acc.) in (dat.), 3
, : citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
: to be eager, hasten, 6
-: to dwell together , live togther, 10
, : sleep, slumber, 4
16 : nom. sg. aor. pple,

24 : standing over; nom. sg. fem.
17 : with what eyes; Att.
aor. pple
20 : either releaseor
: will be; fut. inf.
persuade; aor. imper. -, - 26 things undertaken
21 : better; ; neuter pl. pred. 28 : to steal you (from death); aor
23 : neuter acc. sg.
inf.
42
39

. .
, ,
,
.
. ,
;
, ,
.
40 , .
,
. ,
41 .
,
. , , ,
10
14
, : chase, 6
, : Adrastus, 7
-: to show, make clear; perform, 5
-, -: unpleasant, graceless, 4
-, : dream, vision seen in sleep, 4
, -, -: what sort of? what kind of?, 11
: to escape notice of, be unnoticed, 4
: to consider, reckon, calculate, 2
-: to change one's mind, 1
-: send after, send for, summon, 7
, : tusk, tooth, 1
, : a dream, 11
: to strike, beat, 2
-, : forgiveness; confession, 3
: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
, , : a Phrygian, 4
1 : I forgive
you for keeping guard; there is forgiveness
for you to keep guard explanatory inf.
2 : dat. sg. pple modifying
3 ...: the dream which you do
not understand; relative clause
: has escaped your notice; pf. act.
: that I talk. is acc. subject
5 : pres. inf.
..: does a boar have; are of a boar
6 :that you fear; ()
7 : (the dream) told; 3rd sg. aor.

: (by) something else;
: which is like this;
: it would be necessary. impf.
8 : (the things) which; relative
: since
9 : let me go; aor. imperative -
10 : there is (a way) by which; relative
11 : having been; pf. pass.
12 : to go; inf.
14 : struck; pf. pass. pple
Adrastus and Atys

, ,
.
,

3 .
42 . ,

, ,
2 . ,
( ),
, , ,
43 . 2
43
15
20
25
, : chase, 6
, : Adrastus, 7
, : feat, task, duty, 2
-, -: unharmed, unhurt, 1
-: to become famous, 1
-: to return, come home, 3
, : expense, cost, expenditure, 1
, : mischief, ruin, bane, 1
, -, -: myself, 3
: to have, hold back, check, restrain, 3
, : doing ill, mischievous, 1
, -, : a thief, 1
-, , : of the same age, comrade, 2
: to object, reproach, rebuke, 2
: owe, be under obligation to (inf.), 3

, -, -: of one's father, ancestral, 3
-: many times, often, 1
-: to do beforehand, 1
-: to expect, 1
-: moreover, in addition, still, 1
, : bodily strength, might, 3
, -, : a watcher, guard, sentinel, 3
: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 7
: (it is) right that 3
: to request, want, need, (gen., inf.), 3
, -, -: good, worthy, 7
15 : I have received in dat.

16 : (since) I did worthy deeds for
you before; gen. abs. causal in sense
19 ... : lest show you
to ruin; fearing clause; aor. subj.
23 : I would not go; potential impf. ind.

24 : one experienced in;
: it is reasonable; pple
25 : I would restrain myself; cf. l. 23
28 (): whom you bid; 2nd sg.
44
,
.
,
2 . ,
, , ,
2 .
, ,
44 .

2
10
14

: to hurl a javelin at, 1
: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5
-: to complain loudly, 1
-: to fill up, expiate, 3
-: to equip, fit out, furnish, prepare, 2
, -: Protector of the hearth, 3
-: to hurl a javelin at, 1
, -: Protector of friendship, 2
, : Zeus, 11
, : death, 4
: to run, rush, 6
, -, -: (of) purification, 2
, : a circle, round, ring, 14
, , , : a dog, 8
, : picked men, 4
: to call to witness, invoke, 1
, : death, doom, fate, destiny, 4
, : Olympus, 3
, : a dream, 11
-: to be greatly aggrieved, 3
-: to stand around, 2
-: confound, distress, disturb, 2
, : praise, report, rumor, 2
, : murder, homicide, slaughter, 5
1 : went; 3rd pl. impf.

2 : with; dat. accompaniment
3 : nom. pl. aor. pple.
: nom. pl. aor. pple.
4 : just then
5 : having been purified; aor. pass.
: in respect to murder; respect
6 : misses this; gen. obj.
: but hits; + gen. obj.

7 : nom. pl. aor. pple.
: fulfilled; 3rd sg. aor. -
8 : what happened; pf. pple
9 : pf. pple. -
11 : furthermore; acc. of respect
12 : (the one) whom he purified
: from; separation; 13-14 Facing
Adrastus and Atys

, ,

, ,
45 .
, .

, ,
,
, .
2 ,

,
.
, , ,
3 .
, : Adrastus, 7
-, -, -: unwilling, 12
, -: worth living, 1
: to feed, nourish, tend, 1
: because, on account of which, 1
-: to perform, accomplish, 4
--: to slay upon or over, 2
, -: Protector of the hearth, 3
, -: Protector of friendship, 2
: although, albeit, 2
-: to condemn, sentence, 1
-: show mercy or compassion, 1
: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13
: to escape notice of, be unnoticed, 4
, : corpse, dead body, 12
13 : he kept
invoking fiercely Zeus the Purifier
... : (the things) that he
suffered; pf. pple of + 3rd sg.
opt. forms a periphrastic pf. opt.
15 ..: this same god; i.e. Zeus
18 : that he discovered; 3rd sg.
pf. opt. ; ind. disc, secondary seq.
45
15
20
25
, -, -: ones own; of the family, 5

, : house, dwelling, abode, 14
-: give or hand over, transmit, 12
- : show before, reveal, 1
-: to hold out before, propose, 2
-: to send along with, 5
, -, -: so great, so much 11
, : murderer, slayer, homicide, 6
, -, : a watcher, guard, sentinel, 3
: were present; impf. -
: followed it; 3rd sg. impf.
: tried to hand over; impf
: to slay over; aor. inf.
: that he has
destroyed; periphrastic pf. opt., ind. disc.
27 : you are; 2nd sg. pres. , Att.
: except insofar as you; respect
19
20
21
22
46

,
,
,
, .

46
.

, , , ,
2 .
, -
10
14
, : a brother, 5
, : Adrastus, 7
-: to stop from, cease from, 1
-: test, to make trial (+ gen.) 1
: to increase, augment, 5
, -: ill-fated, 1
, : Gordias, 3
-, : thought, intention, purpose, 2
-: to send in different ways, 6
-: to place in, step in, 1
--: slay upon or over (+ dat.) 2
, : sovereignty, hegemony, 2
, : Cambyses, 9

-: to seize, lay hold of, find, 3
-: to sit down, station, 4
, : Cyaxares, 14
, : Libya, the north part of Africa, 2
, -, -: prophetic, oracular, 7
, : Midas, 4
, : grief, woe, sorrow, 2
, -, : tomb, 6
: to deprive, bereave, rob of, 2
-: agree, have sympathy with, 3
, : tomb, a sepulchral mound, 1
, -, : deliberation, thought, 2
1 : as was reasonable; pple

3 : of the purifier; pf.
4 : acknowledging
to be; Adrestus is also subj. of the inf.
5 : whom he himself knew; 3rd sg.
2nd plpf. (-), translate as simple
past; acc. obj. is gen. through attraction
7 : over two years
: 3rd pl. impf. -
8 : pf. pass. , + genitive

of separation
9 -: nom. fem. aor. pass.
10 : from his grief; gen. separation
11 : made him embark; aor. -
: on the thought
whether he would be able; aor. potent. opt
14 : both those in
Greece and that in Libya
Croesus ambition toward Persia

, ,
, ,
3 .

.
,
,
47 .
,
,
,
47
15
20
25
, : Abae, 2
, : truth, 5
: in another place; in another way, 3
, : Amphiareus, 4
, -, : Zeus-Ammon, 1
-: to send out or away, dispatch, 4
, : Branchidai, 5
-, : test, trial, experiment, 1
, : Dodona, 1
, -, -: the hundredth, 1

-: to command, enjoin, order, 1
: to count the days, 1
, : Libya, the north part of Africa, 2
: to consult an oracle; prophesy, 2
, : (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
, : Trophonius, 1
: to think, know, be wise, prudent, 4
, : a Phocian, 2
15 : different men in different

places
...: some others (still)
others
17 : to Amphiaraus; acc.
sing. in the Attic declension, not gen. pl.
18 : of the Milesian (district)
: these (are) the
oracles
19 : to which he sent
: fut. pple
20 : 3rd sg. aor. -
: going to consult the oracle;
fut. pple.
: he sent (them); supply an object
21 : testing; pres. pple

: what(ever) they knew; 3rd
pl. pres. opt. in a general relative clause
: so that he may ask;
purpose
: if should be found; aor. pass.
opt.
22 : sending them a second
(time)
23 : ordering these things...to
consult and report; + ,
: from which they set out; aor. dep.
subjunctive
27 : he happens to be doing
48

, . ,

,
3
,
, .

3
,
, .
48
. ,
10
14
-: to report, bring up, recover, 7

, -, -: of a sheep, 1
, -: hexameter, of six meters, 2
: to stew, cook; boil, 4
, -: hard-shelled, 1
, : meat, piece of meat, 11
, -, -: deaf, 3
, : measure, length, size, 2
, : a smell, scent, odor, 3

-: to send round, send, 1
: to declare by oracle, prophesy, 3
-: to compose, write in prose, 2
-: understand, realize; put together, 3
, : meter; cord, tension, 3
-: to spread beneath, 1
, , : the midriff; mind, wits, 1
: speak, utter, 2
, -, : copper, bronze, 7
, : a tortoise, 2
, : the reply of an oracle, oracle, 7
, : sand, 1
1 : whatever each
prophesies; aor. subj., general relative cl.
2 : that which; relative, subj. of
4 : as soon as they entered

5 : asked. 3rd pl. impf.
-
6 : what was commanded; the
thing commanded pf. pass. -
: in hexameter verse
7 : gen. of source, object of -
: one not speaking; pres. pple
9 : has come to mind;

: gen. sg., modifing
: gen. sg. pres. pass.
10 : together with with
sheeps meat; is an epic dat. pl.
11 : under which; dat. of compound verb
: has been spread under; pf.
: will be on top; 3rd sg. fut. -
13 : nom. pl. pple, -
: crasis for
: sent around; aor. pass.
14 : were at hand; impf. -

.

, ,
,
2 .
,
,
49 , .
,
,
(
),
50 .

,
49
15
20
25
30
-, -: impossible, inconceivable, 2
, - : Amphiareus, 4
-: to unroll, unfold, 2
, , : lamb, sheep, (no nom.), 1
-, -: without lie, without deceit, 1
-, -: silver-plated, 1
-, : lid, cover, 1
- : to devise, contrive, 2
-: point out besides, tell, indicate, 2
-, -: gold-plated, 1
-: see over, observe, take notice of, 7
-, : messenger for an oracle, 10
, : an offering, sacrifice, 6
, -: fit for sacrifice, sacrificial, 1
: to appease, propitiate, 2
-: to chop up, cut up, 3
, : a couch, bed, 3
: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6
, -, : animal; flocks, herds, 3
, -, -: appointed, authorized, 1
, : caldron, kettle, 2
: at the same place, together, 1
-: to receive, accept, 2
-: to pray to, worship, 2
-: to admit, allow; mid. attract, 3
, , : composition, writing 1
-, -, -: three thousand, 1
-, : a reply, answer, 3
, : a tortoise, 2
15 : looked over; -, 3rd sg.

impf. -
16 : attracted; impf. mid. -
20 : looking for the appointed day
23 : nom. sg. aor. pple. -
24
25
26
27
: were consulted; aor. pass.

: I am able to say what
: doing proper things; dat. pl. pple
: other, at least, than that
50

,
, , -

.
,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
, .

. , , (
), , -
10
14
-: to win over, regain, recover, 2

-, -: boundless, immense, 3
, : pure, refined, boiled down, 2
, , : short, 2
: ten, 5
, -: worth two talents, 1
, -, : clothing, clothes, garment, 5
: a hundred, 7
: to draw, drag; weigh, 10
-, -: of six palm-lengths, 1
-: to drive out, beat out, 13
--: seventeen, 1
-, : an ingot, half-brick, 3
-, : a half-talent, 4
: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10

-: to fall down, 1
-: pour or melt down, pour over, 2
, -, -: white, bright, brilliant, 5
, -, : a lion, 4
: truly, surely (Att. ), 1
: heap up, 1
, -, -: of one palm-length, 1
-: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
, -, -: purple-dyed, dark, 2
, : fire, pyre, funeral pyre, 8
, : talent (equiv. to 57.75 lbs.), 5
, -: four, 8
, , : of three palm-lengths 1
, -, : height, 3
, : a broad, flat vessel, a bowl, 1
3 : that every one of them

4 : whichhas; opt., general relative
6 : making the longer
(sides) six palms-length, the shorter (sides)
three palm-lengths, and one palm-length in
height; add , acc respect
7 : in number; acc. of respect

9 : weighing; drawing, same below
10 : in weight; acc. respect, also l.14
12 : after the temple was burned
13 : fell down; aor. -
14 : had sat; plpf. deponent

51 .
, ,
, ,
, .
2
,
,
,
3
.
,
51
15
20
25
.
, , , , , : amphora, jar, urn (39 liters), 2
-: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14
-: to melt from, 1
, -, -: left, left side, 3
, : corner, angle, 1
, -, -: on the right hand or side, 5
-: twelve, 11
, -, -: seventh, 1
, -, -: ninth, 1
, -, -: six hundred, 2
-: to inscribe on, 2
-: to mix wine, 1
-, : a half-talent, 4
, : Theodorus, 1
, : Theophania, Delphic festival 1
, : Clazomenae, 2
, : size, magnitude, size, height, 13
-: to transpose, shift, change, 1
, : minae (1/60 talent, 15 ounces), 1
-, : sprinkler, 2
, : a wine-jar, 1
-, : fronthall of a temple, 1
, -, -: Samians, from Samos, 6
-: to meet with, fall in with, 2
, -, -: fourth, 3
15 : was melted off; 3rd sg. aor. pass.

: from it; gen. separation
17 : along with these
: in length; dat. of respect
18 : one of gold was set; cf 19
19 : on the right for one
entering; pple -
20 : burned; neuter pl. aor. pass.

pple
23 : having room for, holding; pres.
pple
26 : ordinary, usual; neut. aor.
pple, encountering
28 : stand; 3rd pl. pf.
52
,
4 ,
,
. ,
, , 5 .
,
,
,
.
52 .
, ,
,
,
10
14

, : Amphiareus, 4
, : excellence, goodness, virtue, 3
-, , : a baker, 1
, : the neck, throat, 1
, : an image, likeness, phantom, 1
-: to inscribe on, 2
, -, -: remarkable, marked on, 1
, : a belt, 1
, -: round, circular, 3
, : shaft (of a spear), 1
, -, -: straight, upright, right, 4
: where, 6
-, -, -: neither of the two, 3
, : misfortune, 3
-, : sprinkler, 2
, : a shield, 1
, -, -: solid, firm, 3
, -: of three cubits length (4.5 ft.), 1
, , : water, 10
: do a favor, gratify, indulge (dat) 7
, -, : bowl, 1
1 : of these (two)
on the golden one it has been inscribed,
with the Spartans claiming that it is their
offering; gen. abs. governs ind. disc.
2 : speaking; i.e. the Spartans
: one of the Delphians
4 : I will not mention; fut.
: (the statue of) the boy
: through whose hands
5 : neither are Spartan
6 : along with these
10 : and in addition
: necklaces; things
from the neck
12 : having learned; aor. pple
.: his valor and misfortune;

Amphiaraus was one of the Seven
against Thebes, who was swallowed by
the earth. A shrine in his honor is the site
of the oracle.
14 : similarly to the
spearpoints; dat. governed by the
following adv.

.

53

2 , , ,

,
, ,

3 .
,
, ,
53
15
20
25

, : Apollo, 5
, : a gift, present, 9
-, : a thing discovered, invention 3
, : Thebes, 4
, -, : Ismenian, 2
, : a spear-head, javelin-head, 1
-: fortell, announce, 1
-: to attach, add, impose, give, 7
-: to run together, coincide, 2
15 : neuter sg. pres. pple,

: up to my time; up to me
16 : were lying; impf. ; neuter
pple
: in (the district) of Thebes;
partitive gen.
18 : to those (of the) Lydians
intending to bring; dat. pple; partitive gen.
19 : to order; pres. inf. -contract
: whether he is to
campaign..; deliberative pres. subjunctive
20 : whether he should
attach(to himself) as a friend; aor. opt.
where one expects a deliberative subj.
21 : to the oracles; supply
: 3rd pl. aor. pass. -
22 : 3rd pl. aor. -

: they consulted; + dat.
25 : worthy of the
things discovered; i.e. Croesus test
: gave; 3rd sg. aor.
26 : he asks; 3rd sg. pres. -contract
27 : see 19-20
: they asked; 3rd pl. impf.
28 ...: agreed; ran
together to the same, aor. -
29 : if every he campaigns;
Att. + pres subj, protasis in a present
general condition
54
,
.
54 ,
, , , ,
2 .
,

55 .

, .
, .
.
10
14

, : truth, 5
-, : exemption from taxes, 1
: back again, later, 11
: to bestow, give, present, 3
-: to take ones fill of; carry in, 1
: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11
-: to destroy, break up, upset, 4
-, : monarchy, sovereignty, 1
: quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, 2
, : crowd, multitude; size, 11
-, -: long lived, 2
, : the privilege of the front seats, 1
-, : right to consult oracle first, 1
, : Pytho, 1
, : stater, gold coin, 1
-: to be very pleased at, 2
: to consult an oracle, 5
1 : that he will destroy; fut.

2 superlative
: they advised him that he
: (that he) finding out; aor. pple.
acc. sg. subject of ; Croesus,
is the antecedent of the dat. sg. and
the understood noun governing the acc.
: aor. mid. inf. -

3 : having been reported; neuter
aor. pass. pple. -
: 3rd sg. aor.

4 : 3rd sg. aor. dep. -
: see note l. 1
6 :
bestows the Delphians with two staters of
gold for each man; verb governs acc. of
person and dat. obj.
: aor. pple
7 : in response to these (gifts)
7-14 Notes on facing page
Croesus appeal to the Greeks

,
, ,
.
56
, ,
.
,
2

. ,
.
3 , .
55
15
20
25
: to be or feel ashamed of; respect, 2

, -, -: ancient, old, 12
, -, -: Doric, 2
-: to go out, depart, emigrate, 1
, : Hermos river, 2
, -, : a word, 11
: to think, worry, give heed to, 4
: to enjoy, take delight in (+ dat.) 5
-, : mule, half-breed, 5
, -, -: Ionic, Ionian, 2

: , whenever, 2
, -, -: Pelasgian, 6
, -: tenderfooted, 1
-, -: wandering, roving, 1
-, : with many pebbles, 1
-: be superior, hold before, surpass, 4
-: to choose before others, prefer, 2
-: to win over, gain besides, 2
3rd pl. aor. pl.

9 : and to allow (any) of them
wishing; one of the many objects of
: for everlasting time

10 : aor. pple.
11 : a third time
: 3rd sg. aor. -
12 : 3rd sg. impf. -
: he asked; 3rd sg. impf.
13 : 3rd sg. fut.
14 : prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres.
15 : whenevercomes; aor.
subj. general temporal clause

16 : vocative, direct address
17 , , : inf. as
imperatives
18 : in these words coming
(to Croesus); obj. of verb
: 3rd sg. aor. dep.
20 : those (decended) from him
21 : whom he could
win over; relative clause, aor. potential
opt.
25 : were the chosen; pf.
pple or plpf. periphrastic (pf. pple + impf.)
56

,
-
, ,

57 . ,
.
,
(
2 ), ,
,
10
14
: genuinely, with certainty, 7

, : tongue, 12
, -, : Deucalion, 1
, : Dryopis, 3
, : Dorus, 1
, -, : Dorian, 8
, -, -: Doric, 2
, : the Hellespont, 1
, : Thessaliotis, 1
, : Histiaeotis, 2
, -, -: Cadmean, 3
, , : Creston, 1
, , : Macedonian, 1
-: to migrate, change places, 2
, : Olympus, 3
-, -: having the same borders, 2
, : Mt. Ossa, 1
, : the Peloponnesus, 4
, : Pindus mountains 1
, , 1: Placia, 1
, : Scylake, 1
-, -: co-inhabitant, dwelled with, 1
: to guess, conjecture, 2
, -, -: Tyrrhenian, Etruscan, 1
: above, on behalf of +gen; beyond +acc7
, : Phthia, 1
: (it is) necessary, right, 3
1 : in the time of King Deucalion

: (the Greek people) lived; 3rd sg. impf.
: in the time of Dorus
4 : rose and departed; 3rd sg. aor.
: because of the Cadmeans
5 : migrated; 3rd sg. aor. -
7 : was called; 3rd sg. aor pass.
: whatuttered; aor.
: I am able; +inf.
8 : it is necessary; impersonal
: (that one)
guessing by those of the Pelasgians existing
still now; dat. means; add missing acc. subj.
12 : and
of the Pelasgians having inhabited;
14 : and as many other
Pelasgian towns;
Croesus appeal to the Greeks

, .
,

. -
57
15
20
,

58 , .
,
,
, .
,
, .
-, -: without strength, weak, 6
-: to separate, to split off, 2
, -, -: Attic, 5
: to increase, augment, 5
: make clear or visible; show, exhibit 7
-: use continually; destroy (dat), 5
-: declare, make clear, declare, 1
, : Crestonian, 1
-: to migrate, change places, 2
-: to change, 4
-, : change; eclipse, 2
-: to learn, 1
15 : if it is necessary to speak
guessing by these; repeating ll. 8-9
16 : speaking; pres. pple.
18 : with the change to Greeks
21 : to them; i.e. the Crestonians
22 : what dialect of the
25
30
- - -: of the same language, 3

-: to live around, 1
, -, -:, people of Placia, 1
, -, : a city, 5
: before, 3
-: to go to, approach, 2
, -, -: long, much, many, great, 5
-: well then; therefore, accordingly, 2
, : type, feature, dialect, 3
25
26
27
29
30
language they brought; aor. ;

: having been separated; pple
: from something small
: have increased; pf. pass.
: in addition
: to have been increased; pf inf.
58
59

.

.
, ,
, , .

,
, -
10
15
, -, : Alcmeon, 1
: without (+ gen.), 7
-: speak against, refuse, renounce, 4
, -, -: Attic, 5
-: to tear asunder, pull apart, 1
-, -, -: full of, 1
: to boil, seethe, bubble up, 1
, -, : Hippocrates, 4
, : caldron, kettle, 2
, : Megacles, 5
, : the Olympic games, 2

-: to advise, exhort, order, 6
-, -, -: coastal (people), 1
-: to happen to be present at, 1
-: to be in charge, set in charge, 4
, -, : fire, 9
: to dispute, quarrel, rebel, revolt, 3
, : portent, sign, wonder, marvel, 4
-, -: child-bearing, 1
, , : water, 10
-: to surpass, overshoot, 3
, , : Chilon, 2
1 : among these people; partitive gen.

...: that the Attic region is
held and is torn asunder; ind. disc (pple )
3 : son of Hippocrates
: during this time; acc. duration
4 : gen. obj. of
: came to + dat.
when he sacrificed
the sacrificial victims; gen. abs.
6 : standing on (tripods); pf. pple
: they boiled over; 3rd pl. aor.

8 : happening to be present; aor.
9 : not to lead (in marriage); mid.
10 : happens to have (one)
11 : if there happens to be a son to..
12 : H. was willing; ind. discourse
13 : came to be (born) to him
14 : the coastal people and
Athenians on the plain fighting; gen. abs.
15 : being in charge over; pf.
Pisistratus of Athens
, ,

.
,
,
, ,
.

,

6 .
.
,
,
60 .
, : Aristolaides, 1
, -, -: townsman, country-man, 6
: really, (implies falsity of speech), 2
-, : bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11
: to awaken, wake up, rouse, 3
-: to deceive, beguile, 3
, -, -: hated, hostile; subs. enemy, 2
: to be well-reputed, 2
, : cart, a yoke of beasts, 3
-: pick, recount, 3
-: fix ones thoughts on, aim at 2
, : staff, club, 1
-, : club-bearers, 1
: to order, arrange, adorn, 10
59
16
20
25
30
: get, light upon; attain, obtain (gen.), 4

, : Lycurgus, 8
, : Megarians, 1
-: to change, alter, 1
, : Nisaea, 1
, : wood, 4
, : party, faction; quarrel, 4
, : partisan, party member, 6
, : generalship, leadership, 2
-: to collect, gather, 8
---: rise up against together, 1
-: confound, distress, disturb, 2
, : honor; political offices, 9
: to wound, 1
-, : hill-men, 1
16 : gen. abs.; add

he asked to get; 24 : aor pple
18 : in a word, heading 27 : attended him; impf.
19 : aor. ; 21 31 : within standing laws; pf.
60

.
,
. .
,
. ,
, , ,

,

10
14

-: to throw off, or away, 4
-: separate; mid. to answer, reply, 2
, -, -: clever, on the right side, 5
-: to take on oneself, consent to, 1
-: to send by a herald, 2
-, -: stupid, silly, simple-minded, 1
, : stupidity, silliness, foolishness, 1
, -: foolish, 1
-, : return; decent, 2

, : Lycurgus, 8
, : Megacles, 5
-: to drive round; harass, 2
: to take root, establish, 2
, : wisdom, skill, intelligence, 4
1 : thinking the same

4 : having taken root; pf. pple.
: driving out;. aor. pple.
5 : anew; from new
6 : by the quarral; dat. means
7 : to have his daughter as wife
8 ...: on condition of the tyranny
: gen. abs.
9 : on this conditions
10 : by far; dat. degree of difference,
11 : the Greeks
distinguished themselves from barbarian

people; 3rd sg. aor. dep; gen. of separation
: from rather long ago
12 ....: being bothand; pple
: from; gen. separation
: having been removed; pf.
13 : if even at that time
. . : among Athenians
said to be first of the Greeks in wisdom;
is pred.; , respect
4
.
,
61
15
,
,
,
,
5
20
, ,

.

,
61 .

25
30
, : Athens, 7
-: receive from, cut off, 2
-: to leave behind, abandon, 1
, : a chariot, 1
: to marry, 3
, : a finger, 3
: to receive, accept, take, 7
-: to go to and fro continually, 2
-: to cause to enter, 1
-, -: well-looking; decent, fitting 1
-: to bring back or down, 3
, : Megacles, 5
-, : agreement, 2
, : Paeanian, 1
, : the full armour of a hoplite, 1
, : cubit, fore-arm length (17.46 in.), 6
-: to show (before), foreshadow, 2
-, : advance-guard, 1
-: to send before or forward, 3
-: to pray to, worship, 2
: prepare, make ready; bring about 9
, -, : form, figure, appearance, 1
, -: four, 8
, : three, 13
, : report, rumor, 3
, : Phue, 1
15 : there was a woman; impf.

: to whom; dat. of possession
16 : 3 fingers short of 4
cubits in height; acc. of respect
18 . . : showing in
advance having which sort of appearance

she was going to appear most beautiful
21 : things ordered; pf. pass.
29 : in the way mentioned
: in the agreement
62

.
,

.
,
, . .
,
. ,
.
,
. , ,
10
14
: to collect, gather together, 4

, : Alcmeonid, 2
-: to win over, regain, recover, 2
-: to pass; intervene, 1
, -, : a giving, a gift, 2
, : a gift, present, offering, 2
, -: under a curse, 1
, : Eretria, 2
, : hatred, enmity, 2
, -, -: Theban, 1
, : Hippias, 1
-: to change, reconcile, 1
: to hide, cover, cloak, 5
, : Megacles, 5
, : a mother, 12
, : anger; temperment, 5
-: to owe, be obligated to, 1
, : a child, 11
-: to surpass, overshoot, 3
1 : since..;. governing both gen. absolutes

: he (already) had
young children; gen. abs., dat. possession
2 : Alcmaeonids said to be
3 : that he have;. possession
4 : had intercourse with her
: according to custom
: at first;. adverbial accusative
5 : afterwards
: inquiring;. pres. pple. +
6 ...: and she speaks to her husband

: to be dishonored by Pisist.
seized this one something terrible; aor.
is adv. acc: in a terrible way
7 : in anger, as he was; impf.
8 : aor. pple.
: the things being done;.
11 : Hippias
convincing him to; dat. of respect
13 : had been obligated to them

,
, ,
62 , .

, .

, .
2 , ,
,
,
,
.
,
, -
63
16
20
25
30

: on both sides, 4
, -, -: desirable; welcome, 1
, -, -: Attic, 5
, : volunteer, 1
, : freedom, liberty, 3
-, -, -: the eleventh, 1
-: to equip, fit out, furnish, prepare, 2
, : Eretria, 2
: until, as long as, 2
: to have, hold back, check, restrain, 3
-: to return; descend, 2
-, : return; decent, 2
, : Lygdamis, 2
, , : Marathon, 4
-: afterwards, 1
, -, -: hired, 1
, -, -: Naxian, 1
-: in full force, 1
: to travel, journey, march, 6
-, : eagerness, zeal, readiness, 3
-: to stream in, stream to, 2
: to encamp, take a position,2
-: to go together or in company, 5
15 : to speak in notwords; inf. abs.

16 : fitted out for themselves
18 : having arrived;. pf. pple
: to whom was;. dat. possession
20 : having set out;. aor. dep pple

...: during the 11th year
27 : held (him) of no account
29 : went; 3rd pl. impf.
64

,
. ,

, ,
.
63 ,

.
, .
.
2 ,
10
14
, : Acarnian, 1
, : Amphilytus, 1
: on both sides, 4
, : midday meal, 2
, : a cast (of a net), 1
, : plan, deliberation, advice, opinion 1
, : snare, net, 2
-: to spread out, 1
-: to be inspired, 1
-: to lead on or against, 2
-: to devise, contrive, 2
-: to fall upon, attack, 1
, -: hexameter, of six meters, 2
, : dice, 2
, -, -: some among many, 3
, , : a night, 13
: to dart along, pounce upon, 1
, -, : Pallas, 1
-: stand near, set before the mind, 5
, : escort, guidance, 1
-: to come or go to, approach, 5
, : a tuna fish, 1
: to throw, cast, hurl;. 2
, -, -: moonlight, 1
, -, -: wise, skilled, 5
, : meter; cord, tension, 3
: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
-, : speaking oracles, 1
1 : set arms opposite (one

another); 3rd pl. aor. mid.
2 : employing + dat.
: is standing; mid. -
4 : pres. pple - pres
: prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres.
5 : has been thrown; 3rd sg. pf.
: 3rd sg. pf. -
7 : grasping; aor. pple

8 : saying; nom. sg. pple.
: thing prophesied; aor. pass pple
10 : had turned; plpf. mid.
11 : supply had turned
12 : attacking; aor. -
14 : so that might gather be;
purpose, aor. opt. pass. , pres. opt.

,
,
64 .
,

,
,

2 (
)

,
. ,
,
.
65
15
20
25
30
, : Athens, 7
, : Alcmeonid, 2
-: make go up, cause to mount, 3
-: from the very spot, 1
, : Delos, 2
-: scatter, disperse, disband, 3
-: to dig out, 1
-, : a helper, assistant, ally, 2
-: turn toward or over to, entrust, 5
-, : range of vision, a view over, 1
-: to find, seize, lay hold of, 3
, : prophecy, oracle, 2
, : Lygdamis, 2
, : Naxos, 1
-: shift, move, 1
, -, -: of the house; relative, 5
, : a hostage, 1
-: remain, live and grow up, 5
: to take root, establish, 2
, -, : the Strymon, 1
-, : collection; assembly, meeting, 1
16 : those fleeing; i.e. battle

17 : things ordered; pf. pass.
: the sons bidding (the fleeing)
18 : to his own home
19
23
26
30
: holding; nom. sg. aor.

: taking as hostages; aor. pple.
: over as much land
: 3rd pl. plpf.
66
65

,

.

.

.
,
, .

.
.
, .
10
15
-, -: unsociable, 1
: to doubt, be at a loss, 1
, -: notable, famous, worthy, 6
, -, : house, 2
, : Hegesikles, 1
: to suppose; hope, 1
: right away, straight, directly, at once, 6
-, : good order, order, 1
-: prosper, be well off, successful, 3
, : Zeus, 11
-, -, -: ill-governed, 1
-, -, -: superior to (gen.), 3
: to consult an oracle; prophesy, 2
, : megaron, hall, a large room, 2
-: to change, 4
, : temple, 26
, : the Olympic games, 2
, -: fat, rich, 1
: , 1
-: strike against, stumble; lose, 2
, : Sparta, 8
, -, : a Spartan, 9
, -: of Tegea, 9
1 .. such things (were)

gripping the Athenians; obj. of
: during; acc. of duration

3 : having escaped; acc. pf. pple
: in war; dat. of respect
4 : gen. of comparison
: during; Sparta had 2 kings at a time
5 : regarding; acc. respect
7 : earlier than these
things; gen. of comparison

: were; 3rd pl. impf.
: unsociable both
regarding themselves and to foreigners;
there is a lack of parallelism
9 : abs.; aor.
11 : entered, went to; impf. -
13 ...: dear to Zeus and all; dative
: dat. pl. pple modifying
14 : whetheror;
Sparta and its neighbors

4

.
,
, , .
, ,
,
,
66 . ,
.
, ,
, -
67
16
20
25
, : nephew, 1
, -, : Arcadian, 4
, -, : old man; elder, 3
-, : a Spartan platoon, a sworn-in 1
-: to be guardian; manage, 2
-: to thrive, flourish, prosper, 1
-: to have good laws, be orderly, 2
, : ephor, overseer, 1
: to make sit, establish, place, 4
-: to think firmly, aim at, 2
, : good order, world, 3
, -: stronger, mightier, 1
, : Crete, 5
, -, : Leobotes, 1
, : Lycurgus, 8
-: to change, 4
, : customs and laws, usages, 1
-: to transgress, offend, 1
: to worship, revere, 3
, -, : a Spartan, 9
-, : public mess, common meal, 1
: to run, 1
, -, : unit of thirty, thirty, 1
16 : in addition to these things

...: that Pythia told; aor inf.
17 : the order now
established; pf. pple. -
: for Spartans; dat. interest
18 : having
become guardian of Leobotes; ingressive
19 : while he (was) his
nephew and was king of the Spartans; abs.
20 : brought; aor. mid. inf. ;
ind. discourse, is acc. subj.

21 : guarded that they not transgress
these (laws)
22 ...: matters pertaining to war
24 : set up, established; aor.
: became well-ordered ; aor.
25 : having founded ; aor. pple.
26 : since (they live); + pple. is causal
27 . . : thrived, shot up; aor
28 : sufficed; impf., inf. is the subject
68
2

.
.
.
,
.

.
,
,
, ,
. , ,
.

10
15

, : Alea, 1
, : Arcadia, 3
, -, : Arcadian, 4
-: to be distant, keep away from, 4
-: to hinder or prevent from, 1
-: to carry off or away, report, 5
-, -: acorn-eating, 1
-: to measure out, 2
: to lead into captivity, 3
: to be inferior, be defeated, 11
: to take alive, capture alive, 5
, -, -: deceptive, spurious, 2
: to be grudging, 1
: to dance, 3
-, -: no one, nothing, 3
, : shackles, fetters, 7
, : plain, 6
, -: relying on, trusting, 2
-, -: struck with the foot, 1
-, : battle, a coming together, 2
, , : safe and sound, safe, sound 3
, : measuring-rope, reed, 2
, : Tegea, 6
, -: Tegean, 9
, : oracle, an oracles reply, 7

3 : you ask me for Arcadia;
: you ask me for much; double acc.
: 1st sg. fut.
4 : are; 3rd sg. pres. , Att.
6 : to you (Sparta) I will
grant to dance on Tegea, struck under foot;
7 : to measure out; aor. inf.
8 : being reported; aor pass
9 : kept away; + gen. of separation
: against the Tegeans

10 : to lead into
captivity; + fut. pple expresses purpose
11 : being defeated; aor. pass.
: in the encounter
12 : 3rd pl. aor. pass.
: wearing shackles
: which they themselves brought
14 : in which they had been
bound; plpf.
15 : to my time

67
.
,

, . ,

.

.
.
.
,
,
, .
, - : Agamemnon, 1
: compete, do battle with, 2
, : necessity, force, constraint, 9
, : lord of men, 1
, -, : wind, 9
-, : counterblow, 2
, -, : Ariston, 1
, : Arcadia, 3
: to ask, inquire, question, 5
-: to lead on or against, 2
, : tomb, chest, box, 2
69
16
20
25
30
: to appease, propitiate, 2
-: above, from above (gen.), 4
-, -, -: superior to (gen.), 3
, -, -: strong, stout, mighty, 1
: to hang, 2
, -, : Lacedaemon, 2
, -, -: smooth, level, even, 1
, : Orestes, 4
, : bone, 2
, -, : woe, misery, suffering, 4
: to blow, 1
, -, : a Spartan, 9
-, -: continuous, 1
, : Tegea, 6
, -: Tegean, 9
, : a blow, 2
16 ...: during., over

: which of the gods; acc. sg.
17 ...: during the time of Croesus 23 : might become
20 : in war; dat. of respect
superior to; potential aor. optative
: 3rd pl. plpf.
25 : if bringing; conditional
21 : in this way; dat. manner
: were able to.; the sort to
: kept being beaten; iterative
27 : in which lay; opt.
22 : 3rd pl. impf. -
: dat. pl. pres. pple.
70

,
.
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
68 .
. ,
, .
2 ,
, : Agamemnon's son Orestes
-, : Agathoergoi, 2
, : earth, 1
: in another place; in another way, 3
: marvel at, wonder, be amazed 4
: to look for, search, 4
, -: smaller, fewer, 6
: to cease, take rest, be idle, 1
-, : discovery, invention, 2
-, : peaceful relations, a mixing, 1
-, : master; helper, ally, 1
10
14
, : a knight, horseman, calvaryman, 4
, -, -: common, ordinary; public, 7
, : Liches, 2
, -, : old (man), 5
, : wisdom, skill, intelligence, 4
, -, : a Spartan, 9
-, : chance, luck, coincidence, 1
, : Tegea, 6
, -: Tegean, 9
-, -: life-producing, 1
, -, : blacksmith, 3
, : a smith's shop, forge, 1
2 : bring this one home

: it is necessary, during this
: will be; (), 2nd sg. fut. , .
year during which they are discharged
4 : from the discovery; separation
from the cavalry, that they, sent out by the
: no less; adverbial acc.
Spartans assembly, not stand idle, (but)
: until; up to which (time)
various men in various tasks
5 ...: among Spartans called Agathoergoi 15 : you had seen...you
6 : being discharged from cavalry
would be amazed; contrafactual
7 : for each year; time within
: which I (had seen); relative
, ,
, .
,

.
,
,

,
,
, ,
.

.

, : an anvil, 1
, -, : wind, 9
-: to open, 6
-, : counterblow, 2
, : the court-yard, 2
: to guess, make like, 2
-: to have in mind, notice, consider, 2
-: hit upon, meet, attain, (dat.) 1
-, -: seven cubits long (10.5 ft.), 1
, : work, labor; making, building, 1
-, : messenger to an oracle, 10
: to be amazed, be surprised, 2
71
15
20
25
30
, : a Lacedaemonian, Laconian, 1
: to measure, 2
: never, 2
, : length, 4
: where, 3
, : Orestes, 4
, -, : woe, misery, suffering, 4
, -, -: made-up, fabricated, 1
, : a coffin, vessel, 2
, : Sparta, 8
-: to to heap with earth, fill in, 1
-: put together, join (in battle), 11
, : a hammer, 1
, : blow, 2
, : a well, 1
, : bellows, 1
15 : from; : note facing page

23 : according to the oracle
20 : than men now; gen. comparison 27 : according to the following
22 ..: whichhad seen; plpf 30 : accusing from
72

.

, ,
.
, ,

.
69

, .
2
, . ,
, , -
10
14
-: to recognize, persuade, 3
-: to dig up, 1
, : the court-yard, 2
: to pursue, follow; prosecute, 1
, -, : Greece, 8
-: to settle in, 1
-, -, -: superior to, 3
: to rent, hire, 3
, : bone, 2
-: be or set in charge, (gen) 4
, : Sparta, 8
, : tomb, 7
, : Tegea, 6
: it is necessary, must, ought, 13
1 : they prosecuted him.; the charge

is a pretense to send Lichas to Tegea
2 : to the blacksmith
: tried to rent; conative impf.
: from (the smith) not
relenting.; i.e. blacksmith denied the rental
3 : he persuaded (him); causal aor.
9 : 3rd sg. aor. deponent
5 : whenever they made trial
against one another; aor. opt. in general
temporal clause
: by far, much; degree of difference
7 : had been subdued;

plpf. periphrastic (impf. + pf. pple.
)
9 : intending to ask (gen).; fut.
pple
10 : ordering; aor.
: that (they) ought to say
these things ; inf.
12 : the god having
prophesied; gen. abs.; aor. pple.
13 : to attach as a friend;
aor. mid. inf. -
14 : to be leader of; pf
73

.
,

15
.
,
20

.

70
,
. ,

25

, -, : a trick, fraud, deceit, 2
, : arrival, coming, 1
, : Apollo, 5
, : treachery, trickery, 4
, : a gift, present, offering, 2
-: from without, 3
- : to tell, proclaim, announce, 2
-: send message by a herald, 2
-, : benefaction, 1
, : a small figure, picture, 1
, : Mt. Thornax (near Sparta), 1
, -, -: Laconian, 1
, : oath, 9
: to fill, fill full, (gen.) 7
-: to choose before others, prefer, 2
-: to call to, call on, summon, 1
-, : an alliance, 8
-, -, -: three hundred, 6
, -, : lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8

: wishing; nom. pres. pple.
17 : having heard; pf. pple
18 : 3rd pl. aor. dep.
20 : were holding them under
obligation; impf.; Spartans owed Croesus
21 : having come to be; pf. pple.
22 : were trying to buy; conative
: for a statue; purpose
: to use (the gold); add

24 : 3rd sg. aor..
27 : was choosing; impf. mid.
: not onlybut also
dat. aor. pple.
29 : having covered (it) with
figures; having filled aor. pple.
: in size; dat. respect
74

,
.

,

,
,
,
.
.
. 71
,
2 . -
10
14

, : an amphora, jar, urn, 2
-: to give in exchange, repay, 1
, -, -: two, two-fold, double, 2
-: to sail against, 2
, : temple of Hera, 1
, : Cappadocia, 2
, -, -: having bought, 2
, -, -: Samians, from Samos, 6
, : Samos, 9
, : Sparta, 8
, : expedition, military campaign, 3
: perhaps, possibly, 1
: to be too late, 1
1 : having room for; +

: was bringing; 3rd pl. impf.
: aor. inf. -
2 : did not arrive; aor.
: on account of these two
so-called reasons
4 : being brought; pass. pple.
5 : stole; 3rd pl. aor. mid. opt.
-
: with long ships; warships
8 : had been caught; pf. inf.
ind. discourse; ,
are acc. subj.
: they sold; gave away aor. mid.

9 : dedicated it; aor.
10 : aor.mid. pple. -
: would say; 3rd pl. potent opt.
11 : was stolen; aor. pass. opt.
12 ...: regarding the mixingbowl
: it was so; aor. + adv is
often translated as the verb to be + adj.
: having misinterpreted + gen.;
having missed the mark aor.
14 : fut. inf..
Croesus attack on Persia

,
,
, -
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
. , , ,
; , ,
75
15
20
25
, -, : trousers, 1
-: to throw off, or away, 4
, -, -: (able to be) driven away, 1
: to taste, experience, 1
- : use continually; destroy +dat 5
, -, : clothing, clothes, 7
, -, -: our, 7
, : wine, 10
: to prepare, get ready, 5
-: to cling to, hold around, 2
: before, 3
, : Sandanis, a sage 1
: to eat, 9
, -, -: leather, made of leather, 4
, : fig, 1
, -, -: hilly, rugged, 3
: to eat, gnaw, 1
-: to drink water, 1
: to carry regularly, wear, 5
15 : against the Persians

(): if you win,
: one of the Lydians
you will take away; future more vivid
believed; partitive gen.
condition ( fut., fut.)
17 : and in particular
25 : (from those) to whom there
having a reputation among the Lydians
is not anything; aor. pple.
18 : he had; there was to him dat. poss.
: if you are defeated,
19 : you prepare; 2nd sg. pres.
know; 2nd sg. aor. pass. subjunctive and
mid. ()
aor. imp.; pres. general ( = )
26 : 2nd sg. fut.
24 : not onlybut also; 27 : 3rd pl. fut. -
as for thisas for that acc. respect
: will be; 3rd pl. fut. dep.
76
72

,
. .
, ,
.

, .
,
,
,

, .

10
14
, -, -: delicate, graceful, 1
, : Halys river, 7
, -, : wind, 9
-: keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4
-: to cut off, sever, 3
, -, -: Armenian, 5
: from where, on the one side , 4
, -: left (side), 1
, : the Cappadocians, 2
, -: subject to, heeding (gen.), 5
: down, below, 4
, : Cilician, 3
, : Cyprus, 3
, -, -: Lydian, 1
, -, -: Matianian, 3
, -, -: Median, of the Mede, 12
-: pass by; leave on one side, 4
, -, -: Syrian, 9
, , : a Phrygian, 4
, , : gratitude, thanks, favor, 1
1 : put in into the mind;

create in the mind
: against the Lydians
3 : dat. possession
: before the
Lydians were subdued; + inf.
6 : during
the (time) before the Persians ruled but
at that time; aor. articular inf. in acc.
expresses duration of time

9 : between the Mantienians
10 : keeps flowing; pres. pple
: from the other (side); i.e.
left side
11 : i.e. to the north
14 : all of Asia below from the sea
facing Cyprus to the Black sea

.
.

73
,
,
2 .
,
, , 3 .

,
77
15
20
25
,

. , -
-: to use up, spend, consume, 3

, -, : the neck, throat, 2
, : brother-in-law, 2
, : tongue, 12
, : Deioces, 15
, : crowd, band, company (Att. ) 2
-: to learn well or thoroughly, 3
-, -: well-girded, 2
, -, : suppliant seeking protection, 8
, : Cambyses, 9
, : Cappadocia, 2
, : Cyaxares, 14
, : length, 4
, : part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
15 : the neck of this continent
16 : for a man without
baggage; man ungirded (by baggage)
19 : being; pres. pple.
20 : to punish; aor. inf.
: pres. pple
21 : son of Cyaxares
22 : son of Cambyses

-: to treat, handle, 3
, -: relying on, trusting (+ dat.), 2
, : sea, 5
-: to win over, gain besides, 2
, : art, skill, craft, 2
, : a bow, 1
--: to go out secretly, withdraw, 3
, : Phraortes, 6
25
26
27
28
29
: had subdued; aor.

pple + impf. is a periphrastic plpf.
: Cyaxares, son of
Phraortes, son of Deioces
: at first; adverbial acc.
: since they were; causal
: considering of much value
: 3rd sg. aor. -
: time having passed
78

,

( , , [] )
5 .
, ,
,
, ,

6 . . ,
74 . ,

,
10
14
, : hunt, chase, 6
, -, -: topmost, excellent, 2
-, : injury, unseemly treatment, 2
-, -: unworthy, not worthy (gen.) 2
, -, : an invited guest, 2
: really, (implies falsity of speech), 2
-: to make plain, show clearly, 2
: to teach, instruct, 2
-: to ask from, demand from, 2
: be accustomed; pf. w/ pres. sense 11
, -, -: empty, deserted, 1

, : Cyaxares, 14
: to eat, 1
, : Sadyattes, 6
, -, -: rough, hilly, rugged, 3
: to push, thrust, 3
1 : for the hunt

: bring something back
2 : it happened; aor.
: to catch; aor. , acc. subj
3 : as he showed clearly. aor.
: extreme in his temper;
topmost in anger, acc. of respect
4 : treated; aor. -
5 : having suffered; aor.
: seeing that they had
suffered; expresses alleged cause
6 : among them; . i.e. Scythians

one; acc. sg.
: to cut up; aor. inf.
7 : plpf. with impf. sense
8 : to give; aor. inf. with.
: as if really game
10 : present; being present pple
11 : 3rd pl. aor.
12 : after these things
13 : hand over. 3rd sg. impf.
14 : had come to be; plpf.

,
, ,
2

.
, .

,
. ,
.
79
15
20
25
30
, : necessity, force, (), 5

, : Aruanis, 1
, : peace, treaty of peace, 2
, -, -: sixth, 4
: suddenly, 2
, : Thales, 4
, : Cyaxares, 14
, : Labyntus, 2
-, : change; eclipse, 2
-, : change, 1
, , : a night, 13
-, : a night-battle, 1
, : oath, 9
-, : treaty, 1
, : Suennesis, 1
-: to bring together, reconcile 1
-, : battle, a coming together, 2
-: set together, combine, organize, 4
15 : over five years

16 : therein, in which (time)
17 : to those carrying on war on
an equal basis in the sixth year; dat. pl.
pple modifies ; dat. time when
18 : it happened. aor.
19 : pf. pple. -
: during the day; an eclipse
21 : fut. dep. inf.

..: proposing the yearly limit in
which
23 : instead of day
27 : there be oath for them; dat.
29 : decided that Astyages
give his daughter; , aor. inf.
80
.
, ,
, .
75

2

,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
10
14
, - : blood, 5
, : Halys river, 7
-: to lick up, 1
-: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3
, , : arm, 1
-: to transport or carry across, 2
, : bridge; dam, mound, 6
-: find fault with, complain of, 5
- : to cut on the surface, 1
, : Thales, 4
, -, -: deceptive, spurious, 2
-, : maternal grandfather, 1
-, : skin, sameness of color, 1
, : oath, 9
-: to hold together, keep together, 1
1 : are not able. are not willing

: these people; nom. subj.
2 : which very (oaths)...; relative
: whenever they cut;
+ pres. subj. in a general temporal
clause
6 : had been
overturned; aor. pple + aor. is a
periphrastic of plpf.
: for a reason that; relative
: later in this (history)
7 : fut.
8 : whether he should
campaign; deliberative subjunctive
: onto his own (side).
predicate of
11 : he arrived. aor.
12 ...: across the existing
bridge
13 : as the frequent
account of the Greeks (claims)
14 : for him; i.e. for Croesus, dat. interest

(
)

,
5

, ,
, ,

, ,
.
81
15
20
25

76 ;

(
-: from above, from on high, 3
-: to dry up, 2
, -, -: deep, tall, 3
-: walk across, pass over; cross, 14
-, -: passable, fordable, 3
, -, : a trench, canal, conduit, 9
-: to turn aside, divert, 3
, : Thales, 4

, : Cappadocia, 2
: Ion. for , how? in what way? 2
-, -: crescent-shaped, 1
, : the back, 3
, : Pteria, 4
, : river, stream, 9
: camp, encampment; army 8
: to split, cleave, 1
15 : how; fut. -
: (they say) that the
bridges; ind. disc., supply a main verb
17 :
make the river flow on the right also; aor.
19 : upstream; from above
20 : drawing a crescent-shape
: so that (the river) might
receive the pitched camp from behind; aor
opt., purpose clause, secondary sequence

21 ...: in this way along
23 (): to the old steam;
: as soon as; as quickly as
: was split. 3rd sg. aor. pass.
24 : on both sides
25 : was dried up aor pass inf
26 : I admit; 1st sg. mid.
28 : strongest (part)
82

),

2 ,
,
.

3 . ,

. .
,
4 .
,
.
77 .
10
14

: compete, do battle, wage war, 3
-, -: driven from home, 6
-: reduce to slavery, enslave, 3
: to oppose, resist (dat.), 2
-: to encamp opposite, 1
-: to stand apart, separate, divide, 2
, -, -: stronger, stauncher, 3
, : plot (of land), farm, 1
: between, 3
, , : a night, 13
-, -, : neighbouring town, 1
, : sea, 5
, : Pteria, 4
, : Sinope, 1
: to encamp, take a position, 2
, -, -: Syrian, 9
: to ruin, waste, destroy, 1
1 : down near the city Sinope

3 : I seized; 3rd sg. aor.
4 : he made the Syrians
homeless, though they were not at all
blameworthy; takes a double acc.,
the pple is concessive: though being...
7 : before he set out; aor.
before inf. means before
9 : to make them revolt; inf.
9 : were persuaded; impf. pass.
10 : he arrived; 3rd sg. aor.
11 : I tested each
other in strength; i.e. fought
12 : having fallen; aor. pple
13 : in the end, finally; adverbial acc.

: 3rd pl. aor.
: when night came;
gen. abs., aor. -
(
),
, ,

(

), (
,
),

, .
, ,
83
15
20
25
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
, : Egypt, 10
, : Amasis, 2
-: to drive away, expel from, 9
, -, : spring, (Att. ) 2
- : to tell, proclaim, announce, 2
, : Labyntus, 2
: to blame, censure, find fault with, 5
: to think, have in mind, suppose, 4
, : oath, 9
-: to summon, call to, 1
, -, -: stated, specified, fixed, 1
, : an expedition, campaign, 3
-, : an alliance, 8
, -, -: (on) the next day, 4
, - : storm, winter, 2
15 : finding fault; aor. dep. pple
: regarding size
16 : much smaller than;
adverbial accusative
17 : on the next day; time when
: he tried to test; conative impf.
: by attacking; pple. -
19 : according to the oath
20 : before; earlier than
comparative degree
22 : had been made; plpf.
23 : having
told the Spartans; nom. aor. pple.
: had had in mind; pres. inf.
26 : passing the winter; nom. sg. aor.
pple -
: at the same time as
84

, , 78
.

. ,
2

.
,

.
,
10
14

-, -: foreign, speaking a tongue 1
-: to sail up or back, swim back, 1
- : to report (from), announce, 4
-: send off, let loose, release, give up 5
: come to know, learn, realize, 7
, -, -: foreign, of a foreigner, 4
-, : interpreter of omens, adviser, 1
-: to be born from, is possible, 2
-: to fill in, fill with (gen.), 2
-: think over; say in addition; pick, 5
-: to eat up, devour, 1
, , : a month, 9
: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
, : pasture, 1
, : a snake, serpent, 3
, -, -: fifth, 6
-, : area in front of the city, 1
-: to say beforehand, 3
-, -: to be expected, 1
-, : messenger to an oracle, 10
-, : an alliance, 8
, : portent, sign, wonder, marvel, 4
, : Telmessians, 2
1 : to the allies
: (in order) to proclaim.
fut. pple expressing purpose,
: at the fifth month
2 : having
released the entire army, which (part) of it
was foreign, being present and having
fought the Persians, he scattered (it)
4 : expecting; aor. pple.

...: thatCyrus would drive; 3rd sg.
aor. in a clause of fearing
: though
fighting so equally; concessive pple
5 : was filled; aor. -
: these having appeared;

, , ,
.
,
.
79

,
,
,
2 .
, []
.
,
,
.
85
15
20
25

-: to march away, drive from, 9
-: scatter, disperse, disband, 3
, : opinion, reputation, honor, glory, 4
-: to lead out, draw out, 5
, -, : incomer, immigrant, 2
-: suppose, believe firmly; guess 3

, : Lydia, 4
: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
, : Pteria, 4
, : speed, swiftness, 5
, : Telmessians, 2
7 : giving up on; pres. pple. -

: the pastures for
grazing; pastures to graze explanatory inf.
8 : were eating up (the snakes)
: seeing; dat. sg. aor. pple.
: as in fact it was; is adv.
: it seemed. 3rd sg. aor..
9 : to the seat of interpreters.
10 : having learned; dat. pple
11 : what the omen is willing to
: it was possible; 3rd sg. aor.
12 : aor. inf. -
: before; earlier than + inf.
13 : was captured; 3rd sg. aor.

14 : acknowledged;. aor
: was to be expected
15 : fut. inf.
18 : having been caught;
: knowing. pple.
: (of the things) which were
21 : aor. pple ,
23 : as soon as he could; opt
24 : be gathered a 2nd time; aor.
26 : he himself as messenger
27 ..: matters held
contrary to opinion (than) as he expected
86

. ,
80 , .
,
(
,
,
2 ),
,

,
,

10
14

, -, -: strong, stout, 3
-: to go up, climb, mount, 10
, -, -: of a man, brave, manly, 3
, -, : load, weight, burden, 1
, : Dindymene, 1
, , : shaft of a spear, spear, 2
-: to equip, dress in, 1
, : Hermos river, 2
, -, : of a calvaryman, 1
: to ride (a horse), 2
, : a camel, 6
, : a mother, 12
-: to go forth, advance, 2
-: to order, assign, appoint, 5
-, -: carrying grain/provisions, 1
-, -: carrying baggage, 1
, : apparel, armament, 1
-: to break into or together, join, 1
: to arrange, put in order, 10
, : Ullus river, 1
-: to place under, advise, propose, 6
, : Phocaea, 9
, -: bare (of vegetation), simple, 1
1 : more courageous
: than the Lydians; comparison
2 : on horseback; from
: explanatory inf. after
4 : aor. pple. -
....: with neuter
5 : modifies neuter
: through this (plain); i.e.
7 : from the mountain sacred...
: aor. mid. -
8 : when he saw; 3rd sg. aor.
10 : the Mede
Harpagus advising (it); aor. -
11 : accompanied; impf..
12 : taking off; aor. pple -
: he made men mount
on these; 3rd sg. aor. -
13 dressed in (acc.); aor. pple
: to go in front of; inf. -
,
, .
,
,
,
. ,
,

. ,
,
. ,

, ,
: to keep off, ward off, defend, 1

-: to wheel, turn; subvert, 1
-: to uphold, endure, 3
-, -, -: useless, unserviceable, 2
-: to arrange, appoint, 5
-: to distinguish oneself, glorify 1
-: in the way, in one's path, 1
-: to arrange (behind), command, 4
, : sight, look, appearance, sort, kind, 2
, -, -: of the horse, calvary, 2
15 : to follow; pres. mid. inf.
: the infantry; the f
oot(men) of the people, subj. of
16 : 3rd sg. aor. -
17 : 3rd sg. aor. lacking the
-augment
19 : not even if; . (Att. )
: while being captured
: he defends himself; pres. subj.
in a pres. general condtion
21 : opposite the calvary
22 : endure; governs the two
participles
87
15
20
25

, : a smell, scent, odor, 3
: to catch scent of, smell, 3
, , : on foot, 3
: to devise cleverly, argue subtly, 1
: to spare, 2
23
24
25
26
27
: looking at; nom. sg. pres. pple
: for this very

reasonso that; anticipates
: so thatmay be; purpose clause,
3rd sg. pres. subjunctive
: came together; 3rd pl. impf.
-
: smelled; 3rd pl aor. mid.
: had been destroyed; plpf.

pass.
88
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
81

.
, 82 .
.
[ ]
-
10
14
-: leap off, leap to the ground, 1

, -, -: timid, cowardly, 1
, -, : hope, expectation, 2
, : dispute, quarrel, debate, strife, 2
-: to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3
, -, : Lacedaemon, 2
, , : a month, 9
, -, -: fifth, 6
, , : on foot, 3
: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
, : siege, a besieging, 3
-: to proclaim, say beforehand, 3
, -, : a Spartan, 9
-, : an alliance, 8
-: to come to blows, happen, 4
2 : learned; 3rd pl. aor.

: what was happening
: having leapt off; aor. pple.
3 : in time; dat. of time when
: gen. pl. aor. pple.
4 : turned; aor. mid.
: aor. pass. pple.
-
6 : the siege
had settled over them; i.e. Persians started
the seige
7 : over a long time
: fut. inf.
9 : at the fifth month
: to proclaim (them); fut. pple
here expresses purpose,

10 : by the quickest route;
supply ; acc. manner
: to ask
11 : seeing that Croesus was
being beseiged; gen. abs.
13 : during this same
time
14 : a quarrel had
occurred; plpf. -
: against the Argives
: concerning a place
called Thurea

2
.
,
.
,

, ,

,
. , .

,
89
15
20
25

, : Alcanor, 1
, -, : Argolis, 1
-: to ward off, keep away, 1
-: to cut off, sever, 3
, -, -: each of two, either, 10
, -, -: six hundred, 2
, : evening, eve; west, 4
, : Thurea, 4
-, -: well-matched, 1
, -, -: Cytherean, of Cytherea, 1
, : picked men, 4
, : Malea, 1
-: to remain, live and grow up, 5
-: be superior to, prevail over, 6
-: to put together, form; agree, 2
-: to leave behind; fail, 8
15 : The
Spartans, having cut off, possessed the
Thurea being a part of the Argolid
: aor. mid. pple
16 ...: and (the part) as far as
Malis in the west was the Argives
19 : their land
being cut off; dat. obj. of
20 : agreed; 3rd pl. aor.
21 : fight one another; aor. mid.
: whichever of
the two (sides) prevails; aor. subjunctive
: departs to his (home)
: while (they) fight; abs.
...: so that they might
not come to the aid; opt. in secondary seq.
: having agreed; aor. mid. pple
: those left behind; aor pass
22
23
24
25
26
90

,
.
,

.
.
,
,
,
,
.
, ,

10
14

-: adv. by necessity/compulsion 1
, : dispute, quarrel, debate, strife, 2
: to run, rush, 6
-: to shear off, crop, cut, 1
, : curse, 2
, : the head, 9
: to wear or grow hair long, 5
, : hair, hair of the head, 2
, , : a night, 13
, : Othruades, 3

-: to bring to, carry to, 1
: to strip or despoil a corpse, 2
-: fall together in blows, happen, 4
, -, : post, position, order; array, 1
: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
, : Chromius, 1
1 : they were left behind; aor.

pass.
2 : coming on; gen. abs.,
: as if having won; pf. pple,

+ pple expresses alleged cause
5 : he kept himself at his
post; 3rd sg. impf.
6 : were at hand; impf.
7 : claimed to win; aor.
: some saying that others

8 : more of their own men
: 3rd pl. pf.
..: pointing out that these
had fled; pf. pple.
10 : falling together; aor pple
11 : won; ; 3rd pl. impf,
13 cutting their
hair short; shearing their heads,
14 : not to cut; fut. inf. Att.
, ,
.
.

,
, 83 .
. ,
, .
,
.
.
.
84
,
91
15
20
25
, : message, news, 3
: to shame, mid. feel shame, 3
-: to win back, regain, recover, 2
-: to stand in, be appointed, 4
, : Thurea, 4
-: suffice; kill, make off with, 2
, : Othruades, 3

-: survive, be left remaining, 1
, : Sparta, 8
, -, : a Spartan, 9
-, : soldier in same company, 1
, -, -: fourteenth, 1
-: to wear golden apparel, 1
: until; aor. subj.,

: set forth; 3rd pl. aor. mid.
: that they not cut; inf.
: one of the thirty
: feeling
ashamed to return
20 : having been killed; pf.
: killed himself
21 : such matters
having stood among the Spartans; abs.

22 : asking; pres. pple.
24 : set out; plpf.
: having prepared; pf.
25 : 3rd pl. aor.
: has been taken; pf. opt.
26 : is being held; opt. secondary seq.
27 : had stopped; plpf
28 : was taken; 3rd pl. aor.
15
16
17
18
19
92

.
,
, ,

,
.
, [
] ,
4

. -
10
14
-, -: unconquerable, invincible, 2
-, -: impregnable, unassailable, 1
-, -: cut off, abrupt, precipitous, 2
-: to go upon, step upon, 2
-, -: easily conquered, assailable 1
: to take no account of, neglect, 2
, -, : a lion, 4
, -, -: Mardian (a Persian tribe), 2
, : Mele, 2
, : mistress, concubine, 3
: to make an attempt, endeavor, 5
-: to bring around, carry about, 4
-: to come to, step to, approach, 2
, -, -: on the day before, 2
-: to go forward, advance, 2
, : Telmessians, 2
: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
, : Mt. Tmolus, 2
, : Hyroiades, 2
, : guard, sentinal, 3
1 : to the climbing first

2 : that (he) will give; fut. inf.
3 : it was progressing; impf.
: abs., pf. mid.
4 : tried ascending
: to whom was; dat. poss.; impf.
: at this (part) of the acropolis
5 : at which; dat. place where; relative
: had been posted; plpf.
: for it was
not feared that it ever be taken; in a
fearing clause, aor. subjunctive
7 : in this place alone; dat. where
8 : aor.
: which; relative; aor.
9 : the lion being
carried around along the wall; aor. pass.
10-14 Notes on Facing page

,
5
93
15

.
85 . ,
, , .

, ,
2 .
.
, , ,

20
25
-: choose, pick up, answer, 3
-, -: voiceless, speechless, deaf, 3
, -, : house, 2
-: point out besides, tell, indicate, 2
, -: suitable, reasonable, good, 1
-, -, : well-being, prosperity, 1

, : cry, voice, 1
-: to step, come down, 7
-: to roll down, 1
, : helmet, 1
, -, -: not speaking, childish, silly, 1
-, -: much-prayed-for, 1
: to plunder, ravage, destroy, 2
10 : will be; 3rd pl. fut. mid.

...: along the other part of the wall
11 : having carried (the lion)
around; nom. sg. aor. pple.
12 : in which; dat. place where
13 : since it was; neuter pple ,
+ pple expresses alleged cause
: it is (the part)
of the city turned toward Mount Tmolus
14 : seeing; nom. sg. aor. pple
15 : one of the Lydians
: see line 4
: acc. aor. pple, -

16 : picking up; aor. -
: thought; aor. dep.
17 : put (it) to memory
16 : picking up; aor. -
19 : had been taken; plpf.
21 ...: in other respects; acc. respect

23 , : plpf. and
27 : dont wish; imper.
94

.
.
,
,
,

,
, , .
,
.

86
, ,
. -
10
14
-: fail to recognize, misidentify, 1

: apart, on or at both sides, 1
-, -, -: not happy, not blessed, 2
: to utter sounds, speak, 1
-, -: voiceless, speechless, deaf, 3
, , : fear, alarm, dread, awe, 1
, , : day, 3
, -: better, more desirable, 1
-: to disregard, dismiss, 1
: to strike, beat, 2
: to break, shatter, rend, 1
: fourteen, 2
: to utter a sound or voice, 2
, : speech, voice, 2
1 : it is much better that

this not happen; be apart, inf.
3 : came; 3rd sg. impf.
4 : to kill; purpose, fut. pple.
: nom. sg. pres. pple
5 : (him) approaching; acc. sg. pple
: present; pres. pple -
: had disregarded; plpf.
: it made no difference at
all; is inner acc.; is subject
6 : to him being struck;
: aor. inf. -
7 : he saw; 3rd sg. aor.

: see line 5
: broke out; 3rd sg. aor.
8 :; 3rd sg. aor.
: vocative, crasis
9 : aor. mid.
: for the rest of his life
11 : aor.
: having ruled; acc. aor.
: aor pass. pple
14 : having caughtled
him; aor. pple. ; 3rd pl. aor.
Croesus on the pyre

2
.

,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
95
15
20
25
, : the choice part, first-fruits, 2

-: make go up, cause to mount, 3
-: to groan, sigh, 1
, -, : a divine being or spirit, 4
: twice, doubly, 1
: seven, 4
, : a prayer, vow, 2
: to live, 8
-, -: god-fearing, pious, 1
: although, albeit, 2
-: to sacrifice, burn (as sacrifice), 4
-: to set near, stand near, 3
: to draw to oneself, rescue,2
, : Solon, 11
-: pile together, heap up, 2
: so great/much/many 11
: thrice, three times, 4
15 : to Cyrus
17 : (having been) bound; pf. pass.
pple
: beside him
18 : to sacrifice; fut. inf.
-
: to whichever of the gods
19 : wanting; Att.
21 : to know
: from being burned

alive; articular infinitive, gen. separation
24 : standing; dat. sg. pf. pple
the saying of Solon
came; aor. inf. -
26 : sighing; aor. pple
-
...: after much silence he
called out; aor. inf.
96

,
,
,
.
, .
,
,
,
,

.
,
.
10
14

, -, -: human, of a human, 1
-: relate, tell; lead away (from), 6
-: to treat lightly, despise, 1
-, : unintelligible, without meaning1
-: to call upon, 5
, : an interpreter, 2
: to light, kindle, burn, 4
: persist, be persistent, persevere, 2

, : wealth, 2
, : a crowd, throng, mob, 1
: again, once more; back, backwards, 2
-, : edges, extremities, 1
-: to honor before, prefer, 1
, : silence, 3
, : Solon, 11
1 : bade; ind. disc., aor. inf.

: to ask; aor. pple -
2 : whom is this he called
upon; opt. -
: to ask; subject -
3 : for a while; as long as
: keep silent
: afterwards
: (the one) whom I would
have honored above great wealth talked to
all the tyrant; came to words indirect
discourse + aor. expresses past potential
5 : he asked; impf. -
6 : making a din; abs.

: in the beginning; adverbial acc.
8 : treated lightly; aor. opt
: having said; aor. pple
9 : all turned out for
him; pf. opt. -
10 : in the very way; relative clause
: saying nothing at
all more toward himself than toward all
mankind and especially to those seeming
to themselves to be blessed
13 : already kindled; pf. pple
14 ...: (the things) whichsaid; aor.
Croesus on the pyre

,
,
, ,
,

.
87 .
,
, ,
,
,
2 . ,

, -
97
15
20
25
, : clear sky, clear weather, 1

, : Apollo, 5
-, -: not liable to fall, safe, secure 3
: to weep, shed tears, 2
: to fear, 5
: to bestow, give, present, 3
-: to have in mind, consider, 2
: suddenly, 2
-: to call, call upon, invoke, 1
-: to call upon, 5
-: rule over, overpower (+ gen.), 4
-: think over; say in addition; pick, 5
: to live, 8
-: make or cause to go down, 2
-: to find, seize, lay hold of, 3
-: break, break down, 1

-: to put out, quench, 1
, -: violent, furious, 1
-, : change of mind/purpose, 1
, -, : a cloud, mass of clouds, 1
, : stillness in the air, calm weather, 1
, -, : fire, 9
: to draw to oneself, rescue, 2
: to quench, put out, 2
-: to run together, coincide, 2
, : revenge, vengeance, payback, 2
, , : water, 10
: to send rain, to rain, 2
: favor, gratify, indulge (dat.) 7
, - : storm, winter, 2
16 : that in fact he being himself

a man gave to the fire another man being
alive, having come to be no less than
himself in happiness; acc.()
17 : in addition to these
18 : nothing being
secure; + adv. is to be + adj.
23 : he saw; 3rd sg. impf.
25 : anythinghad been given
28 : aor. inf.
98

.
,
. ,

; ,
, ,
.

, .
88 . ,

,
.
10
14
-, -: foolish, unintelligent, 2
, -, : a divine spirit, god, 4
: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 1
, -, -: myself, 3
, : peace, treaty of peace, 2
-: to incite, encourage, raise up, 5
, -: silent, at rest, at peace, 1
-, -: dear to the gods, god-loved, 1

-, : unhappiness, misfortune, 1
-: make or cause to go down, 2
: to loosen, abolish, break, dissolve, 4
, : foresight, prudence, respect, 1
-, : reflection, deep thought, 1
1 : Cyrus, having learned

: that Croesus was; opt., second. seq.
3 : who of men..?; partitive
4 : persuaded him; causative aor.
: to make (yourself)
an enemy-instead of a friend-to me; aor.
6 1st sg. aor.

: for your
happiness and for my unhappiness
7 : having incited; nom. sg. aor. pple.
-
9 : chooses; pres. middle,
: in which; antecedent
: in which; antecedent
11 : it was, I suppose, dear; the
subject is the acc. + inf.
12 : releasing him; nom. sg. aor.
pple
: sat him down; 3rd sg. aor.
: was holding him in great
respect
13 : pres. pple.
14 : he, held in deep
thought
Croesus on the pyre

2

,

; .

;
. -
99
15
20

89
. ,
.
, , , .
.
,
25
-, : without money or means, 1

-: to plunder, snatch away, 3
-: to carry away, plunder, 1
: to deem right, think right (+ inf.), 4
, : a slave, 7
-: to perceive in, foresee, 5
-, -: careful, anxious, worrisome, 1
-: to turn, turn round, 1
: to ravage, despoil, plunder, 2

, -, -: which of two? whether?, 3
-: to change, alter, change place, 3
, : crowd, 3
, : silence, 3
: earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm 3
, -, : an outrageous person, 1
, -, : nature, character, 1
: it is necessary, fated; must, ought, 13
15 : afterwards
: nom. aor. dep., -
: seeing; aor. mid.
16 : ought I to speak or
17 : in the present (moment)
: which I happen to
see; + complementary pple
18 : whatever he wished
19 : he asked; impf.
: what (is) this this great
mob is doing?; what (are) these things
20 : with great earnestness

23 : not at all do these things
belong to me; is short for -
24 ...: (the things) which Croesus said
: making the others
(present) move; aor. pple.
25 : what he saw for him; , 3rd sg. opt. ; dat. interest
26 : gave; 3rd pl. aor.
27 : anything more (than you)
28 : if you allow; Att.
100

. ,
.
,
,

.
,
90 . ,
, ,
. ,
,
2 . ,
,
: to tell or speak of, 5

, -, -: necessary, inevitable, 5
-: to be ready, be willing, 1
-: to become hated by, 1
: to please, be pleasing, 2
, , : strength, force, power, might, 1
: to exact the tenth part from, 1
, -, : a giving, a gift, 2
, , : willing, intentionally, 1
--: to rebel, stand up against, 2
-, -: likely or, expected to, 1
10
14

, -, : a word, 11
, : Zeus, 11
-: immediately, straightaway, 2
-: to receive, accept, 2
, : gates, double gates, 7
-: to be very pleased at, 2
, -, -: good, worthy, 7
1 : these things (are) likely to

: aor. imperative
happen; pred. adj. explanatory/epexegetical
: station; aor. imperative -
inf.
: among the spearmen
: whoever takes; +
: who, (while)
pres. subj., general rel. clause, antecedent
taking away the loot, are to say to those
carrying it out that; let them saythat

2 : expect; inf. as imperative
3rd pl. imperative; Croesus recommends
3 : that he will
that guards take the loot as soldiers leave
rebel; fut. pple --
Croesus on the pyre
,
, .
.
,

.
, , .
,

-

: to laugh, 2
-, : thought, intention, purpose, 2
: each time, on each occasion, 2
-: to be ashamed of, 2
-: to charge, accuse, 1
5 : it is necessary; +
adv. equivalent to to be + adj.
6 : for Zeus; dat. of interest
: by them; dat. of agent
: (), 2nd sg. fut.
8 : will surrender; fut. -
9 : to be advised; pres. pass. inf.
: aor. pple. -
10 : (things) whichadvised.
relative, aor. middle
11 : (since) you, a
man of royal blood, are ready; gen. abs.
12 , : in word and deed;. acc.
respect
(): ask; pres. mid. imperative
: whatever you want;
(), 2nd sg. pres. mid.
: to you; dat. of posssession
14 : allowing; aor. pple.
101
15
20
25
-: to send to, permit, allow, 1

: to object, reproach, rebuke, 2
, : threshold, 2
: to say again, recapitulate, 2
-: to beg, beg from, 4
16
17
19
21
22
23
25
26
: you will do me favor; 2nd sg. fut.

()()
: it is a custom
for him to deceive; inf. -contract
: making what complaint
against him; i.e. against Apollo
: that he would ask
this
: and how, being
incited; nom. sg. aor. pass. -
: to allow him. inf. -
: you will gain; (), 2nd sg.
fut., + gen.
: whatever you ask; subj.
: pres. pple.
: (Apollo) is at all
ashamed
102

,
,
,
.
91
.

, ,

.
,
. ,
10
14
-, -: unable, impossible, 2
, : the choice part, first-fruits, 2
, -, : mistake; offense, 4
, : to achieve, bring about, 2
-: to flee from, escape, 2
-, -: ungrateful, unpleasant, 1
, -, : an ancestor, parent, 2
, -, -: of a woman, feminine, 2
: to point out, display, show, 6
-: to give in, surrender; give, lend, 2
--: to throw back (over), 1
-: to attend to, follow after, obey, 2

, : Heraclids, 7
, : Loxias Apollo, 3
-: to lead by or past, 1
, -, -: fifth, 6
, -, -: fated, 2
-: to come to, belong to, be fitting, 2
, : honor; political office, 9
, : three, 13
1 : to end; so as going
to end + fut. pple. expresses purpose
2 : from which (expedition)
: (they should say)
that such first-fruits belong to him; dat.
possession in indirect discourse
3 : to ask; inf.
: whether (it is) the custom for;
5 : dat. pl. pple modifying

: the things commanded; pf.
pass. pple -
6 : aor. inf.
7 : it is impossible; neuter pl.
: even for a god; is adverbial
8 : paid for; aor. -
Croesus on the pyre
,
.
.
.
, , [] .

. -
15
20
[]
[ ] ,
.
, ,
103
25
, -, -: responsible, blameworthy, 15
, -, : capture, destruction, 2
-: to ward off, rescued 1
-: to question again and again, 1

, : a mother, 12
, : a Median woman, 1
-, -: of the same race, 1
-: gather together; understand, 5
, -, -: last, 4
-, -: inferior (in rank), 1
, -, -: later, last, 10
9 : aor. pple. -
10 : not at all befitting
: although;
concessive gen. abs.
11 : thathappen; clause of
effort, aor. opt. in secondary sequence
...: in (the time of) in
13 : he was unable; he was
the sort to + inf.
: as much as they
yielded; i.e. ; 3rd pl. aor. -
14 : for three years; acc. duration
15 : Let Croesus know; 3rd sg.
mid. imperative
: that he was caught; nom.
aor. pple , apposition to

: these years later than
fated; degree of difference, gen. compar.
...: according to the oracle
: if he campaigned; =
: it was necessary that this
man; impf.
: what was said; neut. sg. aor.
pass. pple.
: let him show (that) the blame
(is) his own; 3rd pl. mid. imperative
: as for; acc of respect
: Croesus understood; aor.
: had been born; plpf.
17
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
104
,

. ,
.
.

92
. .
,
,
,
. ,
2

, ,
10
14
, : Apollo, 5
, , : a round shield, 6
, -, -: Boeotian, 1
, : cow, 4
, : Branchidai, 5
, : the queen, mistress, lady, 2
, -, : Greece, 8
: below, from beneath, lower, 2
--: to destroy utterly, 1
, -, -: Ephesian, 3
, : Thebes, 4
, -, : Ismenian, 2
, : Ionia, 15
-, : overturning, subduing, 2
, , : column, pillar, 1
, : Pronaia, 1
-: to dwell together, live togther, 10
-, -, : tripod, 3
1 : he was a Persian
: under those (Medes)
2 : being inferior; being beneath
4 : who brought (it) back; 3rd
aor. -
: 3rd pl. aor. -
5 : he acknowledged; aor.
6 ...: in the
ruleand subduing of; i.e. during
7 : + adv. = to be + adj.
: not only those mentioned
8 : in Thebes of the Boeotians
9 : which he dedicated; 3rd sg.

aor. -
12 : These and other
(dedications)
: was existing; pple -
13 : others of the
dedications have been destroyed; 3rd sg.
pf. + neut. pl. subj.
14 : (are) Croesus; dat. poss., add
form of
: equal in weight; acc. of
respect
Lydian geography and customs

.

,
,
. ,

, .
4 ,
,
.
.
,
93
, , : a brother, 5
, : Amphiareus, 4
-: to oppose, act against, 1
-, : political enemy, 1
, : to first offerings, first-fruits, 1
, -, -: hated, hostile; subst. enemy, 2
, : Ionian, Ionic, 3
, -, : Caria, 1
-: to be carried down, 1
: to dedicate, 2
, -, : carding-comb, 1
15 : to those (dedications) in
Delphi; dat. governed by
: some dedications others
16 : to the (temple) of Amphiaraus
17 : dedicated; 3rd sg. aor. -
18 : before he ruled; inf.
: who
had become a political enemy to him; i.e.
to Croesus, plpf. - + pred. noun
19 : that Pantaleon
105
15
20
25
: to gain control, overpower, (gen.) 3

, : Lydia, 4
: very, very much, exceedingly, 3
-, -: born of the same mother, 1
, : substance, property; being, 2
, : Pantaleon, 3
-, : recording, writing down, 1
-: to assist eagerly (+ dat.), 1
, : Mt. Tmolus, 2
have; dat. of possession in ind. discourse
: abs., aor.
: over the carding-comb
: dedicating; aor. pple.
: in the mentioned manner
: to (temples) which have been
mentioned; 3rd sg. pf. with neut. pl. subject
27 : let such things be said; 3rd mid.
imperative
28 : (worthy) for writing down
23
24
25
26
106
2

.
,
,
.
.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
.
10
14
, -: of the , mercantile, 1
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
-: on the very spot or moment, 5
, : piece of writing, letter, 7
: ten, 5
-: to cut or carve upon, 2
-: produce in, work for hire in, 1
, : breadth, width, 5
, : foundation, rim, 2
, : a stone, 8
, : pool, marshy lake, basin, 10
: to measure, 2
, : a young girl, maiden, 2

- : circumference, journey around 4
, : a plethron (=100 feet), 2
: to be a prostitute, 1
, -, : tomb, 6
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
-: to dwell together , live together 10
, : three, 13
, : dowry, 1
- : artisan, one skilled with hands 1
, : mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
, , : gold-dust, gold-shavings, 1
1 : gen. abs.
: one man-made deed; is
in contrast with natural wonders
4 : whose foundation; relative
: of large; gen. of quality
6 : working girls; prostitutes
7 : being; acc. pl. .
8 : had been carved on them;
plpf. -; dat. of compound verb
: appeared; impf.
. .: the measured work

11 : gathering; nom. pl. pple
: for themselves; dat. of interest
: they marry; pres. subj.
in a general temporal clause
12 : doing this; nom. pl. pres. pple
: and they give themselves (in
marriage); i.e. they control the dowries
13 : are; 3rd pl. pres.
14 : touches; clings + partitive gen.
Lydian geography and customs

,
94 . .
,
,
2 , .

,
.
,
,
, ,
107
15
20
25
-, -: always full, 2
, : a remedy, cure, 1
-: colonize, live away from home, 1
, : silver, 4
, -, : Atys, 4
, : Gygaea lake, 1
-: to live, exist, 2
-, : a thing discovered, invention 3
-: to find out, discover, invent, 11
-: to devise (against), 1
, -, -: female, feminine, 4
, : a shop-keeper, 1
-: to prostitute, 2
: to strike, knock down, 1
: persist, be persistent, persevere, 2
, : Lydia, 4
, : Manes, 1
, : coin, a custom, institution, 1
, : game, sport, 3
-, : famine, want of food, 2
, : a child, 11
, : Tyrrhenia, Etruria, 2
15 : whichis; relative, acc. subj.

16 : Thats it; this indeed is
such
17 : use; 3rd sg. pres. + dat.
: apart from that; other than
18 : whom we know; 1st pl. ,
is drawn into the gen. by
19 : having struck; i.e. minted
: employed; aor.
20 : they say; 3rd pl. pres.
22 : (being) established;
acc. pl. pf. pple - with
: for themselves and the

Greeks; dat. of interest
: were invented; aor. pass. inf.
: (they) settled; aor. inf.
...: during (the rule) of King
Atys..
: for a whilebut
afterwards
: when the famine does not
stop
: the Lydians seek for
remedies
23
24
26
27
108

.
,
.
, ,
, .
.

,
,
,
.

10
15
-: to let go, release, give off, 3

, : knuckle-bone (i.e. a die), 1
: to be violent, use force, constrain, 1
-: to live, exist, 2
-: to divide, distinguish, 6
-, : exit, way out, outlet, 1
: to appoint, assign by lot, 2
, : dice, 2
: to obtain by lot, 3
. , : hunger, famine, 1
: make or mid. claim as ones own, 2
, : game, sport, 3
: to play, engage in sport, 5
, : draughts; oval-shaped stone, 1
, : a ball, playing-ball, 1
: to eat, 9
, : grain, food, bread, 7
, : Smyrna, 5
1 : types were invented

4 : having
discovered (these remedies) against famine
5 : on one of the
days..on the next day; acc. duration
6 : so that they might not
seek; purpose, pres. opt., secondary seq.
7 : in such a way
: over 18 years; twenty
years lacking from two, gen. separation

8 : when their evils did not
let up; still ind. discourse, pres. inf. -
9 : even more; more on top
10 : dividing
all the Lydians into two parts; aor. pple.
: assigned by lot; inf.
: one half for staying
Early history of Persia

,
, ,
,
.
7
, , .
.

95
,
. ,
, ,
2 .
,
109
16
20
25
30
- : to lead up, 1
: to write, 5
: twenty, 13
-: to set up in, 3
-: look for or search in addition, 1
, : movable property; furniture, 3
-: to put into, place in, 5
, : a seeking, search (for), 1

-: to rename, change the name, 1
, -, -: some among many, 3
, : Ombrikoi, Umbrians 1
, -, -: five hundred, 2
: to make solemn, exalt, magnify 1
, -, -: three, threefold, 1
, -, -: good, worthy, useful, 7
11 : one half for exiting

12 : he appointed
himself king over
13 : he (appointed) his own son;
add
: to whom was; dat. poss.
14 : to go out; pres. inf. -
15 : came down; aor. -
16 : having placed on which
(ships); aor. pple. -
17 ...: in search of life and land

: until.they arrived;
19 : up to this (time)
20 , : aor. inf.
: after the kings son
23 : had been enslaved; plpf.
25 . . . : as for...; acc. respect
: destroyed; 3rd sg. aor. -
27 : events concerning Cyrus
28 ..: the account being true
110
, , .
96 .
,
.
2 , .
.
,

, .

. , ,
10
14
-: to push away, repel, reject, 4
: to exercise, practice; fashion, adorn, 1
, : Deioces, 15
, : justice, righteousness, 1
, , : a juror, judge, 1
, -: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6
, : slavery, captivity, subjection, 5
: to free, set free, 3
: to love, to be in love with, 4

-: to inhabit, dwell in, 3
, : town, country town, village 13
: Somehow, in any way, 9
: to woo, mention, remember, 3
, : Phraortes, 6
1 : were first to revolt; -

2 : against the Assyrians
3 : freed themselves; aor mid.
: after these
4 : the same as the
Medes; ; object of
5 : they came round
to (rule by) tyrants; aor. -
6 : to whom was; dat. poss. impf.
7 : having fallen in love; nom. sg.
aor. dep. pple + gen. object
8 : in towns, in villages
9 : being well-reputed
even previously in his own (town)
: applying himself he began to
practice justice both somewhat more and
more eagerly; inchoative impf. ;
11 : genitive absolute
12 : to justice; with
13 : seeing; pres. pple.
: his character; his ways
14 : chose (him as); impf.
: since (he was)
seeking the rule; + pple = purpose

,
,

, ,
,
, .
97 , ,

3
,

.
,
, . ,
111
15
20
25
-, : lawlessness, order, 3
-: to be set up, to be devoted, 2
, : seizure, robbery, kidnapping, 9
, -, -: well-pleased, glad, 2
: learn to know, to learn, realize, 7
, : Deioces, 15
-: to be utterly careless of, neglect, 1
, : praise, approval, commendation 1
-: to come to or visit repeatedly, 2
, -, -: straight, honest; immediately, 5

-: extend, project; current situation, 2
: to profit, 1
: near, close; neighbor, other, 1
-: to fall on, be wrecked, 2
--: sit down before, sit in public, 2
16 : from the citizens

17 : that Deiokes; pres. opt.
in indirect discourse, secondary seq.
: according to what is right
18 :
previously falling on unjust verdicts
20 : they trusted; aor. mid.
21 : more people; abs.
: since (they are)
learning; + pple (gen. abs.) is causal
22 : that the trials turn out

according to truth; what is, pple.
22 : realizing
everyone leaning upon him; i.e. dependent
on him; nom. sg. aor. pple.
25 : his own affairs; those near
26 : much more than; dat
degree of difference
28 : about the current
situation
112

)
,

, .
98 .
,

2 , .
-

.
, ,
.
, -

-, : lawlessness, order, 3
, : Deioces, 15
-: have good laws, to be orderly, 2
1
2
3
4
5
: acting in the present

way; pres. pple. -
: we are; 1st pl. , Att.
: come (now); common imp.
draws attention to following command
: let us set up; aor. subj.
: our own
, : future tense
: because of lawlessness
: we will be; fut. deponent
: they persuade
themselves
: to be ruled by a king
10
14
-: to agree to, consent, 1

-: to pick, recount, 3
, -, : a city, 5
-: to put forward, propose 2
: with (them) proposing;

gen. abs. with missing gen. noun
: whomever they are to
set up; aor. subj.
7 : many times; much
: proposed; pass. pple
8 : until
9 : for him; dat. of interest
, : aorist infinitives
12 : where
13 : to select; aor. inf.
: when he held; aor.
6
.

, .

.
,
. <>
,
.
.
,
, , ,
.
113
15
20
25
, : Agbatana, 2
, : Athens, 7
: to cover with flowers, to flower, 1
, : palace. 13
-: be in, on, among, 2
-: to take care, care for (+ gen.), 1
-: to pursue, contrive, practice, 2
: seven, 4
, -: less, weaker, inferior, 3
, : a hill, 1
, -, -: blue, dark-blue, 1

, , : black, 1
, -, -: fifth, 6
-: to maintain, protect; wrap up, 1
-, : parapet, bulwark, rampart, 5
, -, -: orange-colored, 1
-: to help fortify, fight together, 4
-, -, -: all together, 3
, -, -: ast, 4
, -, -: fourth, 3
, -, -: high, lofty, high-raised, 4
, : a drug, medicine; pigment, 2
, -, -: crimson, purple-red, 1
15 : to care for
the other (towns) less; comparative adv.
18 : is called; pf. pass.
: one (wall) standing
within another wall; pf. act. -
: are devised; pf. pass.
20 : higher by the
parapets alone; comparative, dat. degree
: I suppose, the
region, being a hill, helps fortify somewhat
so that it was such; result clause

22 : even more; somewhat more
: it was contrived; aor. pass.
23 : in the last (wall)
24 ...: the largest of these (walls)
...: about the circuit (wall) of
Athens; notes approximate size
25 : in length; acc. of respect
29 : colored with pigments
114

99 .
,
.
,
, , ,

2 . ,
,
,
,
.
100
,
10
14
, -, -: shameful, disgraceful, 6
-, : bravery, manly virtue, 2
: to laugh, 2
, : Deioces, 15
-: to order, arrange, 10
, -, -: of a different kind, 1
-: to cover with silver, 1
-: cover with gold-leaf, gilded, 1
: to cause pain, distress, grief, 1
-, , : of the same age, comrade, 2
: round the outside, all round, 3
: to spit, spit up, 1
: to exalt, magnify, 1
-, -, -: brought up with (dat.), 1
: to build, build walls, 2
, -, -: inferior, cowardly, petty, 2
, -, -: difficult, hard, harmful, 1
4 : having been built; aor.

pass. gen. abs
5 : both that no one enter; in
apposition to ; inf. -
6 : to engage (with the king)
in all matters; acc. respect, is subj.
7 : in addition to these things
8 : in his presence; adverbial
...: so thatmight
not begin to feel grief and plot against
(him); purpose; ingressive aor. pres. opt.

10 : being
brought up together with that one and a
household not being inferior and not
being left behind in bravery; i.e. peers
equal in birth, house hold, and bravery
12 : he might seem; opt. with
: to whose (if) not seeing
him; dat. pl. pple with is conditional
14 (while) guarded; pres. pple
: those writing up cases;
,
.
101
, ,
, .
102

, , , , , , .
. , ,
, , -
115
15
20
25
, : Arizantoi, 1
, -, -: the Budioi, 2
, : the Bousai, 1
: to write, 5
, : Deioces, 15
: to judge, deem right, think right, 4
-: to send in, bring in, let in, 1
-: to bring in, introduce; contribute, 1
: inwards, inside, 5

-, : scout, spy, 3
, -: subject to, heeding; listener, 5
, : Magi, Magian, 13
, : Paratakanoi, 1
: fifty, 6
, : Strouchates, 1
-: to unite, twist up together, 1
, , : so great, much or many 4
, : three, 13
: to commit outrage, assault, insult, 2
, : Phraortes, 6
15 : they were accustomed to

send in; iterative (-) imperfect
16 : (the cases) brought in;
pres. pass., fem. pl. modifies above
16 : he was accustomed to send
out; iterative (-) imperfect
: in (regard to) court
cases
17 : had been arranged; plpf.
pass.
: if ever they
learnedhe would judge; pres. opt. and

impf. in a past general condition,
: whenever he sent
for this on; past general temporal clause
: according to the worthy of
(gen.)
: which he ruled; relative, impf.
: gen.
abs.
...: for 53 years; acc duration
18
20
24
25
116
103
Herodotus 1.102.1 104.1

,

.
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, .
.
,
,
10
14
, -, -: warlike, strong, stout, 3

: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ part.) 7
, : Deioces, 15
: twenty, 13
, : Cyaxares, 14
: to divide into companies, 1
: to make solitary, leave alone, 2
-, : a ancestor, forefather, 1
, -: subject to, heeding (+ gen), 1
, : Phraortes, 6
2 : had attacked; plpf. mid.

: began to subdue; inceptive
imperfect
5 : going; nom. sg. pple.
6 : were holding; 3rd pl. impf.
7 : had been left alone ;
impf. + pf. pple. is plpf. periphrastic
: by allies; likely gen. agent
: since they had revolted;
+ pf. pple. - expressing cause
8 : being well-off
9 : was killed; pf. pass. -
: having ruled; nom. sg. or. pple.
10 : for 22 years; acc. duration

11 : inherited; aor. mid. -
12 : far more warlike;
adverbial acc., gen. of comparison follows
13 : according to functions;
according to pursuits
14 : arranged that each
(company) be separated; ind. discourse
104
,
.

,
.
, .
, , ,

,
.

, -
117
15
20
25
, : spearman, bodyguard, 3
, : Halys river, 7
-: to jumble up, mix up, confound, 1
: mixed up, promiscuously, 1
-: to attend to, follow after, obey, 2
-, -: well-girded, baggageless, 2
, - (-), : Phasis river, 2
, -, :, : Colchis, 2
, -, -: Colchian, 4

, : Maduan, 1
, -, : Maietis river, 1
, , : a night, 13
: when, at some time, 4
--: to sit around, besiege, 1
, : Protothues, 1
-, -, -: bow-bearing, 1
: thirty, 8
-: to cross over, step over, 1
16 : before this (time)

: jumbled up; pf. pass. pple
17 : this on was the
one having fought; aor. pple.
: when night became day
18 : the one having united; aor.
: East of the Halys R
19 : under him; i.e. under his rule
20 : avenging his father

21 : pres. pple
: to seize; aor. subj. -
22 : beseiging; modifies
23 : led; 3rd sg. impf.
26 : following after + dat.; aor.
28 : a journey of 30 days
for one without baggage; well-girded
118
105
Herodotus 1.104.1 106.2

,
, ,
. ,
,
.
. .
.
,

.
,
,
.
10
14
, : Egypt, 10
-, -: unharmed, 1
, : Ascalon, 2
: to meet face to face, go to meet, 2
-: turn back or away, avert, deter, 1
, : Aphrodite, 5
-: above, (down) from above, 4
, : Mt. Caucasus, 4
, : a prayer, entreaty, 2
, -, -: Ourania, heavenly, 2
, : Palatine, 1
--: to pass by, go out beside, 2
: farther on, farther, 1
, : Saspeires, 2
: to plunder, strip, 2
, : Syria, 3
, : Psammeticus, 1
1 : aor. inf. -
: through the middle of
these
2 : it is for those
passing this to be in Median land
3 : entered in this way
4 : much longer; dat. of
degree of difference: by much
: keepingon the right
6 : being defeated; aor. dep. pple
: from rule; gen. of separation 7

: were cut off; 3rd pl. aor. pass.
: began to take; inceptive impf.
8 : they went; 3rd pl. impf.
10 : meeting; aor. pple.
11 : not to proceed farther
13 : being left behind; aor.
pass. pple -
14 : of Aphrodite
Ouriania
106
119
, ,
15

, ,
.

20

,

.
,
25

,
.
-

, : Ascalon, 2
-: be disposed, be treated; suffer, 1
: twenty, 13
-, -: offspring, a child, 2
, : hermaphrodites (Scythian word)1
-: to cast, hurl, dart in or upon, 1
-: to throw or strike upon, 4
, -, -: Cyprian, 1
15 : as I have discovered by
inquiring; present with present pf. sense
16 : as many as (there are) for this
goddess; antecedent is , temples
17 : the (temple) in Cytherea;
18 : the ones having
established are Phoenicians
19 : to those plundering
: hurled upon ; dative object
22 : they are ill; ind. discourse
, : Cyprus, 3
, : Cyaxares, 14
, : Cytherea, 1
: to be sick, ill, 2
: to receive or entertain a guest, 2
: eight, 5
, : insolence, contempt, 1
-: to drive round; harass, 2
, -, -: Scythian, 3
: to plunder, strip, 2
, : Syria, 3
, : outrage, insolence, insult, violence 2
23
25
26
27
28
29
: see; inf. ; the pple. is subject

: with them; i.e. Scythians
: how..are disposed
: (those) whom; relative
: because of; gen cause
: separately apart from
: were exacting tribute
...: which.. they imposed on
: whatever they had; opt.
: most of these (Scythians)
120
107
Herodotus 1.106.2 108.3

,

, (
) .
,
, ,
.

, .
,
.

10
14
-: to win back, preserve, 2

: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit,
7
--: to inundate in addtion, 1
-: rule over, overpower (+ gen.), 4
-: to make drunk, 1
-: to slaughter, 2
, : Cyaxares, 14
, : Mandane, 5
, : Ninus, Ninevah, 8
, : interpreter of dreams, 4
: to urinate, 2
: forty, 5
-: to communicate with, set over, 3
- - -: subject, in ones power, 1
, -, -: seasonable, timely, 3
2 : won back; aor. mid.

: (those) whom (they
ruled) before also; supply verb from above
3 : how they seized it; 3rd pl. aor.
; the clause is object of
4 : for 40 years; duration
7 : perishes; 3rd sg. pres. -contract
: of Cyaxares; gen. sg.
8 : was born to him; dat. interest
: to whom; dat. ind. object; relative
9 : gave; placed, aor. mid.
: imagined in a dream
: aor. inf.
10 : she filled; aor. inf., result clause
11 : aor. mid. pple. -
12 : he became frightened; 3rd sg.
aor. dep. is an ingressive aorist
13 : each things themselves
: afterwards
14 : marriagable age; at the
right time for a husband pred. of
Birth and rise of Cyrus
108
121
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, -
15

.
, ,

25
20
, : genitals, 1
, : vine, 3
, : offspring, a child, 2
: to fear, 5
, -, : at the birth, upon birth, 2
: below, from beneath, lower, 2
, -, -: peaceful, at rest, at ease, 1
, : Cambyses, 9
-: to live together, marry, 10
-: to communicate with, set over, 3
: bring forth, beget, grow; be by nature, 5
15 : he gives as a wife to no
one; 3rd sg. present,
: nom. sg. pf. pple
: to a Persian man; dat. ind. object
16 : to whom was; relative, dat. poss.,
impf.
: of a good household;
gen. of quality, pred. of
17 : but of an idle
character; gen. of quality, pred. of
17 : much lower; dat. of degree
of difference
: considering
18 : than an ordinary
gen. of comparison with

: it seemed to him
21 : were growing; inf., acc. subj.
22 : aor. inf. -
: seeing; 3rd sg. aor. pple
24 : , acc. sg.
25 : the (new)-born
: to kill; aor. inf. -
26 were interpreting
: would be going; pres. opt.
29 : summoning; nom. aor. pple .
: most trustworthy;
superlative
122
4
109
Herodotus 1.108.4 110.1

, . ,
, ,

,
,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,

.
;
10
14
-: at another time, at other times, 1

-, -, , : childless, 1
, -, -: suitable, apt, fit, 5
-, : guardian, 1
-: to commit an offense, 1
, : death, 4
: to weep, lament, wail, 1
, : Mandane, Harpagus wife, 5
-: thereafter, 3
: in no way, not at all, 1

, : a little or young child, child, 12
-: to cast (aside), compare, 1
-: to despise, treat wrongly, 1
-: to notice, remark, 3
-: to fall on, be wrecked, 2
-: to serve, minister, 2
, -, -: later, last, 10
1 : of his own (affairs)

2 : whatever I impose on you;
1st sg. aor. subj. -, general rel.
: you did not carry out poorly ;
2nd sg. aor. mid. subj.
3 : you cast aside; aor. mid. subj.
: having caught; aor. mid. pple
: fall over yourself;

2nd sg. aor. aor. subj.
4 : take; sg. imperative

: 3rd sg. aor.
5 : to your own (house)
: kill; aor. imperative
: afterwards
: bury; aor. imperative
: in what way
6 (): 2nd sg. pres. mid.
110
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
;
,
.

-
123
15
20
25

-, -, , : childless, 1
-, -: not liable to fall, safe, secure 3
-, : cowherd, herdsman, 24
, : offspring, a child, 2
, -, : male, masculine, 4
, -: full of wild beasts, 2
, : risk, danger, venture, 2

: to be crazy, mad, rage, be furious, 6
-: to be or go mad, 1
-, -: kinsman, relative, in-born, 1
, -, : a son, 4
7 : you noticed; aor. -

...: in this man unpleasant; dat.
sg. with a compound verb, -
: also in the future
: to commit no offense;
is an inner acc.; aor. -
8 : (it is) dear to you; supply
: to offer my own
aid at any rate
10 : was handed over; aor. pass.
11 : dressed, adorned; pf. pple.
: for death; purpose
: went; 3rd sg. impf.
12 : the entire account
spoken by Astyages; aor. pass.
14 : what do you have in

mind; dat. of possession
: (I have in mind to do)
not (that) which Astyages ordered
15 , : goes mad and
is crazy; translate future as present
: worse than; comparative adv.
: will I impose; fut.
17 : for such a murder
20 : is willing to pass;
aor. inf.
22 : is anything other than?
23 : for the sake of safety
24 . . : one of the men of Astyages
124
Herodotus 1.110.1 111.2

,
,
,
.
, ,

, .
,
.
, ,
,
10
14
, : Acbatana, 2
, -, : wind, 9
, -: flat, plane, 1
: to shout, cry outloud, 2
, : tongue, 12
, -, -:, deserted, desolate, 3
, : woods, forest, tree, 1
, : Cyno, 2
, , , : a dog, 8
, : Mitradates, 2
, : a pasture, pasturage, 1
, : death, ruin, destruction, 1
, -, -: mountainous, hilly, 1
-: to preserve, keep safe, 1
, : sea, 5
, : Saspeires, 2
: spaka (Median for dog), 1
, : Spaco, 1
, : earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm
3
-, : a fellow-slave, 1
-, -: covered over, 1
-, : foothills, foot of the mountain, 1
1 : whose name was; dat. poss.

2 : of the wife; dat. possession
: with whom he lived; rel. clause
: Kyno; Greek word for a female dog
...: in the Greek language
3 ...: in the Median (language)
4 : where; relative adverb
: had; 3rd sg. impf.
6 : toward the north of Acbatana
7 : near Saspeires
8 : covered with woods

10 : arrived; aor. mid.
12 : taking; aor. pple modifying
: to place; aor. inf.
: most desolate (spot)
: so that he might die
as quickly as possible; aor. dep. opt.
13 : if you do not killyou
preserve; , aor. subj.: fut. less vivid
14 : very painful; superlative
111
.
.

.
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, -
125
15
20
25
-: to take up, find, resume, 5

-, -: unexpectedly, 1
-: use continually; destroy (dat), 5
, -, : upon birth, near birth, 2
-: to be set out, be exposed, 4
, : hut, fold, lair, habitation, 1
: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11
, -, : deliberation, thought, 2
, -, -: our, 7
, : a weeping, 2
: Somehow, in any way, 9
: to owe, be under obligation (+inf.), 3
, : a house, abode, dwelling, 4
, : childbirth; offspring, child, 1
15 : I have been ordered

to inspect (the child after) exposed; pres.
inf.; pf. pass.
17 : went; 3rd sg. impf.
18 : back along the same
road; i.e. the road that he came upon
: the wife of this man;
dat. poss.
19 : any day (now)
20 : in accordance with god
21 : about one another
22 : becausesummoned;
aor. opt.
: not customarily; nom. pf pple
24 : he stood near; 3rd sg. aor.
-
: without expectation
: seeing; fem. nom. aor. pple
: why; ind. question
26 : which I ought
neither to see nor ever come to be; aor.
inf.
126
3
Herodotus 1.111.3 112.3

. ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,

. ,
.
,
,
,
10
14

: to gasp, writhe, make a struggle, 1
, : newly-born child, infant, 1
-: to put in one's hands, entrust, 1
-, -: open, public, visible, 4
: to be astounded, amazed, 1
, -: full of wild beasts, 2

, : Cambyses, 9
-: suppose, believe firmly; guess,
3
, : a weeping, 2
: to cry, scream, 1
, : Mandane, 5
, -, -: various, diverse, complex, 1
: straightway, suddenly, 1
1 : amazed; nom. sg. aor. dep pple
: I went; 1st sg impf.

: as soon as; + superl.
: I see;
2 : gasping; neut. pple
: dressed; pf. pass.
4 : very quickly
: bade (me) taking; acc.
subj. of the infinitive
5 : to place; aor. inf.

...: where it is; pres. opt.
: very full of beasts
: saying; nom. sg. aor. pple.
6 : the one imposing; acc.
predicate
: having made many
threats; aor. pple , parallel to
7 : picking up (the child); aor pple

112
. .
.
,

.
,
.
, .
, , .
, . ,

.
127
15
20
25
-: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 4

, , : the knee, 3
: to weep, shed tears, 2
-: to uncover, 1
-: to set out, expose, 2
-: to come to or visit repeatedly, 2

: to die, 5
-, : scout, spy, 3
, : art, skill, craft, 2
-: well then; therefore, accordingly, 2
8 ..: that he is from the servants

: I would not have believed
but ; 1st sg. aor. ind. + for past potential
. . . : whose he was; from where he
9 : (the child) dressed; pf. pple
: being evident;
having come to be pf. pple.
: in Harpagus (house)
11 : along the road, on the way
: the entire story
from a servant; gen. source +
13 : that, as it turns out, it was..
14 : him to kill (the child)
16 : and she; i.e. the herdsmans wife
17 : she saw; 3rd sg. aor.
18 : grabbing; + partitive gen.

: in no way
19 : to expose; aor. inf.
: said he was not
able; to be the sort to
20 : fut pple. , purpose
21 : that I will die if; fut. inf
23 : not to expose the child; l. 19
: do; aor. imperative.
24 : it be seen; aor. pass. inf.
25 : I have given birth to (a
child) being stillborn; 1st sg. pf. ;
neut. pf. pple
: place it (outside); aor. imperative
27 (): 2nd sg. fut.
128
113
Herodotus 1.112.3 114.3

. ,
,
, ,

, .
,
, ,
.

, ,
10
14
, : a vessel, 2
: to put to death, 1
: to die, 5
: get, light upon; attain, obtain (gen.) 4

, : corpse, a dead body, 4
-, : an assistant herdsman, 1
, : breath, life, spirit, soul, 2
1 : it will not have been

deliberated; neut. pl. pf. pass. pple
and fut. 3rd sg. with dat. of agent

: the one dead; pf. pple
2 : the one surviving; pres.
: will lose; 3rd sg. fut.
3 : for the present (time)
5 : the child which
was carrying, intended to kill; relative
6 : being his own (child)
: taking; nom. sg. aor. pple
: he placed; 3rd sg. aor.
: in which; relative clause

7 : in the dress of the other child
8 : set it (down); 3rd sg. impf.
9 when came to be
: for exposed infant
: he went; 3rd sg impf.
10 : one of the
assistants as a guard for it; i.e. the child
11 : to Harpagus house
he said; 3rd sg.
14 : 3rd sg. aor.
: 3rd sg. plpf. pass.
: the onethe latter
114

,
.
,
.
,
.
.
, , ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
129
15
20
25
, : Artembares, 6
, : a gift of honor, 1
, -: ten years old, 1
-: to seize or receive, 3
-: to disclose, reveal, show, 2
: by name (adverbial acc.), 2

, : the eye, 3
-: to play with, 1
15 being called; aor. pass. pple

: fem. aor. pple with
17 : giving; aor. mid. pple
18 : When the boy was; impf
: the
following sort of event having happened
to him showed his identify; 'himself
19 : in which they were; impf.
21 : chose him to be their king; aor.
mid.
23 : 3rd sg. aor.
..: some of
these others a certain oneto one

24 : the Eye of the King;
an official position in the kings court
25 : he gave the privilege; impf.
: assigning a task to each
26 : one; ac
28 : something
ordered by Cyrus; aor. pass.
29 : the other
children to seize him; is acc. subj.
: the children
obeying; gen. absolute
130
4
115
Herodotus 1.114.4 116.1

.
, ,
,
,
( ), .

, ,
, ,
. ,
, .
,

10
14
-, -: unworthy, not worthy (gen.) 2

-, -, -: terrible, monstrous, 1
: meet with, meet face to face (gen) 6
-: to complain of, 1
, : Artembares, 6
: to see, look at, 1
: to point out, display, show, 6
, : a slave, 7
: to whip, flog, 1

-: to treat or insult excessively, 1
: to dare, undertake, endure, 4
, -, -: rough, hilly, rugged, 3
, : shoulder, 4
1 : treated; 3rd sg. aor.

2 : was released; 3rd s aor pass
: since he suffered; + aor.
pple expressing alleged cause
3 : greatly; somewhat more
: returning; aor.
4 : which he met with; relative
: because of or by Cyrus hand
: saying not Cyrus
5 : was this his name
6 : when he became angry; as
he was disposed in anger; impf
: aor. pple
: leading; pres. pple.
7 : he said; 3rd sg. impf.

: had suffered; pf. inf.
9 ...: bythe child; gen. agent
: perf. passive,
10 : showing; nom. pres. pple
, : aor. pple ,
11 : wishing; nom. pres. pple
: aor. inf. + dat.
13 : were present; impf.
: looking at; aor. pple
14 : Did you, being a
boy, dare; introducing a question
: with this here
(boy) being such (a status); gen. abs.

; . ,
. ,
3
116
,
.
, , .
, .

,
,
-
-, : injury, unseemly treatment, 2

-, : recognition, 1
-: to disobey, not heed, 1
-, : the exposing, exposure, 1
, -, -: free, 4
131
15
20
25

-: to bring to, apply to, 1
-, : face, visage, countenance, 1
15 : of this
21 : held no account (of
here man, being foremost in my (court)
the commands); 3rd sg. impf.
: aor. inf.
: for which he
16 : replied
received punishment
18 : among whom is this here
23 : came upon; impf.
boy also; partitive gen. introducing a
: seemed to him; i.e. to
relative clause
Astyages
: set me up as king;
24 : resemble/compare to
3rd pl. aor. mid.,
himself
19 : I seemed
: more of a free man (than
: for this; i.e. for the role of king
slave); pred. adj. of , supply
20 : commands
: were carrying out; impf.
132
2
Herodotus 1.116.2 117.4

.
,
, ,
,
. ,

, , ,
. .

, .
14
10

, : Artembares, 6
-, -: speechless, voiceless, 1
: put to the test; examine closely, 1
-: find fault with, complain of, 5
: whence? from where?, 2
: with difficulty, reluctantly, scarcely, 1
: alone, singly, 1
1 : amazed; aor dep.

: by these things; dat. of agent
: for (some) time; acc. duration
2 : having recovered; nom. sg.
aor. pass. pple
: wishing; pres. pple.
: aor. inf.,
3 : so that he may test; 3rd sg.
aor. subjunctive in a purpose clause
: 1st sg. fut.
4 : so thathave no
complaint; result, is an inner acc.
6 : led; 3rd pl. impf.
7 : 3rd sg. plpf. pass.
: asked; impf.
8 : from wherewho;
opt. ,ind. question secondary seq.
: the one having handed over
(the child); aor. pple
10 : he (Mithridates)
said that (the boy) had been born from
him and the one having giving birth to
him [i.e. the boy] was still with him; pf.
inf. aor. pple
11 : to great torture;
to great constraints
: instructed; aor.
13 : (while) being led to torture
14 : the actual story; the
story being (the case)
117
,

. ,
.
,
, ;
,
, , .
, ,
,
-
133
15
20
25
. -
, : truth, 5
-, -: unfailing; blameless, 1
, : murderer, assassin, 1
-: to disclose, reveal, show, 2
: to cross-examine, test, refute, 3
: within, at home, 1
-: to step, come, or climb, down, 7
, : a prayer, entreaty, 2
, -: false, lying, 1
15 : recounted thoroughly; 3rd sg. impf

: employing; + dat.
16 : concluded with prayers
17 : revealing; aor. in a gen. abs.
18 : considered the
story less (important); (),
comparative as a pred. acc.
20 : when..was present; impf.
: asked; impf.
21 (): with what
death did you kill off; ; 2nd sg. aor mid.
: whom I gave to you;
aor. , relative clause
22 : having been born; pf. pple
: when he saw; aor.

23 : to the path of falsehood
24 ...: lest he be caught;
pres. subj.
25 : considering; pres. pple
26 : in what way I may act;
aor. deliberative subjunctive
: according to (your) intentions
: in your eyes; in regard to you
27 : so that I might not be a
murderer; purpose, 1st sg. pres. opt.
134
Herodotus 1.117.4 119.3

,
118
. . ,

,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
, ,

10
14

: as far as, even to (+ gen.) 1
,-: completed, accomplished, 2
, : a eunuch, 1

: to say again, recapitulate, 2
: again, once more; back, backwards, 2
, -, -: of all sorts/kinds, various 4
, : wrath, 1
: to lie, cheat, beguile, 3

: the one ordering; acc. pred.
: aor. inf.
2 (): you ordered; 2nd sg mid. impf.
3 : to this here (man)
according to these (commands)
: aor. pple.,
4 : to place; aor. inf.
: up to which (time); relative
5 : he died; 3rd sg. aor. subj.
: to this here man; i.e. the herdsman
6 ...: if he does not do; , 3rd
sg. aor. in a general conditional clause
7 : they saw; 3rd pl. aor.
8 : it was thus; + adverb
9 . . . : experienced such a
death
10 : true account
: offered
11 : the anger which he had in
him; 3rd sg. impf.
: what had happened; pf. pple
: first next
12 : according to the
very account
13 : when he was
recounting (it) to him ; 3rd sg. impf.
14 : concluded that
: what happened
is good; pf. pple; + adv. see line 8

2
119

,
. ,

, (
) .
,

,
. ,
,

,
. ,
,
135
15
20
25
: ten, 5
, : the principal meal, dinner, 7
-: to pass over; slander, quarrel, 1
, -, -: light (in weight), 1
: to be tired, be ill, be grieved, 5
, -, : lyric song; (body) limb, 3
, -: newly come, 1
-, -: very pleased, 2
-: to lie near, be assigned to, 4
-: to fall and show obeisance, 2
, -, -: yourself, 6
-: to happen to, occur to, meet, 1
: to slay, slaughter, kill, 1
, : reward (for saving), 1
, : three, 13
15 : speaking
he said, because of the (thing) done to this
child I was greatly grieved and I did not
take lightly having been attacked by my
daughter ; pf. pple as a dat. of cause. Pf.
pass. pple
17 : with luck
having turned out well; gen. abs. pf. pple
18 : send for; aor. sg. imperative
20 : to whomever of the gods

: be present with; imp.
22 : all right; according to need
: had turned out; plpf.
23 : had been invited; plpf.
: went; 3rd sg. impf.
25 : having lived for; pf. pple
28 : things having occurred
29 : dividing up the limbs; aor.
136
Herodotus 1.119.3 120.2

, .
,

, ,
,
,
,
.
,
,

.
,
10
14
, -, -: topmost, excellent, 2
: enough of, 1
-: to uncover, 2
, : meat, 1
, -, : an invited guest, 2
-, -, -: covered with, full of, 1
, -: ready, 1
, : a feast, meal, banquet, 1
, : dish, basket, 1
-: to cover up, conceal, 2
, : the head, 9
: remains, remnants, 1
, -: of sheep, 1
: to bake, roast, broil, 3
-: place beside; offer, provide, 1
-: to produce, bring in to, 2
, , : a foot, 2
-: to be set near, be assigned to, 4
, : table; dinner, meal, 4
1 : some (parts) others

: roasted; 3rd sg. aor.
: boiled, stewed; 3rd sg. aor
2 : were present; impf,
4 : were placed before; 3rd pl.
impf. pass.
6 : and all the rest;
7 : were lying; impf.
: covered; pf. pass. pple
8 : it seemed good; 3rd sg. impf.
9 : asked; 3rd sg.
: if at all he enjoyed; aor. dep. opt.
: with Harpagus saying

that; gen. abs. governing ind. statement
10 : that he enjoyed; aor. dep. inf.
: (those) to whom it was

assigned; subj. of
12 : those standing nearby; aor.
pple. nom. subject of
13 : which of these he
wishes; relative with missing antecedent
120
.
.

.
, ,
, .
,

.
.
,
. .
,
.
137
15
20
25
: near, nearby, 3
, -: true, 6
: to gather together; understand, 5
, -, -: acceptable, pleasing, 1
: to eat, eat up, 1
: to live, dwell, 2
: within, inside, 4
-: to survive, live on, 1

: to do, perform, 3
: to choose, decide; interpret, 4
15 : asked; 3rd sg.

16 : he knows; 3rd sg. opt.
in ind. question, secondary seq.
: from which animal; of
which animal , with
: he is eating; 3rd sg. opt.
17 : whatever the king does;

pres. subj. + in a general relative cl.
19 : he went; 3rd sg. impf.
: he was intended to bury;
governs a fut. inf.,
: gathering; nom. sg. aor. pple
21 : imposed this punishment; aor.

: concerning Cyrus
22 : the same (of
the) Magi
23 : who interpreted; aor.
: those arriving; acc. pl. aor.
pple
: in what way; ind. question
24 : in the same ways;
25 : it would be necessary; contrafactual
27 : in the countryside
28 : set (him) up; aor. mid.
138
Herodotus 1.120.2 121.1

. ;

,
.
,
.
. ,

.

.
,
10
14
-, : a message-bearer, 1
-, -: secure, safe, unfailing, 3
, -, -: some, 1a
-: to have reached, be fulfilled, 1
, : a door-keeper, 1
, : prophecy, oracle, 2

, : a dream, 11
-: to reflect (over), consider, 1
-, : forethought, foreknowledge, 2
, -, -: finished, complete, last, 4
: to perform, perfect, confirm, 3
1 : all that kings truly

(do); supply verb, object of
3 : he ruled; 3rd sg.
: for what (reason)
: spoke; 3rd pl. 1st aorist
4 ..: not from any forethought; i.e.
not designed to respond to the dream
5 , : take heart; , imperatives
6 : for a second time; adv. acc.
...: some of our
accounts (interpretations) have come to
little (consequence); 3rd sg. pf.
7 ...: those (interpretations)
clinging to dreams; + partitive gen.

8 : finally, in the end; adverb
: to a weak (outcome)
9 : I am very much in this way in
my opinion; acc. of respect
10 : having been called; aor.
pass. with a pred., here in a gen. absolute
11 : not at all still dangerous;
12 : advise me; aor. imper.
..: (the things) which are
going to be; relative clause, neuter plural
13 : in reply to these things
14 : for us ourselves
: is of great importance

.
,

121
, ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
. .
.
, ,
139
15
20
25
,
: to alienate, fall to another, 1
-: to hurl upon, fall on, 1
, -, -: one giving birth; parent 2
-: to set upright, erect, 1
, : part, portion, share, lot; fate,
destiny, 12
, : a dream, 11
, : the eye, 3
-: to order, urge, encourage, 1
: to be looked out for (+ gen.), 1
-: to foretell, 1
, -, -: yourself, 6
, -, -: fearful, terrifying, 1
: to rejoice, be glad; fare well, 3
15 : otherwise; adv. from adj.

: (the rule) falls into
anothers hands. 3rd sg. pass., add
16 : nom. sg. fem. pple
: being Persian; modifies
: of no value; of no
account
18 : (since) being foreigners
19 : partially; in part acc. respect
: from you
21 : we must look out for (+
gen); it is to be looked out for by us, dat.
of agent
22 : we would tell;
contrafactual
26 : rejoiced; 3rd sg. aor. deponent
28 : you survive; 2nd sg. pres.

: go; sg. imperative
140
122
Herodotus 1.121.1 123.3

.

.
. , ,
,
. ,
,

,
.
, ,
. -
10
14
: to praise, tell or speak of, 5

: to welcome, embrace, 1
, : parents, begetters, 2
: there, in that place, 2
-: thence, from there, 1
, : Cambyses, 9
, : Cyno, 2
, : a mother, 12
, : Mithradates, 2
, : misfortune, 3
, : escort, guide, 2
, : parent, 3
2 : 2nd sg. fut.

: not like Mitradates
5 : to Cambyses house
6 : when they learned (what
happened); who Cyrus is, aor.
: since
they believed he had died immediately at
that time; + pple is causal; aor. inf.
7 : they began to ask; inceptive impf
: in what way; ind. question
: before this (time)
9 : to know; inf.
: aor. inf.
: very much; adverbial accusative
: but along the journey

: aor. inf.
10 : that he was; 3rd sg. opt.
11 : on the journey from there;
: the entire story
12 : from the escorts; source
: he was reared; aor. pass inf.
13 : he wnted through the entire

(story), praising this one; impf.
: and Cyno was everything to
him in the story; i.e. important, is dat.
14 : taking up; nom. pl. pple
: so that he may seem; 3rd sg.
pres. subjunctive in a purpose clause
123
,
,
. .
,

,
,
.
,

.
,

, -, -: manly, brave, courageous 3
: to mature, grow to manhood, 1
: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ pple) 7
: to live, dwell, 2
, -, -: miraculous, from god, divine, 5
-: to bring up from childhood, rear, 2
-: turn toward or over to, entrust, 5
141
15
20
25
-: to strike down, overthrow, 3
, , , : a dog, 8
, -, -: sharp, keen, bitter, 1
-: be in charge, set in charge +gen 4
-: to be assigned to, be set near, 4
-, -: dear, beloved, 3
-: mix, meet with; commune with, 3
, : revenge, vengeance, 1
, : report, rumor, 3
16 : being exposed, pass. pple.

: tried to make; conative impf.
23 : these things had

17 : has spread
been accomplished for him; i.e. Harpagus
18 : most courageous; pred.
26 : leaders to keep; aor.
adjective
pple
19 : to avenge; aor. inf.
29 : was in no way able; impf.
21 : about to come; fut. pple
22 : being entrusted as an heir
142
4
124
Herodotus 1.123.4 125.1

,
,
, ,
,
,
,

.

,
10
. ,
2

. ,

-: to tear up, rip up, 2

-: to sew up again, 1
-: to skin, pull out, pluck, 1
: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+pple.) 7
-: by one's own hand, 2
, : papyrus; letter, 4
, -, : belly, stomach, 2
, : tongue, 12
: to write, 5
, : snare, net, 2
-: to say besides, 1
-: to choose; read, think over; say, 5
,-: completed, accomplished, 2
-: to devise, contrive, 2
14

, : a hunter, huntsman, 1
: to die, 5
, : Cambyses, 9
, : a hare, 4
-, : eagerness, zeal, readiness, , 3
, -, -: yourself, 6
1 : since the roads were 3 : but as it was disposed; +

being guarded; + pple is causal
adv. translates as to be (disposed) + pred.
: but he; i.e. Harpagus
: 3rd sg. aor.
2 : having prepared a hare
: the things which seemed good
: not at all having skinned
to him; missing antecedent obj. of
(it); nom. sg. aor. pple

, ,
,
. , ,
, .
3
125

,
,

.
, .

,
: here, hither, there, thither, 1
5 : giving nets; nom. aor. pple.
: as if to a hunter
: to the trustworthy; with
6 : ordering him; aor. pple
: by word of mouth
: that he tell Cyrus; both
dat. and acc. are the messenger
7 : split, divide; aor. inf.
: no one be present + dat
9 : discovering; nom. aor. pple.
10 : being inside; acc. pres. pple.

: he read; picked over
12 : for (otherwise) you
would not have arrived; 2nd sg. aor. mid.
contrafactual
13 : avenge; aor. mid. imperative.
...: according to
: you are dead; pf.
15 : have learned; acc. subj.
and obj. ; governed by
143
15
20
25

, : general, 5
: to lead an army, 2
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
25
: about you yourself

: how it was done; aor. pass
: what I suffered; pf.
: gave; 1st sg. aor.

: if you are willing; + 2nd sg.
pres. subjunctive in a future-more-vivid
: which very land...;
relative clause, gen. object of ,
antecedent
: you will rule; fut. + gen.
: lead an army; sg. imper.
: if I am appointed; 1st sg. aor.
pass. subjunctive
(): you wish; 2nd sg. pres. mid.
: if Ior someone else;
+ subj.
: since the matter here is at
hand
: in what way
144
2
126
Herodotus 1.125.2 126.4

.
, ,

. , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
, .
,
, .
, .
, ,
.
10
14
, : assembly of the people, 1

-: to unroll, unfold, 2
, -, : a plougher, 1
: to be prepared; depend on, 1
, : Achaemenides, 2
, : papyrus; letter, 4
, : Germanioi, 1
: to write, 5
, : Daoi, 1
, : Derousiaioi, 1
, : a scythe, 1
, : Dropikoi, 1

, -, -: apt, timely, 1
, : Maraphioi, 1
, -, -: Mardian, 2
, : Maspian, 1
, : Panthialaioi, 1
, : Pasargadai, 2
, : Sagartioi, 1
, : general, 5
, : clan, brotherhood, phratre, 1
1 : superlative, pred. adjective

2 : afterwards
: unrolling; nom. sg. aor. pple
3 : reading (it)
4 : 3rd sg. impf.
: appointed him general; inf.
with a double accusative
: to you; ind. object of
: be present; is subj. acc.
8 : to rise up against; inf.
: some of them; partitive gen.

: these (tribes) were; add
: (those) from which

: crasis for
9 : depend upon; pf. pass.
10 : among these
11 : from wherehave
come to be; relative clause, pf.
14 : 3rd pl. impf.
, ,

,
.
, .

,
.
. ,
-
145
15
20
25
, : feat, task, duty, 2

, -: thorny, full of thorns, 1
, : a herd of goats, 1
, -, -: selected, choiceworthy, 2
-, : a herd of cattle, 1
: twenty, 13
-: cultivate, reclaim, tame, soften, 1
: eat a feast, feast, entertain well, 2
-: to lay down, make recline, 1
, -, : meadow, mead, field, 1
: to wash, bathe, 3
, : wine, 10
--: eighteen, 1
: every way, by all means, altogether, 2
, -, -: Persian, 4
, : a flock, 1
, -, -: on the day before, 2
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
15 : what was previously

asked for; i.e. scythe
: was; 3rd sg. impf.
16 : about up to; as much as up
to
17 : in every direction; in every way
: to cultivate; aor. inf.
18 : gen. absolute
19 : for the next day
: washed; pf. pple
20 : meanwhile; in this (time)
21 : to the same (place); crasis
: sacrificed; 3rd sg. impf.

22 : to receive; so as going to
receive + fut. pple. expresses purpose
23 : in addition
24 : reclining; acc. pl. aor. pple
25 : Cyrus entertained with a feast
26 : whetheror; nom. sg. pple.
27 : the difference is great; the
divide/the midst acc. subject
146
w
127
Herodotus 1.126.4 128.3

,
.
, ,
.
, ,

.
.
,
.
, .
, .
,
10
14
-, -: countless, 1
, -, -: well-pleased, glad, 2
-, -: fit for a slave, 1
, -, -: free, 4
: to free, set free, 3
-: lay hold of, take over, attack, 1
, -, : a word, 11

-: to disclose, lay bare, 1
, -, -: resembling; similar 10
, : work, toil, labor, 4
-, : leader, 1
, -, -: of yesterday, yesterdays, 1
1 : the previous day; acc.

subj. of following , aor.
2 ...: the present day at that
time had; acc. subj., add
3 : began to lay bare:
; 3rd sg. inceptive impf.
4 : it is thus for you; + adv.
: (those) willing
towill have; dat. possession; fut. sense
: to obey me; usually a dat.
obj.is here a gen. of source: from me
: having; dat. pl. pres. pple
6 : (those) not willing
towill have; see line 4
7 : become; pres. pl. mid. imperative
8 : by divine providence; dat. cause

: having been born; nom. sg. pf.
9 : these matters are brought
into my hands; ind. disc following
: inferior to the
Medes; than the Medes, gen. comparison
10 : (these things) being so
11 : rise up against; mid. imper.
: very quickly; adverbial
12 : accepting (him) as leader;
governs a genitive
: gladly; adj. translated as an adv.
13 : considering that to be
ruled by Medes for a long time is terrible
14 : learned; aor.

2
128
.
.
,
, .
,
, ,
,
. .
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
147
15
20
25
-: to impale, fix on a pole, 1
: to desert (to the enemy), 1
-: to unloose, route, 1
-: play the coward on purpose, 1
: to do, perform, 3
-, -: stricken by god, struckdumb, 1
, : forgetfulness, a forgetting, 1
-: to be among, have a part in, 3

-: partake of, have share in, 3
, : interpreter of dreams, 4
: to make ready, arm, 2
, : old man, 1
, : general, 5
-: mix, meet with; commune with, 3
: to rejoice, be glad; fare well, 3
16 : earlier than; comparative

adverb
: he will come; unusual fut. optative in
ind. discourse, secondary sequence,
17 : fut.
18 : inasmuch as being
19 : what he had done to; plpf.
20 : began to fight; inceptive

impf.
21 : took part in the

plan
23 : having been routed; gen. abs.,
aor. pple.
25 : not even in this way, not even so
25 : persuaded, 3rd pl. aor.
27 : afterwards
28 : those left; aor. pass.
pple
148
129
Herodotus 1.128.3 130.3

,
.
, ,
,
, .
. , ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, .

10
14
-, : prisoner (by the spear), 1
-: to ask in reply, 1
-: to lose, throw off or away, 4
: to write, 5
, -, : a word, 11
: to feast on, eat; entertain, 1

-, -: heart-grieving, 1
-: to reduce to slavery, enslave 1
-: to mock, rail violently, 1
-: to gloat over, rejoice over, 1
, -, : strength, power, 1
-: to place round, give over, 2
-: to look at or upon, 1
, , : flesh, 1
, -, -: left side; clumsy unlucky, 2
1 : were inferior to; 3rd sg. aor. dep.

2 : (those) of the Medes whom
: lost; 3rd pl. aor.
3 : standing over; aor.
4 : and especially; and indeed also
5 : asked
: in response to his dinner
: at which entertained
him; relative, antecedent ,
: with flesh; , dat. pl.
6 : what was; opt., secondary seq.
7 : looking at; aor. pple
: is considered his own

8 : that indeed he himself
had written (it); aor. inf. in ind. discourse
..: that the revolt was
rightly his own; the matter
9 : indicated
10 : by (his) speech; dat. means
: that he was; ind. discourse
11 : most
left-handed on the one handmost unjust
on the other hand; in apposition to line 10
130
,
.
,
.

,
,
,
.
, .

.
,
149
15
20
25
. []
, : Halys river, 7
-, -, -: not culpable/responsible, 1
, : Darius 9
, : a slave, 7
: a hundred, 7
--: to rebel, stand up against, 2
-: to stop, prevent, put an end to, 4
: there is resentment, is regret, 1

-: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
, : bitterness; cruelity, 1
: thirty, 8
, -, -: later, last, 10
-: stoop under a yoke, bow down 1
11 : indicated
: if he gave over to
another; is far from aor.
: to become king being
possible for him; acc. abs., pple
12 : was done; aor. pass.
: present affairs; pple
13 : because
14 : if it was
necessary for him to give to someone
else; aor.
15 : more just than; compar.
: to one of the Medes;
: to conferupon; aor. inf.
16 : (one) of the Persians; add
17 : have become; pf. inf. ,
still governed by
19 : over 35 years
20 : was cut off from; aor. pass.
+ gen. separation
: bowed under the Persian yoke;
21 ..: Asia east of the Halys
River; above
22 : for 128
years; 130 lacking from two, separation
23 : except for as long as;
acc. of duration
24 : rose up against; aor
25 : were overturned; aor.
pass.
26 : rising up against + dat.
150
131
Herodotus 1.130.3 132.3

, , .
,
,
,
,

,

.
, ,
.
, ,
10
14

-, : injustice, wrong-doing, 2
, : Alitta, 1
, -, : wind, 9
-, -: anthropomorphic, 1
, -, -: Arabian, 3
-: from the beginning, 1
, : Aphrodite, 5
, : a platform; altar, 6
-: to learn in addition or after, 1
: to do, perform, 3
, : Zeus, 11
, : the sun, 8
, : Mylitta, 3
, : folly, silliness, 2
, -, -: Uranian, heavenly, 2
, : sky, heaven, 2
, -, : fire, 9
, : the moon, 1
, , : water, 10
, -, -: later, last, 10
1 : later; comparative adverb

: having begun his injustice
2 : subdued...; aor. mid.
: it has been said by me; dat. agent
4 : employing the
following customs; + dat. object
5 : not considering
(it) within the law; i.e. according to law
: (the Persians) build; mid. inf.
5 : to those making (temples)
6 : impute (acc.) to (dat.)
: as it seems to be; abs. inf.

7 : because they believed
: just as
8 : the Persians are accustomed
: to Zeus; dative sg. governed by
9 : of mountains
: calling the entire
circle of the heavens Zeus; double acc.
12 : they learned later; pf.
: Heavenly Aphrodite
13 : having learned; aor.
Persian customs
132
151
15

, ,
, ,
,
, .
,

.

, ,
.
,
20
25

-: to light up, 2
, -, -: soft, tender, delicate, 1
: pray to, invoke; vow that (+ inf.) 2
, : a flute, 2
-: to cut up piecemeal, 1
-: to deposit, arrange, treat, handle, 3
-: be inborn, innate; be possible, 2
-: to chant, sing to, 1
-, : an incantation, chant, 1
-, : song on the birth of the gods 1
, -, -: ones own; private, lone, 4
, : sacrificial victim, 1

-: to pray earnestly, 1
, -, : lyric song; (body) limb, 3
, : Mitra, 1
, : a myrtle branch,1
, : barley-grain (for sacrifices), 2
, : grass, 1
, : treaty for peace, libation, 2
, -, : wreath, garland, 1
: to crowne, wreath, honor, 1
, : tiara, (Persian) hat, 1
, -, -: clover, three-leafed, 1
-: to spread underneath, 1
16 ... : regarding the

gods mentioned (above)
: has come to be this;
: employ librations
18 : whenever (one) wishes
to sacrifice to one of these (gods); 3rd sg.
pres. subj. , general temporal clause
19 : he calls on, invokes
20
21
22
23
24
26
: crowned; pf. pple

: it is not allowed for one
: prosper; come to be well
: wheneverhe boils; subj.
: in pieces
: this having been set
out
27 : standing beside; pf. pple
152
133
Herodotus 1.132.3 134.2

.
.
.

,
.
,

,
10
,
. ,
, .
13
, , : facing, against (+ gen.) 9

, -: all together, all at once, 2
, : cow, 4
, , : meal, feast, banquet, 3
: to judge, deem right, think right, 4
: to vomit, throw up, 1
-: to hold on, wait, restrain, 8
-, : dishes served after, 1
: to eat, 1a
-, -: happy, fortunate, blessed, 2
, : a camel, 6
, : oven, kiln, 2
, -, -: fine, small, 1
, -, -: few, little, small, 14
, -, -: baked, roasted, 3
, , : a mule, 4
, -, -: whole, entire, complete, 1
, : wine, 10
: to make water, urinate, 2
-: to produce, bring in to, 2
-: to set before, 1
: to stop, make cease (+ pple) 14
, -, : a poor man, a day-laborer, 1
: to be hungry, hunger, 1
-, : cattle, sheep, herd, 7
-: be set near, attached to (dat) 4
, : grain, food, meal, 5
: to eat, 9
1 : waiting; nom. aor. pple.

: the one having sacrificed; aor.
2 . . . : in what way reason takes him
: to honor; pres. inf. -contract verb
3 : on whichwas born; time
: on this (day)
4 . . : more than others ()
: they consider worthy; 3rd pl.
: on which (day)
6 : set out; 3rd pl. mid. pres.
: meat of small animals

7 : they enjoy few main meals; pres.
10 : (while still) being hungry
: after the main meal
11 : nothing worthy of account
: but if
something should be offered in addition,
they would not stop eating; fut more vivid
12 : are attached to; 3rd pl. mid.
, : aor. inf. ,
Persian customs
153
, 4
134
,
,
, ,
, , .
, .
,
15
20
,
,
.
25
,

, , [
-, -: low-born, 1
: nearest, most recently, 2
: to please, delight, gratify, 4
-: to distinguish, resolve, 1
: very far, afar, very far off, 2
-: to chance upon, encounter, 1
--: to reconsider, 1
: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense 11
, -, -: least; not at all, 1
: make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate, 4
: to be sober, 3
, : a cheek, 1

-: to consider before, 1
-: to fall and show obeisance, 2
-: to address, call by name, 1
-: to fall upon, befall, 2
, , : earnest, serious; important1
, : host, master of the house, 1
, -, : the mouth, 3
-: to meet with, fall in with, 2
-, -: inferior (in rank), 1
: to love, befriend; kiss, 2
15 ...: whatever was pleasing;

general relative, 3rd sg. aor. subj.
16 : to those being sober; dat. pple
: in whose (house)
17 : if it is pleasing; , see l. 15
18 : they give up the proposal; 3rd pl.

20 : one might distinguish; opt.
22 : If one is; , pres. subj
: by little much; degree
26 : according to this principle
154
135
136
Herodotus 1.134.2 137.2

] ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.

,
, .
,
.
, ,
10
14
: nearest, most recently, 2

, -, -: Egyptian, 8
-, : bravery, manly virtue, 2
-: to hold out, lay hold of, 2
: to marry, 3
-: to pursue. follow, practice, 2
, : enjoyment, 3
, -, : breastplate, 3
, -, -: wedded, 1

, : custom, 1
-, -: having the same borders, 2
-, -, -: of every kind or sort,1
1 : lay claim to; + partitive gen.

: very far away; superlative adv.
2 : least noble; superlative
: in addition, moreover
: gen. absolute
3 : people ruled one another
: among all,
Medes rule those dwelling nearest to them,
and these rule neighbors, and these rule
those holding very far off; supply
5 ...: according to same principle
6 , : neuter sg. pres. pple
7 : among (all) men the
Persians especially; partitive gen.

8 : more beautiful than their
own (clothing); , gen. comparison
9 : for wars
11 : and in particular; indeed also
: learning; aor. pple
: mingle with boys; i.e.
engage in pederasty; dat. pl.
13 : much more; difference
14 : is shown; pf.
...: after being courageous in
fighting; is an exegetical inf.
: whoever presents; subj,
Persian customs
137

.
.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
-
155
15
20
25

,
.
: to tell the truth, 1
-, -: incurable, irreparable, 1
, : grief, distress, vexation, 1
-, -: twenty years of age, 1
: to do, perform, 3
: to track out, hunt after, seek out, 1

: to consider, reckon, calculate, 2
: to educate, to teach, 2
-, -: five years of age, 2
: to shoot with the bow, 1
, : three, 13
, : a service, 1
16 : over the whole year

: multitude; acc. subj.
: they believe; , 3rd pl.
pres.
18 : just three things; inner
accusative
19 : before; earlier than
20 : beside the women
: (namely) so that if he
dies; , aor. subjunctive

22 : may strike (acc.) upon (dat.);
23 ...: that the kingkill; articular
infinitive
: for the sake of a one offense
26 : if one finds; , pres. subj.
, : more, better; comparatives
() and ()
28 : employ anger
156
Herodotus 1.137.2 140.2

, ,
-
138

, .
, .
,
, ,
.
,

.

, ,
. ,
10
14
, -: true, 6
-: to investigate, examine into, 1
, : necessity, force, (Att ) 5
-: to spit into, 1
-: to urinate in, 1
-: either () in truthor (), 2
, : the sun, 8
, : leprosy, 1
, : (white) leprosy, 2
, : a mother, 12
, -, -: born from adultery, 1
: to owe, ought to (+ inf.), 3
, -, -: as much as, many as, great, 2
, : pigeon or dove, 1
-: to mix, meet commune with, 3
, : father, 3
, -, -: substituted secretly, 1
, : debt, 1
, : lie, a falsehood, 1
1 : as often as such things

have happened up to now; killing parents
2 : they say; 3rd pl. pres.
: quite inevitably
: these (children)
being examined; supply
: would be found (to be); aor.
pass. inf. + expresses potential
, : substituted (at
birth), born from adultery

3 : it is not reasonable; pple
5 : which, what; antecedent
6 : (is) most shameful; supply
: it is believed; pf. pass.
: next; second
7 : but especially (because)
: that it is necessary
Persian customs
139
, ,
. , ,
157
15

,
, ,
, .
140

,
.
20
25

, -, : Dorian, 8
--: to wash clean (in), 1
, , , : a dog, 8
: escape notice of, be unnoticed 4
-, : magnificence, 1
, , , : a bird, 2
, : san, (Doric for sigma), 1
, -: reliably, distinctly, clearly, 1
, : sigma, 1
, -, : the body, 7
9 : whoever has; 3rd sg. pres. subj.

in a general relative clause
: the white (disease); type of leprosy
: someone wronging
the sun; offending the sun causes leprosy
12 : every
stranger taken by these (diseases); gen.
agent
13 : imputing
the same charge
15 : allow; 3rd pl. pres
16 : has happened; pf.
17 ...: which have escaped the

notice of; 3rd sg. pf.
18 : which they have; dat. poss.

:
correspond to bodies and their
magnificence
19 : end; 3rd pl. pres.
: to the same letter;
crasis
21 : you will find; fut.
: someothers; i.e. names
23 : I am able to say; + inf.
: knowing; nom. sg. aor. pple
25 : the dying; aor. pple
: gen. sg. modifies
26 : before it is torn; aor.
pass.
158
141
Herodotus 1.140.2 141.4

. . .
,
,
, .
,
.
,
, ,

.
,
10
14
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
: to consider pure, 1
, : a striving for, contest, 1
-: to go up, go back, 2
, -, : a flute-player, 1
-: by one's own hand, 2
-, -: ensouled, alive, living, 1
, : reptile, creeping thing, 1
, : a fish, 6
-: to cover with wax, 1

, , , : a dog, 8
, : Magi, Magian, 13 look up
, -, : ant, 1
, : bird, winged fowl, 1
2 : are distinguished from; pf.

pass. governs a gen. of separation
4 : no animal; acc. direct obj.
: except as many (animals) as
6 : make this a great
competition
7 : and other; crasis
8 ...: about this custom
: let it be as; 3rd sg. imperative,
+ adv. is simply to to be + adj.
: first; in the beginning, adverbial
accusative
: it was observed; aor. pass.
9 : I will return; 1st sg. fut.
10 : as soon as; superlative
: were overturned
12 : to be
obedient on the same terms which
Croesus in fact had; is impf. ,
is dat. possession
14 : saying; nom. sg. pple
: seeing; acc. sg. pple
Persian conquest of the Ionian Greeks

2
159
, ,
, , .

,

,
.
15
25
20
, .

-, : net, a throw-around, 1
: to play on the flute, 4
-: to step out; come to pass, turn out 1
-: to pull out, draw out, 1
, -, : hope, expectation, 2
, : a fish, 6

, : oath, 9
: dance, 3
, : Panionion, 5
: to sway, leap, quiver, 1
15 : thinking that
they will come out; fut. inf.
16 : but when he
was cheated from his expectation; aor.
pass. inf. governed by above
17 : drew them out; aor. inf.
: seeing; acc. sg. aor. pple
18 : stop dancing; pl. imperative +
complementary pple
19 : while I was playing; abs.
: you were not willing; impf.
21 : for the following reasons
: Cyrus
asking; gen. abs., aor. dep. pple
: to revolt; pres. mid. inf.
: they were; 3rd pl. impf.
: gripped with anger
: these things
being reported; aor. pass pple
: walls; neuter acc. pl.
: on which very (terms) the
Lydian (made an oath) dancing
: it seemed good; 3rd sg. aor.
: by common consent
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
160
142
Herodotus 1.142.1 143.3

. ,
,

,
, .
,
.
, .
,
,

,
10
14
, -: drought, looking dry, 1

: Ephesian, 2
, : daybreak, dawn, 5
, : Ionia, 15
, : heat, hot, warm, 2
, : Caria, 2
: down, below, 4
, : Clazomenae, 2
, -, : Colophon, 3
, : Lebedos, 1
, : Lydia, 4
-, : mid-day, noon; the south, 3
, : Miletus, 10
, : Myous, 1
, : Panionion, 5
-, : dialect, variation, 1
: to oppress, squeeze, bother, 1
, : Priene, 1
, : Sparta, 8
, : Teos, 3
, -, -: moist, wet, 1
, : Phocaea, 9
, -, -: cold, chill, frigid, 1
1 : asking; fut. pple.

2 : among whom there is also
Panionion; rel. clause, partitive gen.
: in the fairest
(region) of sky and of seasons; partitive
3 : happened to set
4 : whom we know; 1st pl. ,
relative attracted into gen. by antecedent
: north; above it
5 : brings about the same
: the (regions) south (of it);
: regions to the east (of it);

6 : regions west (of it);
8 : dialect; i.e. a dialect of Greek
are not accustomed; pf.
: types of dialect
10 : afterwards
11 : in the same way; i.e. dialect,
13 : do
not speak the same as those (cities)
mentioned earlier; is aor. pass.
14 : in speech
143
. ,
, ,
, .
, .
.
,
,

.
,
,
161
15
20
25
,
.
, ,
30
, : Athens, 7
-: to separate, to split off, 2
, : tongue, 12
-: to converse with, discuss, 2
-: twelve, 11
, -, -: the smallest, least, 5
-: to be ashamed of, 2
, : Erythae, 1
, : Erythaeans, 2
, -, -: Ionic, Ionian, 2

, -: worth mention, notable, 2
-, : a ship-goer, seaman, 1
-: to speak the same language, 1
, : oath, 9
, -, : a city, 5
, -, -: Samian, from Samos, 6
, : Samos, 9
, : shelter, protection, 1
, -: four, 8
, : three, 13
, -, -: left behind, remaining, 1
, , : Phoenician, 9
, : fear, terror, panic, 1
, : Chios, 7
15 : of these two
18 : in the same way;
: unique among themselves
21 : was no danger; impf.
23
24
26
28
: were separated; aor. pass.

: on account of nothing than
: except Athens
: to be called; pf. pass.
162
Herodotus 1.143.3 146.1

,
, (
144
)
,
, ,
,

,
. , , , .
10
14
: to make glorious, glorify, exalt 1

, : Agasikles, 1
, : competition, 2
, -, : of Halicarnassus, 2
: to act lawlessly, 1
, : Apollo, 5
, -, : Dorian, 8
-, : League of Six Cities, 1
-: to admit, 5
: to take no account of, neglect, 2
-: give a part of, give a share of, 1
-: partake of, have share in, take part 3

, : participation, 2
, -, -: no one, none, 2
, : Panionion, 5
-, : League of Five Cities, 1
-, -: neighbouring, 1
-: nail down, hang on pegs 1
, -, -: Smyrnian, of Smyrna, 2
, -, -: of Triopion, 1
, : Triopion, 2
-, -, : tripod, 3
: it is necessary or fitting; must, ought 13
1 : exalted in the name

: for themselves
2 : to which they gave; aor.
: to give a share of it; aor. inf.
3 : but not anyone
: asked; 3rd pl. aor. pass.
4 : except
: just as
6 : take care to
accept
: of the
neighbors of the Dorians; partitive genitive

7 : among their own; partitive
8 : closed off from
participation; 3rd pl. aor., gen. of separation
9 : used to give; 3rd sg. impf.
10 : to the victors; pple
: it used to be necessary; impf.
11 : there
12 : to whom was; dat. poss., impf.
13 : disregarded, ignored
14 ...: for this reason
145
146
,

.
.
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, .

163
15
20
25
-, -: always full, 2
, : Aegae, 1
, : Aigeira, 1
, : Aegeon, 1
, : Halicarnassus, 1
, : Achaian, 3
, : Boura, 1
, : Dyme, 1
, : punishment, penalty, 1
, : Helike, 1
, -, -: sixth, 4
-: to admit, 5
, : Ialysos, 1
, : Italy, 3
, : Kamiros, 1
-: to flee for refuge , 2
, : Cnidos, 1
, : Krathis river, 1
, : Cos, 1
, : Lindos, 1
-, : inland country, 1
, : participation, 2
, : citizens of Patras, 1
, : Peiros river, 1
, : Pellene, 1
, : Rhypes, 1
, : Sicyon, 1
, : Tritaeians, 1
, : Phareens, 1
, : Olenos, 1
17 : imposed upon these;

i.e. the Halicarnassians, aor.
19 : to be willing to
accept; aor. inf. ,
: more (cities); supply
, : for this reason, that
20 : when the Ionians lived; impf.

21 : just as
: gen. absolute
22 : the first (city) near Sicyon
24 : from which, to which
26 : being defeated; aor pass pple
164
Herodotus 1.146.1 148.1

. -

,
,
,
2
,

, ,
.
,
10
14
, : Abantes, 1
, -, -: Athenian, of Athens, 35
-: to mix up, mix together, 3
, -, -: a part or parted from, 1
-, : settlement a colony, 1
, -, : Arcadian, 4
, : Druopians, 3
-: twelve, 11
, -, : Dorian, 8
-: drive on, charge, 3
, : Epidaurians, 1
, : Euboea, 1
, -, -: noble, well-bred, 3
, -, : an ancestor, parent, 2
, -, -: Cadmean, 3
, : a Carian woman, 1
, : the Minyans, 1
, : part, portion, share, lot; fate,
destiny, 12
, -, -: Molossian, 1
, : folly, silliness, 2
-: to eat with, 1
, : an oath, 2
, : Orchomenians (Boeotians), 1
, : town-hall, 1
, : the Phocians, 2
2 : that these are

somewhat more Ionian than other Ionians
or have been born somewhat more noble;
object of ; gen. of comparison; 3rd pl.
pf. ; comparative adverb
3 : (it is) much foolishness to
say
. . . : of whom the Abantes
from Euboeia are not the smallest part
4 : to whom of Ionia there is not
at all even a share of the name (Ionian);
is short for -, have a share of
6 : are mixed up; pf. pass

9 : those of them
having set out from the Prytaneion
10 : most noble; superlative
11 : did bring; aor. mid.
: kept (as wives); aor.
13 : made a custom; aor.
: forced oaths on one
another; 'drove...on themselves'
14 : handed down; aor.

: aor. inf.
147
148
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.

.
,
.
,
.

165
15
20
25
, : Athens, 7
, : a promontory, 1
, -, : wind, 9
, : the Apatouria festival, 2
, : a bear; north, 1
: to shout, cry outloud, 2
, : Glaukos, 2
, -, -: Heliconian, 1
, -, -: Ephesian, 3
, : Zephyrus, the west wind, 1
, : Hippolochos, 1
-: extend, project; present situation, 2
, : Cauconians, 1
, : Codros, 1

, -, -: Colophonian, 3
, -, -: Lycian, 11
, : Melanthos, 1
, : Miletus, 10
, : Mycale, 2
, : festival, 7
, : Panionion, 5
-: to cling to, hold around, 2
, : Poseidon, 1
, : Pylioi, 1
, : Samos, 9
, : a pretence, pretext, plea, 1
-: both together, 1
15 : call out; aor. inf.

: for this reason, that
17 : were what happened; impf.
19 : as kings; double accusative
: some of these
(Ionians) set up; 3rd pl. aor.
21 : somewhat
more than all the Ionians; gen comparison

22 : let them be; 3rd pl. imper.
23 : they celebrate the festival
Apaturia
27 : turned; 'facing,' pf.
: removed; pf. pass.
166
149
Herodotus 148.1 151.3

.
,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , -
.
2
150

.
, .
.
.
, -, -: Aegaean, 1
, : Aegiroessa, 1
, : Aeolis, 2
-: to lose, throw off or away, 4
-: twelve, 11
-: to fall out, be driven out, 1
: eleven, 4
, : Gryneia, 1
, : Killa, 1
, -, -: Colophonian, 3
, : Cume, 3
, : Larissians, 1
10
14
, : Myrina, 1
, : Notion, 1
, : festival, 7
-, -: no one, nothing, 3
, : Panionia, 1
-: to loose from, take off, detach, 1
, -: fatherland, native land, 2
, : Pitane, 1
, : Smyrna, 5
, : Temnos, 1
-: to receive, undertake, promise 4
, : Phryonian, 1
, -, : fugitive, exile, 1
1 : used to celebrate; interative impf. 6 : Neonteichos; a town name

: they gave aor. mid.
9 : was detached; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
2 : have experienced; pf.
: for these in fact used to be
- : not only; not at all only
11 : happened to colonize;
3 : to the same letter
: acc. () modifies
4 : end; 3rd pl. pres.
: than Ionians (land); comparison
: just as; i.e. all end in neuter pl.
: but not
151
,
.
, .

.
,
.
(
), ,
.
, ,
167
15
20
25
.
: to please, delight, gratify, 4
, : Arisba, 1
, : Dionysus, 1
: a hundred, 7
-: to leave out, omit, pass over, 4
, -, -: sixth, 4
: eleven, 4
-: to lead out, explain, command, 1
--: to divide among, take asunder 1
, -: of the mainland, 1
, : Mount Ida, 1
: in common, by common consent, 3
, : Lesbos, 5
, -, -: Methumn , 1
-, -: of the same blood, kin, 1
-, : agreement, 2
, : festival, 7
, -, -: Smyrnian, of Smyrna, 2
, : Smyrna, 5
, -, -: inhabitants of Tenedos, 1
, : Tenedos, 1
being similar in seasons; pple + adv.

12 : lost; 3rd pl. aor.
13 : defeated by political strife;
: being driven out; aor. pple
14 : afterwards
15 : celebrating a festival
17
18
19
27
: employed an agreement
: that A. leave Smyrna;
: distributed; aor. mid.
: there was no danger; dat.
: it was pleasing; 3rd sg. aor.
29 : wherever they lead
168
152
153
Herodotus 1.152.1 153.4

( ),
, .
,
,
. , .
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
10
15
, -, : Aeolian, 15
-: speak against, refuse, renounce, 4
-: seem not good, not seem good, 2
, -, : Greece, 8
-: to listen to, heed, 2
-, : scout, spy, 3
, : Lacrines, 1
, : a ship with fifty oars. 3

, -, -: purple-dyed, dark, 2
, : Pythermos, 1
, : speech, speaking, 1
: to destroy, ravage, 1
, : Sparta, 8
, -, : a Spartan, 9
, : Phocaea, 9
, : a Phocaean, 14
2 ..: quickly; in speed

: they chose; aor. mid.
3 : on behalf of everyone
: to whomwas; dat. poss. impf.
4 : so thatmight come
together; + opt., purpose, secondary seq.
5 : standing; aor. pple
: to avenge them
7 : it seem good to them not

8 : rejecting; aor. pple.
12 : to whom was; see line 3
13 : proclaiming; fut.
: that (Cyrus) ravage
no city on Greek territory; in apposition
14 : since the Spartans
will not overlook it ; + fut. pple is causal
169
16

,
-
20
, ,
.
,

, .
,

, ,
.
25
30
, : Agbatana, 2
-: throw away or aside; disown, 2
: to fear, 5
, -: talked about, 1
, -: in ones way, impeding, 1
, -, -: how much? how great?, 2

: to swear, take an oath, 2
, : sale, 1
, : Tabalos, 4
: to be sound, healthy, 1
, : buying, purchasing, 1
15 : gen. absolute; aor. pple

: it is said that
: those present with
him; 3rd person dat. sg. pronoun
: who
among the Greeks are these Spartan
people; being who among the Greeks?
17 : in number; acc. respect
18 : aor. inf.
19 : to whom there is; possession
: appointed
place; pf. pass. pple.
20 : to which; relative clause

21 : if I am (still) sound;
: will be; 3rd sg.
23 : cast words against; aor.
: because they engage in
: setting up; aor. pple.
25 : are accustomed; pf., pres. sense
: employ ; inf. + dat.
27 : (having entrusted)to Pactyes;
: to bring (back);
29 : considering the
Ionians to be of no account at first
170
154
155
Herodotus 1.153.4 155.4

,
,
. ,
,
,
, .

.
. ,
; , ,
. .

10
15
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
-: keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4
, -, -: Bactrian, 1
--: to reduce to utter slavery 4
-: to hold on, wait, restrain, 8
-, -, -: living on the coast, 1
-, : a helper, assistant, ally, 2
: to rent, hire, 3
, : Sacae, 1
, : general, 5
: to lead an army, 2
, : Tabalos, 4
: to spare, 2
1 : against whom he was

intending; was holding toward, impf.
3 : marched; aor. -
: revolted from; aor.
5 : going down; nom. sg. aor. pple.
: since; + pple is causal
7 : tried to persuade; conative impf.
: marching; aor. pple
9 : learning; aor.
: along the way, on his journey
10 : what will be; 3rd sg. fut.
: events; things occurring

11 : so they seem,. 3rd pl. pf.
:
making trouble for others and themselves
12 ...: I am worried that it may
be; in a fearing cause, 3rd sg. subj.
13 : to behave; pf. inf.
14 : as if
: aor. opt.
15 : being something more than a
father of the Lydians; comparative degree
, ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .

,
, . ,

,
, .

, .
171
16
20
25
30

-, -: unfailing; blameless, 1
-: to wipe off, wipe up, 1
-: to speak against, refuse, renounce 4
, -, -: of Ares, of war, 1
: to fear, 5
, : desire, anger, heart; soul, 5
: to be amazed, be surprised, 2
: to be a shopkeeper, 1
, : the head, 9
: to play the cithara, 1
, : high boot, 1
: to be like, seem; pf. tense (Att. ) 8
: to educate, to teach, 2
-: give, hand over (aor -) 12
-: to bind or fasten under, 1
-: to wear underneath; place under, 2
: to pluck, play a song, 1
17 : they have revolted against; pf.

: the (things) which..; relative
18 : lest he make; fearing, aor subj.
19 : reasonable things; pple
: you have spoken; pf.
20 : give way to...; imper.
: Dont dislodge; prohibitive
21
22
24
25
: existing, standing; pf.

: wiping off the crime; aor. pple
: let him pay a penalty; 3rd sg imper.
: command; aor. imp.
, : revolt, are; 3rd pl. subj.
27 : to possess; pf. inf.
30 (): you will see; 2nd sg. fut.
172
156
157
Herodotus 1.156.1 158.2

, , ,
,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.
,

. -
10
14
: near, nearby, 3
, -, -: selected, choiceworthy, 2
-, -: adequate, worthy, 1
: to fear, 5
--: to reduce to utter slavery 4
: to live, 8
, - : custom; accustomed place, 3
, : Cyme, 3
, -, : Mazares, 5
: to sell, 2
-: to hold out before, propose, 2
-, : excuse, pretext, 2
, -, -: later, last, 10
--: run out from under, emerge 1
-: to relent, let down, 1
-, : a suggestion, proposal, advice, 3
-: to propose, place under, advise, 6
2 : having been enslaved

: be sold; aor. pass.
3 : if he does not propose;
: will persuade, fut.
4 ...: lestbe killed; aor. subj.
, fearing clause with
5 : if they emerge from;
run out from under, aor. subj
: present affairs; pple.
: revolting; aor. pple
6 : delighted in; aor. dep. pple
: relenting; letting up, pple
8 : ordered; aor. mid.

...: the (things) which; rel.
9 : and, in
addition, to enslave; aor. inf.
11 : alive; living, pres. pple.
: bring; aor. inf.
12 : on his journey
: having order;
13 : coming; acc. sg. pple
14 : beginning to fear; ingressive aor.
: marching; aor. pple
158

,
, , .
.

, .
.

.
.
,
,
173
15
20
25
30
: on both sides, 4
, : Aristodikos, 6
-: on the very spot or moment, 5
, : Branchidai, 5
: to learn to know, learn, realize, 7
, : instructions, orders, commands 2
, : Heraclids, 7

, : order, command, 1
, -, -: Cumaean, 8
, -, : a harbor, haven, 1
, -, : Mazares, 5
-: to change, 4
, -, -: of what sort or kind, 2
, : Panormos, 1
-, : advice, council, 1
: favor, gratify, indulge (dat.) 7
15 : having a part (of Cyrus

army), as much as (he had) at that time
16 : when hd found; aor.
19 : way of living
: changed; aor.
21 realized; aor.
: concerning his advice
: to refer; aor. inf.

23 : were accustomed; plpf.
: were asking; 3rd pl. impf.
26 : doing what sort of thing
27 : to those asking; dat. pl.
28 : being reported; aor. pass.
29 : set out; plpf.
174
159
Herodotus 1.158.2 160.3

,
,

, .
. , , ,
.
,
. ,
, .

-
10
14
, -: true, 6
, : a lord, master, 2
-: to disbelieve, not trust, 1
, : Aristodikos, 6
, -, -: forcible, violent, 1
, : Branchidai, 5
: to be afraid, in a fright, 2
-: to ask from, demand from, 2
, : death, 4
: to nest, 1
-, : forethought, foreknowledge, 2
, : a sparrow, 1
: to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
2 : kept the C. from doing...;

: be sold; aor. pass.
: to which (oracle); relative clause
3 : a second time; adverbial acc.
: (going) to ask; fut. pple
: went; 3rd pl. impf.
4 : among whom also; partitive
5 : asking, pres. pple.
6 : 3rd sg. aor.

8 : send forth, aor. inf.
9 : (up) to this here (time)
: have dared, pf.

10 : before it was revealed,
aor. pass. , general temporal clause
: we are to do, deliberative subj.
11 : asked, 3rd sg. impf.
: the same oracle, i.e. response

: in reply to these things
13 : in anticipation
: he began to do, inceptive impf.
: going around, pple.
14 : had nested, plpf. pass.
160
.

, ,
; ;
,
,
;
, , .
,
, .

.
,
.
-, : inner sanctuary of a temple, 1
, : a lord, master, 2
-, -: unholy, impious, profane, 1
-: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3
-: to be impious, 1
-, : surrendering, giving up, 1
-: to carry or bring out, 2
-: to send to, 1
, -: quicker, swifter, 1
175
15
20
25
30
: to ravage, despoil, plunder, 2

, -, -: Cumaean, 8
, : Lesbos, 5
, -, : Mazares, 5
, : fee, wages, pay, hire, 2
, -, -: Mytilenians, 3
, : Mytilene, 1
: yes, yea, 1
, , , : a bird, 2
: ship, vessel, 15
: to end, complete, fulfill; pay, 2
, : speech, voice, 2
, : Chios, 7
: in the temple
: so that you may not come
: O most impious, address
25 : giving him up, aor.
: why do you dare; 2nd sg pres
: being able by themselves
: said, follows 'it is said
28 : for a price as much as it was
: O Lord, crasis
: I am able to say; + pple
22 : you may be killed; aor. subj.
29 : it was completed; aor. pass.
15
17
18
19
176
Herodotus 1.160.3 163.3

161
162
, . ,
.
,

,
.
.
,
,
, .
. -
10
14

-: to tear away, drag away, 2
, : Atarneus, 3
--: reduce to utter slavery, 4
-: to overrun, rush upon, 1
, : barley-grain, barley, 2
, : Lesbos, 5
, : spoils of war, 1
, : Magnesia, 1
, -, : Mazares, 5
, : Maeander, 2
, : fee, wages, pay, hire, 2
, -, -, : Mysian, 1

, : grains, barley-grain, 2
-: to take in charge of, inherit, 6
, -, : cake; pastry, cookie, 1
: to cook; soften, 1
-: Protectress, protecter of city 1
, : Prieneus, citizen of Priene, 5
-, : an outpouring, 1
, : general, 5
-: to join in besieging, 1
, : Tabalos, 4
-: in the same manner, just so, 2
1 : dragged away; aor pass pple

: 3rd sg. aor. pass.
2 : 3rd sg. aor. act.
: for the cost of
Atarneus; Pactyes was exchanged for land
3 : in the land of Mysia; partitive
4 : were keeping (him); impf.
5 : to show; aor. inf.
: not a short time
had passed, when; periphrastic plpf.
7 : outpouring; offering to the gods

8 : cooked; impf.
: was kept from, + gen.,
11 ...: against those
having joined in besieging Tabalos
: on the one hand on the..
12 : overran; 3rd sg. aor.
13 : providing pillaging for the army
14 : because of illness; dat. cause
: dies; 3rd sg. pres.
163
, ,
,
, .
,
,
. .

,

.
, ,
, ,
.

, : the Adriatic sea, 1

-, -: lawless, without law, 2
, : Arganthonios, 2
: to live, 13
: to feast; dine, 2
, : successor, 1
: twenty, 13
: a hundred, 7
, : Iberia, Spain, 1
-: to step, come, or climb, down, 7
-: to discover, 2
, : voyage, a sailing, 2
: to sail, go by sea, 2
: eighty, 5
15 : 3rd sg. aor.
, : being that same
Mede by birth in fact, whom; acc. respect
17 : dish, meal; i.e. his sons body
: dined, aor. inf.
18 appointed, aor. pass. pple.
19 : he tried to seize, impf.
177
15
20
25
30

: to plunder, ravage, destroy, 2
-, -: friendly, dear, beloved, 3
, : generalship, leadership, 2
, -, -: rounded, spherical, 1
--: join in getting, assist 1
, -, -: Tartessian, 1
, : Tartessos, 3
-, -: enclosed by walls, besieged, 1
, : Tyrrhenia, Etruria, 2
, : a Phocaean, 14
, : dug-out soil, soil, 2
20
23
25
30
: with earthen mounds, means

: whenever he made
(cities) enclosed by walls; aor. opt.
: pouring, heaping, pres. pple.
: made, experienced,
: by rounded ships
: so friendlythat; result
178
Herodotus 1.163.3 165.2

,
,
,
4
164
, ,
.
.
, , .

,
10
14
-: to lead away, carry off, 4

: to grow, grow up, 1
-: unstintingly, unsparingly, 3
-: to complete, make thoroughly, 1
-: to drive on, charge, 3
: demolish, destroy, 1
: to dedicate, 2
, : a stone, 8
: where, 3
- : circumference, journey around 4
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
-: to fit together, 1
, : a Phocaean, 14
1 : leaving behind; aor.

2 : to inhabit;aor. inf.
: afterwards
: when he couldnt
persuade the Phocians (of) this
3 : but having learned; aor. pple
: that (the power
of) the Mede was growing; opt.
4 : he gave; impf.
: to build around; exegetical
(explanatory) inf.
6 : and this entire (wall);
8 : in such a way
: was completed; aor. pass.
9 : marched; aor.
: proposing words
that
: it is sufficient for him; dat. sg.
11 : to tear down; aor. inf.
: to dedicate; aor. inf.
12 : said; 3rd pl. aor.
13 : for one day; acc. duration
: while; in which (time)
14 : to lead away; aor.
15 : that he knows; aor. inf.
165
. , .
, ,
, ,
,
, .
. ,

, , ,

, .
.
, -

, : Alalia, 2
, : Arganthonios, 2
: to be afraid, in a fright, 2
: twenty, 13
, : emporium, market; factory, 1
: to be deserted, be lay waste, 1
-: to place into, put in, 5
, : written text, inscription, 5
15
16
17
18
20
21
...: that those were intending

: that he allows; inf.
: while; in which (time)
: putting in; aor. mid.
: apart (from that) which
: aor. pass. pple.
179
15
20
25
30
-: to launch, draw down, 1

-: to slaughter, 2
, , : Cyrnus, Corsica, 7
, : Oenoussae, 2
: to sell, exchange, 4
: send, set forth, 3
, : a child, 11
, : a Phocaean, 14
, : Chios, 7
22
23
25
26
30
31
: entering; aor. pple.

: emptied of men; aor. pass.
: lest they create commerce
: be closed off (from trade)
: had died; plpf.
: aor. pple.
180
166
Herodotus 1.165.2 167.2

,
. , ,

,

. ,
,
. , .
, , .
,
-
10
14
: to set in motion; lift, raise up, 2

-: to reveal, show forth, display, 2
-: to set up in, 3
, -, : custom; accustomed place,
home, 3
-: to drown, throw into the sea 1
, : curse, 2
: in common, by common consent, 3
, : a mass of red-hot metal, 2
, : pity, compassion, 1
, : Oenoussae, 2
: to swear, take an oath, 2
, : oath, 9
- -: neighboring, dwelling round 3
: send, set forth, 3
: expedition, armament; equipment 3
- -: over half of, more than half 1
: to guard, keep watch, 1
, : Phocaea, 9
-, -: perjured, forsworn, 1
1 : having received the city

from Harpagus; put in charge by Harpagus
2 : afterwards
: had been done; plpf. dat. agent
3 : (against) any
of them abandoning the expedition; pple
5 : swore not; 3rd pl. aor.
: they would not come to
Phocaea before ; sooner than, fut. inf.
6 : reappeared; aor. inf.
7 : seized; 3rd pl. aor.

9 : others of them
: having set out; aor. dep.
11 : arrived; aor. mid.
: they lived; 3rd sg. impf.
12 : for five years
: were raidingplundering
14 : having agreed;
having engaged in dialogue aor. pple

2
, .
, ,
. -
181
15

,
2
167
.

,
.
* *
. ,
,
, .
20
25
, : Caerean, from Caere, 3

, : Alalia, 2
: to meet face to face, go to meet, 2
-: to turn away, 1
-, -: disabled by a stroke, 1
-: to send forth, release, give up, 5
-, -, -: useless, unserviceable, 2
-, -: twisted, distorted, 1
: twenty, 13
-, : beak of a ship, prow, 1
, -: crippled, maimed, 3
: sixty, 4
, -, -: Cadmean, 3
, -, -: Carthaginian, 2
-: to stone to death, 2

, -, : possession, acquisition, 1
: to obtain by lot, 3
-, : a sea-battle, 1
, : victory in battle, 4
, -, : the sea, 2
: to fill, 3
, : Regium, 2
, -, -: Sardonian, 1
-: to mix, meet or commune with, 3
, : a child, 11
: forty, 5
-, : a yoke-animal, ox, 1
, : a Phocaean, 14
15 ...: with 60 ships; means

16 : 60 in number; respect
: both meeting in battle
18 : Cadmean victory; i.e. Pyrrhic
19 : were destroyed; aor. pass.
20
22
23
25
27
: bent; 'turned away' aor.

: were able
: giving up; aor. pple.
: divided by lot; aor.
: wherelay; aor.
182
Herodotus 1.167.2 170.1

.
168

.
,

, .
. ,

, ,
10
14
, : Abdera, 2
, : Caerean, from Caere, 3
, : competition, 2
: to heal, cure, 10
, -, -: of gymnastic exercises, 1
: to offer sacrifice to (the dead), 1
, , : a Thracian, 2
, : hero, warrior, 2
, -, -: of the horse, calvary, 2
-: to flee for refuge , 2

, : Oenotria, 1
, : Poseidonian, 1
, : Regium, 2
, -, -: Teians, of Teos, 2
, : Elea, 1
, : Phocaea, 9
, : a Phocaean, 14
1 ...: (the things) which; no antecedent

3 : to them (just as)
to those especially skilled in; + acc. respect
5 : among the Phocaeans
: experienced such a death
: but those of them; Phocaeans
6 : fleeing; aor.
: setting out; pres. pple
7 : in the land of Oenotria
8 : is called; pres. pass. with pred.
: settled, colonized; aor.
: from a Poseidonian...
9 : having learned; aor.
: proclaimed by oracle; aor.
: aor.. inf.
: Cyrnus, being a hero
not the island; they settled Cyrnus instead
of just honoring the hero of the same name
10 : were thus; held thus'
12 : seized; 3rd sg. aor.
13 : boarding; aor. pple
: for Thrace
169
170
,

.

,
,
. ,
,
. .
,

.
,
, : Abdera, 2
-: to profit, have use of, 1
, , : Bias, 3
: to treat ill, maltreat, afflict, distress, 2
15 : settling; nom. sg. aor. pple.
: had no use for; aor
16 : driven out; aor. pass. pple.
17 : (has) just as a hero has
20 : come to
battle with Harpagus; aor.
: just as
21 : those leaving; aor.
...: brave, while
fighting; pred. nom
183
15
20
25
, -, -: Clazomenians, 2
, : oath, 9
, : Panionion, 5
, -: fatherland, native land, 2
, -, -: Teians, of Teos, 2
, -, -: Timesian, 1
: to bring into hand; manage, subdue 4
22
24
25
28
29
: each for his

own (country); subject becomes sg. here
: defeated; aor. pple.
: being captured; aor. pass.
: have mentioned; 3rd sg. pf.

: kept at rest; impf.
: had been enslaved; plpf.
: gave; 3rd pl. aor. act.
: no less than at
184
Herodotus 1.170.1 171.4

,
,

,
,

.

,
,
, ,
( ),

10
14
: to set in motion; lift, raise up, 2

: from above, 1
, -, : ruler, commander, chief 5
, , : Bias, 3
, : council, council-chamber 1
-: to be happy, fortunate, 2
, : Thales, 4

, : Prienean, from Priene, 5
, : Sardinia, 2
: expedition, armament; equipment 3
, : Teos, 3
, , : Phoenician, 9
- -: useful, serviceable, apt, fit, 1
1 : showed; aor.
: most useful plan;
: which if they had obeyed;
impf. verb in a contrafactual condition
2 : would have made them; +
impf. is the apodosis of the contrafactual
3 : setting out; aor. dep.
5 : having been set free
from; aor. dep. + separation
6 : governing; pf. mid. pple
: governs a gen. object
: for these (if) they stayed;
for those remaining, dat. pl. pple
7 : Bias said that he did not

foresee modifies the inf.
: fut. dep. pple.
8 : this (is); supply
: to the defeated; pf pass
: even before; governs inf.
9 : (the plan) of Thales; add
10 ...: in lineage from above; respect
11 : acquire; pf. inf.
: and that it be
13 : no less; comparative adv.
...: be considered just as
14 : were; 3rd pl. pres. opt.

171
.

,
.
.
,
, <>
, ,
.
,

. , -
185
15
20
25

,
, : sense of hearing, hearing, 2
-: to reach, arrive at, 1
-: need of (+ gen.); fasten or bind on, 2
-: to prosper, be well off, successful
3
, -, -: Carian, 3
-: to discover, 2
, -, -: Caunians, 4
, : a helmet, 1
, : Leleges, 1
, -: worth mention, notable, 2
, : plume (on a helmet), 1
, -, -:: Lycian, 11
, : Minos, 5
, : the handle of a shield, 2
: to fill, 3
, : a sign, a mark (on a shield), 1
, -, -: three, 1
, : tribute, 6
-: to pay off, pay, 1
15 : presented; aor.
16 : having subdued; aor.
: against the Carians...
17 : bring (as troops)
18 ...: have come; pf. mid. pple
+ is a periphrastic perfect form
19 : of Minos; gen. sg.
20 : called the Leleges
: possessed; impf.
21 : as far as; adv. acc
22 : but they; i.e. the Leleges/Carians

: wheneverasked; pres.
opt. in a general temporal clause,
23 : since Minos
subdued; + gen. abs. is causal
25 : by far the greatest; degree of diff.
26 : whichused; aor.
middle
28 : the ones having
discovered
186
172
Herodotus 1.171.4 173.2

, ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,

. ,
,
. ,
10
15
, : a brother, 5
- -: native, sprung from land, 2
, -, : the neck, throat, 2
, -, : Dorian, 8
, : Zeus, 11
, : mainlander, land-dweller, 1
, -, -: Carian, 1
, : a kinsman; brother, 1
, -, -: Caunians, 4
, -, : a Cretan, from Crete, 2
-: to be among, have a part in, 3
, : Mulasa, 1
, -, -: a Mysian, 8
: to handle, steer, 1
-, , : speaking same tongue 3
, : the handle of a shield, 2
-: to lie around, lie about, 1
, , : broad strap, belt, 1
, -, -: later, last, 10
, : shoulder, 4
2 : were accustomed; plpf. is impf.

in sense
: sheilds; dat. pl. governed by
4 : much time later;

'later by much time,' degree of difference
5 : made (them) leave; aor.
6 : Carians arrived; aor.
...: recount; ,
9 : same name; object
: which (he employs) now; relat.
11 : which (dat) share
: since they are; + pple
13 : these share the temple
14 ...: these do not share;
equivalent to
15 : as it seems to me; abs. inf.
173
.
,
( ),
.

, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
, (
)

, ,
,
187
16
20
25
30
, , , : air, 1
-: seem not good, not seem good 2
, : tongue, 12
, , : shaft of a spear, spear, 2
: put on, clothe, 2
-: to rule over, overpower + gen. 4
: from the youth upwards, 1
: in groups, in companies (adverb), 1
, -, -: Calyndian, 1
, -, -: Carian, 3
, -, -: Caunians, 4
, -, -: Kaunian, 1
, : Crete, 5
, -, -: Lycian, 11
-: thereafter, 3 , : Minos, 5
, -, : drinking, 1
-: go to, approach; agree with, 2
, -, : Sarpedon, 4
-: be with, converse, associate, 1
: to beat, strike, smite, 1
, : friendship, love, affection, 1
16 : they agree
in language with (); pf.
18 : I am able; + inf.
19 : different; pf. pass. pple
20 : from whom it
is most excellent and fine; infinitive subj.
22
25
27
28
31
: according to
: having been establish; abs.
: followed up to;
: long ago; crasis
: differed; gen. abs.
: drove out; aor.
188
Herodotus 1.173.2 174.3

, ,
.
,

,
,
,
.
.
10

,
.
14
, : a brother, 5
, : Aegeus, 1
, -, : wind, 9
, -, -: Carian, 3
, -, -: from Crete, Cretan, 1
, -, -: Lycian, 11
, : Lycos, 2
, : a mother, 12
-: from the mother or mother's side 1

, : Milyans, 1
, -, : Milyas, 2
, , : Pandion, 1
, -, -: near, close to; other, 1
, -, : Sarpedon, 4
, : Solymoi, 1
, : Termilae, 1
1 : pushed out; aor. pple.
2 : long ago
4 : ruled;impf. + gen.
: the name which they
brought; aor. mid.
6 : having been driven out; nom.
sg. aor. pass. pple
8 ...: according to
9 : over time
: were called; aor. pass.

12 : one asking another;
gen abs
: who he is; 3rd sg. pres. opt
: fut.
14 : iflives together; ,
aor. subj. in a condition
15 : is considered; pf. pass.
: ifhas; , pres. subj.
174
189
,

, .

, -
15
,
.
,
,
,
( ,
), ,
,
, .
20
30
25
-, : colonist, 1
, : Bubassia, 1
, : a slave, 7
: within, inside, 4
, : Cerameius, 1
, -, -: Cnidians, 7
, : bay, gulf, fold, 1
, -, -: bright, brilliant, radiant, 2
, : south wind, south, 1
: five, 16
-, -: surrounded by water, 1
, : sea, 5
, : Rhodes, 1
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
, : Syme, 1
, : a child, 11
, : Triopion, 2
-, : Chersonese, Peninsula, 1
18 : showing; aor.
22 : their land facing
the sea; gen. abs., 'turned' pf. pass.
23 : beginning; pf mid. pple
governs a genitive
24 : being; modifies
25 : on the north;
26 : borders; skirts
: on the south
: near Syme and Rhodes
27 ... : this little (isthmus)

: being as long as
28 : tried to dig through; conative
: in as much (time) as (when)
29 : was subduing; impf.
: to make; aor. inf.
30 : and they
possess all within; dat. possession
: where; in which (place)
190
4
175
Herodotus 1.174.4 176.3

, .
, ,

,
. ,
, .

, .

.

, , -
10
14
, : Halicarnassus, 1
: without a fight, 1
-, -: unfavorable, hurtful,1
-, -: opposing, adverse, 1
-: to come upon, approach, attack 8
: to shatter, break to pieces, 1
, : isthmus, a narrow passage, 2
, -, -: of or from Cnidos, 7
-, : inland country, 1
, -, : trench, ditch, moat, 4
, : a rock, a ledge, 1
-, : neighboring, dwelling round 3
, : Pedasian, 2
: to wall in, build a wall, 4
, -, : the body, 7
: to wound, 1
, -, : trimeter, of three metres, 1
1 : ends; 3rd sg.

: in this place; antecedent of
: which they were digging;
3rd pl. impf.
2 : with many a work crew; with
many a hand, governed by gen. abs.
: rather unnaturally;
rather supernaturally, comparative adv.
3 : more than reasonable; gen. of
comparison, pf. pple
4 : both other
(injuries)and especially those
5 : gen. abs.
6 : to ask; expresses purpose
: in respect to the opposition;

acc. of respect
: in trimeter verse
8 , : Zeus would have
made it (an island) if he wished (it);
contrafactual, (Att. ) is strictly with
the apodosis , 3rd sg. aor. of
10 : prophesizing; gen. abs.,
11 : advancing; dat. sg.
12 : handed over;
: were; 3rd pl. impf.
13 : whenever something was
going to be unfavorable for these; fut. inf.
176
. .

,
. .
, ,
,

,
.
,
.
191
15
20
25
, ,

.
-: to hold out, lay hold of, 2
-: to be or go abroad, 2
--: to go out against; go through 2
, -, : incomer, immigrant, 2
, : the hearth of a house, fireside, 2
, : Caria, 2
-: to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3
, : Mt. Lide, 1
, -, -: Lycian, 11
, -, -: of Xanthos, 3
: Xanthos, 1
: eighty, 5
, : an oath, 2
-: to survive, prevail over, 6
, : a beard, 1
-: swear or take an oath together, 1
: to make a wall, 3
, : a child, 11
-: to set on fire beneath, 1
16 . . .: made very much

trouble
18 : were removed; 3rd pl. aor.
passive
19 : marched; 3rd sg. aor.
20 : attacking; nom. pl. pple.
24 , : to burn; inf. expressing

purpose
27 : households, families; hearths
28 : happened to be abroad; aor.
192
177
178
Herodotus 1.176.3 179.3

,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, . ,

, ,
. ,
,
14
10

-, -: worth telling, 2
, : Assyria, 2
: twenty, 13
: a hundred, 7
: down, below, 4
, -, -: Caunians, 4
, : Caunos, 1
, -, -: Lycian, 11
, : size, magnitude, height, 13
-, : face of a wall; forehead, 1

: to mimic, imitate, represent, 1
, -, -: notable, well-named, 1
, -: resembling, similar to, 10
-, : circumference, journey round, 4
, -, : a city, 5
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
-, -: rectangular or square, 3
- - -: subject, in ones power 1
1 : seized; aor.
2 : in many ways; (), acc. pl.
of respect
3 ..
: regions in southern Asia
(Minor)those in northern Asia (Minor);
below Asiaabove it
: laid waste
5 : passing over; pple.
...: most (regions);
: we will pass over;

6 : other regions gave; subj. neut. pl.
7 : future tense
8 : began to set upon; conative
10 : wherehad come to
be; plpf.
: their Ninevah
having been overthrown; abs., dat. interest
12 : in length; acc. respect
13 : on each side; respect
Description of Babylon
179
,
,
.
,
,
15

.
,
.
, -
20

,
,
25

-, : asphalt, bitumen, 3
, -, -: deep, tall, 3
, : a finger, 3
: to build, 2
-: to stuff in between, 1
, : layer (of brick); home, 1
, -, -: wide, broad, 2
, : heat, hot, warm, 2
, -, -: enough, sufficient; capable, 1
, : reed, stalk or straw of corn, 1
, : oven, kiln, 2
, -, -: ordinary, measured, 2
: eighty, 5
16
17
18
19
21
193
: it had been arranged; plpf.

: we know; 1st pl.
: next, behind (it)
, : in width, in height; respect
: by 3 fingers; degree of diff.
: to roast, broil, 5
, -, : moat, trench, ditch, 4
: fifty, 6
-: to run round, 2
, -, -: full, 10
: to make into bricks, 1
, : a brick, 4
, : mat, wicker-work, 1
, : moat, ditch, trench, 3
, -, : mortar, 2
, -, -: four hundred, 2
, : three, 13
: thirty, 8
, , : water, 10
, -, : height, 3
22
23
26
27
28
: whereand in what way

: had been made; plpf
: using hot asphalt (as) mortar
: they built; 3rd pl. aor.
: (built0 the wall itself
194
Herodotus 1.179.3 181.2
,
.
, ,
. -
180

.
,
,
.
, .
10
,
,
14
-: to produce, give forth, 1

, -, -: Armenian, 5
-, : asphalt, bitumen, 3
, -, -: deep, tall, 3
: to build, 2
: to divide, separate, 1
: a hundred, 7
: here, there, 16
: from where, on the one side, 4
-: to send out, let out, 6
-: on top, atop (+ gen.), above, 1
, : Euphrates, 8
, : clot, lump, piece, 1
, : Is (town name), 3

-, -, -: of one story; one leg, 1
: eight, 5
, : a roadway, a drive around, 1
, : doorpost, weight; jamb, 6
, : team of four horses abreast, 1
: to make a wall, 1
, , : water, 10
-, : lintel, post above the door, 1
, : part, portion, quarter of the city, 4
-: in the same manner, just so, 2
1 : along the edges; ends

2 : they built; aor.
: turned; pf. pass.
3 : left; 3rd pl. aor.
4 : stand therein; pf.
5 : beingaway; keeping away
6 : a journey of 8 days
: Is (is) its name; dat. poss.

7 : dat. poss., supply
8 : directs its flow
11 : was brought; aor. pass.
: had been walled off; plpf.
14 : discharged, sent out; 3rd sg. impf.
Description of Babylon
2
181
.

. ,
,

.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, .
195
15
20
25
, : corner, bend, curve; elbow, 1

, : a wall, low wall, 3
-, : the bend (of the wall), 1
- - -: at a right angle, head-on 1
, -, -: red, 5
-: from within, 1
-: to cut up, cut to pieces, 2
, : an alley, lane, passage, 1

-: to stretch out, to extend, 3
-: to run round, 2
, -: full, filled, 2
, : a brick, 4
, -, : a postern, 3
-, -, -: of four floors, 1
-, -, -: of three floors, 1
15 : each of two walls has

been driven in its corners to the river; i.e.
the city is two walled in rectangles with a
river flowing inbetween; pf. ,
acc. of respect
16 : from this, the bends of
the wall extend along the edges of the
river with a low wall of baked brick
18 : being full of; is the
predicate of the pple.
19 : pf. pass.
: in straight roads; acc. of
respect
20 : being
perpendicular to the river; holding headon to the river

...: on each road
: (running) along the
river
: were on; 3rd pl. impf.
: so many (gates) in
number as (there are) lanes; i.e.
perpendicular roads that meet the river
: in number; acc. of respect
: not weaker
by much at all; dat. degree of difference
: than; gen. of comparison
21
22
23
25
26
196
Herodotus 1.181.2 183.1

,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
, .
.

, .
,
. ,
10
14

-, -, : a way up, ascent, 2
-, -, -: for resting, 1
, : palace. 13
, : Belus, 2
-: to spend (the night), bivouac, 1
-: to set up in, 3
-: from without, 3
-: to go upon, step upon, 2
, : seat, bench, 1
, : landing, halting-place; inn, 1
, : a couch, bed, 3

: to be in the middle, 1
, : length, 4
, , : a night, 13
: eight, 5
: in every way, by all means, in all, 2
-: to lie or stand beside, 2
-, : an encircling wall, ring wall, 1
, : a tower, 7
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
: to spread, strew, 1
: to make a wall, 3
, -, -: last, 4
-, -: bronze-gated, 1
1 : had been walled off; plpf.

2 : in the middle of the
one districtin the middle of the other
3 : up to my time; up to me
5 : has been built; pf. pass.
: in; acc. of respect
6 : has gone up; pf.
7 : up to; up to which, gen. sg.
: an ascent to these
(towers) has been made extending in a
circle around all the towers on the outside
9 : to one being in the middle; pple
10 : on these
12 : well blanketed; pf
13 : is inside;
14 : except
Cyrus conquest of Babylon
182
, ,
.
, ,

,
, (
, -
197
15
20
),

,
183

.
,
,
,
,
25
30

, -, -: Egyptian, 8
, : a base, stand, podium, 1
-: there, in that place, 1
, : Zeus, 11
, : Thebes, 4
, : the Theban, 1
, : chair, seat, 5
, -, : priest, sacrificer, 3
: down, below, 4
: to put to sleep; mid. to fall asleep, 2

, -, -: Lycian, 11
-, -, -: eight hundred, 2
, : intercourse, association, company 1
-: to lie or stand beside, 2
, : Patara, 1
-, , : a prophet, prophetess, 1
--: enclose with or together 1
, : talent (equal to 57.75 lbs.), 5
, -, -: a Chaldaean, 4
, : gold coin, money; jewelry, 5
15 whomever has chosen

(for himself); aor. mid. subj.
16 : since they are priests; pple is causal
17 : say; 3rd pl. pres.
: pres. inf.
19 : just as
...: in the same way
21 . . : in the temple of Theban Zeus
22 : to engage in
intercourse with no men; objective gen.

24 : when he comes;
25 : for nights; acc. duration
26 : there is also in the
sanctuary... another temple below this
temple; partitive gen
27 : is inside;
28 : seated; aor.
30 : for 800 talents
198
2
Herodotus 1.183.2 185.

. ,
,

,
.

184
,
, .

,
.
, .

10
14
, : statue, cult-statue, 3
-: to forbid, 1
, -, -: sucking, young, 1
, : Darius 9
-: twelve, 11
, -, : priest, sacrificer, 3
: set in motion, move; arouse, irritate, 1

, : frankincense, 1
, : Xerxes, 1
, : festival, 7
, : a sacred district, temple, 2
, : Hystapes, 7
, -, -: a Chaldaean, 4
, -, -: a thousand, 2
1 : have been made; pf. pass., with

a neuter plural subject,
2 : over which; relative pronoun
: full-grown (animals)
3 : except
4 : better; comparative adj.
5 : each year; time within
6 : whenever they celebrate;
pres. subj. in a general temporal clause
: there was; 3rd pl. impf.
7 : during that time;

acc. of duration
8 : I did not see; 3rd pl. aor.
10 : though contriving to steal
11 : son of Darius
: took; 3rd sg. aor.
: the priest
12 : to move; redundant after a
verb of prohibition or denial
: sanctuary

, , ,
. ,
, ,
185

.
, ,

,
,
<> ,
, .
,
,

199
15
20
25

: to stay still, keep quiet, 2
-, -: well worth seeing 2
, : Assyria, 2
-: to honor, adorn, 1
, : Euphrates, 8

, : a memorial; remembrance, 2
, : Nitrokis, 1
: to flood, make a lake, 1
-: to keep watch, to guard, 1
, : Semiramis, 1
, -, -: twisted, winding, 3
-, , : intelligent, sagacious, wise 1
, -, -: later, last, 10
15 : of which I will mention

: in my accounts of the
Assyrians; proposed but not completed
16 : and among them also
17 : the one having ruled
: born five generations
before that (woman born) later; born
earlier by 5 generations than that later,
gen. comparison, dat. degree of difference
19 : made; presented
: throughout the plain
20 : was accustomed; plpf., impf. sense

21 : second to this; gen. comparison
22 : more intelligent
: than; gen. comparison,
: on the one hand
on the other
24 : seeing; nom. sg. pres. pple
25 : other cities
having been captured by them; dat. agent
28 , : diverting, digging
29 : so winding that
200
Herodotus 1.185.2 186.1

,
, .
,
.
,

.
, ,
,

.
,
10
14

, : Ardericca, 1
, : Assyria, 2
, -, : depth, height, 2
: twenty, 13
, : basin, reservoir, 2
, : Euphrates, 8
, : foundation, rim, 2
, : a stone, 8
, -, : moat, trench, ditch, 4
-: to heap up beside, pour along, 2
-, : circumference, 1
, : a stade, (583 ft., pl. ), 11
, -, -: four hundred, 2
, , : water, 10
, -, : height, 3
, : dug-out soil, soil, 2
2 : to which the Euphrates arrives

: whoever is brought;
general relative clause; pres. subj.
6 : along each bank
7 : so great (a
heap) it is in size and height; acc. of respect
8 : far above Babylon;
: began to dig; inceptive impf.
9 : for a lake; dat. of purpose

10 : in depth; acc. respect
11 : in width; acc. of respect
: length; circumference
12 : she used; , impf.
14 : it had been dug for her; plpf
: bring; aor. mid. pple.
: in a circle; dat. manner

6
186
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
,
, , ,
. .
: to break, bend; shiver, 1

, -, -: slow, 1
, : a swamp, marsh, 4
-: to associate with, deal with, 1
- : entrance, access; invasion, attack
1
, : bend, 1
15 : lined; drove, 3rd sg. aor.
: so that the river might be; pres.
opt. in a purpose clause, secondary
sequence
17 : may be; 3rd pl. pres. subj. ,
purpose clause governed by the same
above
18 : after the voyages
: a long circuit of the lake may
be taken; purpose with , i.e. to slow
travellers
19 : was done; impf. pass.
: where; at that point of
land, relative clause. dat. of place where
20 : were; 3rd sg. impf.
201
15
20
25
: troublesome, annoying, irksome 1

--, : addition, 1
-: throw round, enclose; clothe 8
-, : circumference, journey round 4
, : voyage, 3
-: see beforehand, catch sight of, 1
, -, -: twisted, winding, 3
-, -: short-cut, 1
22
23
24
25
26
27
......: so that they

might not learn; negative purpose clause,
pres. opt.
: she encircled
these works from the depths around
herself and did the following in addition
to these things
: gen. abs.
: gen. abs.
...: under previous kings
..: wheneverwished; general
temporal clause, secondary seq.; pres. opt.
: to cross; aor. inf.
: it was necessary; impf.
: foresaw; aor. inf. -
202
Herodotus 1.186.1 187.3

,
,
,
,
,

,
,
. ,
, ,

, [ ]
10
14
--: to build up, 1

-: to dry up, 2
-, -, : a crossing, 3
-: to go to and fro continually, 2
, : basin, reservoir, 2
-: to stretch over, hold over, 1
-, -, : descent, stairs, 2
, : a stone, 8
, : a memorial; remembrance, 2
, : lead (metal), 1
, , : a night, 13
, : wood, 4
, -, -: baked, roasted, 3
-, -: very tall, very long, 1
: to fill, fill full, (gen.) 7
, : a brick, 4
, -, : a little gate, 3
: to cut, hew, ravage, 2
1 : for a lake; dat. of purpose

2 : was left behind; impf.
: quarried; cut, impf.
: whenwere; impf.
3 : had been dug; plpf.
4 ...: to the place
: aor.
: in which (time)in this
(time)
: filled; aor. mid.

5 : the old
river(bed) having dried up; gen. abs.
: on the one hand on the
7 : leading to the river; carrying
8 : in a manner the
same as the wall; governs a dative

4
187
.

,
,

.

,
.
,
203
15
20
25

-: to open, 6
, -, : a trick, fraud, deceit, 2
-: to cut or carve upon, 2
-: on top, on top of (+ gen.), 1
, : Euphrates, 8
-: to prepare, build, equip, 2
: to steal, cheat, 1
-, -: thronged, full of people, 1
, -: in mid-air, above the ground 1
, -, -: as much, many or great as, 2
, -: full, filled, 2
: to lack; be rare, scarce, 3
, : tomb, 7
, -, -: later, last, 10
: above, on behalf of +gen; beyond acc 7
9 : in the middle of the city

10 : which she dug; aor. mid.
: impf.
: binding; pres. pple.
11 : used to extend wooden
boards over it; rectangular wood,
is the feminine antecedent of

..: whenever it became;
general temporal, secondary seq., aor. opt.
12 : over which
13 : during the nights; duration
14 : they used to remove;
iterative
...: so that they might
not; purpose, secondary seq., pres. opt.

15 : from one another
: whenhad become; plpf.
: area dug out; aor pass pple.
16 : things around; subject
17 : plpf. pass.
18 : led; 3rd sg. aor.
19 : for a purpose; idiomatic, for a
need
: had been prepared
23 : carved ; aor.
24 : later than me; gen. of
comparison
25 : if he lacks from; + subj.
26 : let him take ; 3rd sg. imperative
204
Herodotus 1.187.3 189.1

, -
188
,
,
.
,
,
.
.

,
. []

10
14
-, -: untouched, unmoved, 1
-: to open, 6
-, -: insatiable, greedy for, 3
-, -: shameful for profit, 1
, : Darius 9
--: to drive, ride, march through, 1
-: to invite, call upon, 5
, : the head, 9
, : Labyntus, 2

: where, 6
, : tomb, chest, box, 2
: to prepare, make ready; bring
about, 9
, : tomb, 7
: above, on behalf of (gen.); beyond
(acc.), 7
1 : up to which (time); relative

: came around;
: kinship
2 : it seemed to be
terrible
3 : to make no use of; inner
acc.
: not to take it; parallel
with , governed by ,
redundant
5 : made no use of; impf.
, : for this reason, that
: for the one (while)

driving; one driving a cart would pass
under the corpse
6 : opening up; aor. pple.
: 3rd sg. aor.
8 ...: if you were
not you would not open; contrafactual
condition, 2nd sg. impf. ,
11 ... : against the son
14 : the Great King; i.e.
Cyrus
: well-equipped; pf. pple.
189
,
, .

,
.
,
, ,
,
, ,
205
15
20
25
, : pail, vessel, 1
: to boil, boil off, 1
, : Dardaneans, 1
, -, -: red, 5
: each time, on each occasion, 2
, : Gyndes river, 4
, -, -: mule-drawn, 1
, -, -: Matienian, 3
-, -: navigable by boat, 2
: by which way, in what way, how, 2
, : spring (of a river), 1
: to drink, 2
, : Sousa, 1
-, -: four-wheeled, 1
, : Tigris river, 2
, , : water, 10
, : Choaspes river, 2
, : Opis, 1
15 : in particular; 'and indeed also'

16 : is drawn pres. pass.
: along side Susa
18 : (some) of the
water from this Choaspes, having been
boiled; partitive genitive with
below, pf. pass. pple
19 : fem. pl. pres. pple.
: wherever he marches;
general relative clause, pres. subj.

21 : whose springs; i.e.
source
23 : and this river; i.e. the Tigris
: Erythraean Sea; i.e.
the Persian Gulf, not what we call the Red
Sea
25 : attempted; impf.
206
190
Herodotus 1.189.1 191.2

,
.
,

.
,

, .
,
.

: to accomplish, complete, 1
-, : threat, boast, 1
: to wet, get wet, 1
, , : the knee, 3
, : Gyndes, 4
-: to pass time, consume, spend, 2
: apart, asunder; apart from (+ gen.), 1
: a hundred, 7
-: threaten, 1
-, -: easy, 2
, : summer, 1
-: to stretch or draw tight, 1
1
2
3
4
:; out of insolence; causal

: stepping into; aor. pple
: attempted; impf.
: but the river,
sweeping him; change of subject, pple
: had gone; plpf.
: having committed this
outrage; inner acc.
:; that he would
10
13

: eighty, 5
, : crowd, 3
, : expedition, 1
-: to seep away, 1
-, -: straight line, rope, 2
: commit outrage, assault, maltreat, 2
, : outrage, insolence, insult, violence 2
-, -: under water, 2
-: to receive, undertake, promise 4
: to be sore, be angry with, 1
make it so weak that; fut. inf. + result cl.
: in the future; gen time within
: fut. inf.
: giving up; pres. pple
7 : dividing; aor. pple. -
8 : marking off lines
10 : turned in every direction
11 : he completed; imp.
13 : punished; aor.
5
6
191
, , .
.
, . ,
,
.
, ,

. ,
, .
,
,
, ,
, ,
207
15
20
25
: near, nearby, 3
-: to be at a loss, bewildered, 3
: to accomplish, complete, 1
: to stay still, keep quiet, 2
-: to divide, receive separately, 3
-, -, : trench, canal, conduit, 9
, -, : spring, 2
-: be inborn, occur in, possible 2
-: to march out, 1
-, : entry, 1
: sixty, 4
-: to know thoroughly, 2
-: to send out, let out, 6
-: to hold in, hold within 2

- to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3
: to stay, remain, 8,
: , whenever, 2
, : siege, a besieging, 3
-: to make progress, advance, 1
-: to pill up beforehand, 1
-: to begin to shine, start shining 1
15 : began to march; inchoative impf.

22 : was held in
bewilderment
24 : proposed; aor.
25 : what was for him to do

28 : where.. used to discharge; impf.
29 : whenever they see; aor.
subj. in a general temporal clause
208
Herodotus 1.191.2 192.1

.
.
,
,

,
, . ,
,
.
,

14
10

-, -: useless, unprofitable, 2
-, -, : trench, canal, conduit, 9
-: to lead in, to introduce, bring in, 2
, : Euphrates, 8
-: to shut in, inclose, 1

, : the thigh, 1
-: learn or hear beforehand, 2
: to arrange, assign, put in order, 10
-: to drop, retire, go back, 2
1 : to enter; pres. inf..

: in this way; i.e. on the riverbed
: ordering; aor. pple.
2 : marched off; impf.
: useless part; useless for battle
3 .. : Cyrus did the very
things which...at the river and lake
6 : leading, drawing off; nom. sg.
aor.
8 : had been assigned; plpf.
: on this very spot

9 : along the river
: having dropped; gen.
sg. pf. pple
10 ...: about to (the level of) a

mans mid-thigh; about to mid-thigh
: exactly in this way
11 : 3rd sg. impf. -
: if
they knew in advancethey would have
destroyed them; contrafactual condition
12 : learned; 3rd pl. aor.
...: the thing being done
13 : allowing; aor. -
: aor. inf.
14 : superlative adv.
: would have caught; 2nd
apodosis of the contrafactual from l. 11
Babylonian Customs
192

,
.
. ,
,

, ,
,
.
.

, .
,
209
15
20
25
,
, : a wall, low wall, 3
--, -: unexpected, 1
: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48
: make clear or visible; show, exhibit 7
-: twelve, 11
, : enjoyment, 3
, : a fish-trap, fishing-basket, 1

, , : a month, 9
, : festival, 7
, -, : a little gate, 3
, : nourishment, food; upbringing, 1
, : tribute, 6
: to dance, sing and dance, 1
15 : leading to the river

: aor. pple.
16 : extending; pf.
17 : as if in a fishtrap
: came upon them; aor.
18 : because of the size

19 : in this place; dat. place where
: those (people) around
the edges of the city having been caught;
gen. abs., pf. pple
20 : the middle (of the city)
21 : (that they) had been caught;
follows , pf. pple.
: there happened to be;
aor. inf. and pres. pple.

22 : during; duration
23 : 3rd pl. aor.
24 : had been taken; plpf.
26 : 1st sg. fut.
: how great it is; i.e.
: and among them also
26 : with the following; parallel to
: for the Great King;

honorific for Persian kings; here, Cyrus
27 : for the nourishment; purpose
: is divided; pf. pass.
210
Herodotus 1.192.1 193.2

, .

. ,
,
,

. ( , ,
),
, ,
,
10
13

, : silver; silver coin, 4
, : artabe (Persian unit: 55 liters), 2
, : Artabazos, 1
, -, -: Attic, 5
: to walk, step, go, 1
--, -, -: six thousand, 2
: twenty, 13
, -, -: Indian, 1
, -, -: strongest, mightiest, 1
, , , : a dog, 8
, -, -: medimnus (52 liters), 1
, , : a month, 9
, -, -: full, filled, filled full, 1
, : measure, length, size, 2
-, -, -: eight hundred, 2
: eight, 5
: whereas, where, 3
, -, -: Persian, 4
, -, -: for war, 1
, : a satrapy, 1
, : three, 13
: to nourish, nuture, feed, foster, 8
, : Tritantaichmes, 1
-, -, -: a third part of, 1
, : a choenix (1.08 liters), 1
1 : in a year; into a year

: for; acc. duration
3 : in resources; dat. respect
5 : by far; acc. extent
6 : son of Artabazos
:
possessing this district under the King
7 : each day a full artabe of
silver used to come; time within, -
9 : holding; neuter sg. pres. pple

: than; gen comparison
: by three choenikes; degree of diff.
10 : he had; dat. poss., impf.
: in private
: besides warhorses
11 : those
mounting those being mounted
13 : so greatthat; result
Babylonian Customs
193

, , . .
,

,
,
. ,
,
,
, , , .
211
15
20
25
, -, -: Egyptian, 8
, : Egypt, 10
: to water, 2
, : a (cultivated) field, arable land, 1
: to ripen, 1
- -: exempt from taxes, incomplete 1
-: to bring up from childhood, rear, 2
-: to lead, extend, 1
, : Euphrates, 8
, : the sun, 8
-: to cut up, cut to pieces, 2
, : a bucket and counterweight, 1
, , , : a dog, 8
, : crop, 3
-, -: navigable by boat, 2
, : plain, 6
, : a root, 2
, : grain, food, meal, 5
, -: four, 8
, : Tigris, 2
: to nourish, nuture, feed, foster, 8
-: being; be, belong to (+ gen.), 4
: to send rain, to rain, 2
, -, -: of or in winter, 2
15 : being exempt from

other (taxes)
: had been assigned; plpf.
pass
17 : came to be; impf. + pple.
20 : just as
21 : flooding; gen.
absolute
: by hands; dat. pl., means
23 : has been cut up; pf. pass.
24 : turned to the winter sun; S to
S.E.
26 : plpf.
212
Herodotus 1.193.2 194.2

.
, .

,
, .

.
, ,

.
.
,
10
13
, : vine, 3
, : a finger, 3
, : tree; also, , -, , 4
, : Demeter, 2
-: to produce, bring forth, carry out, 8
, : the olive-tree, 1
, : olive-oil, 1
-: to know thoroughly, 2
-, -: easy, 2
, : millet, 1
, : barley-grain, barley, 2
, : breadth, 1
, : wheat, 1
, : sesame-seed, 2
, : fig-tree, 2
, -: four, 8
, , : a palm tree, 4
, : a leaf, 2
1 : by far; dat. degree of difference

..: which we know; 1st pl. ;
acc. attracted into gen. case of antecedent
: crop of Demeter; grain
2 : (the land) does not
even at the beginning attempt; adv. acc.
4 ...: so goodthat; result
: two hundred-fold
5 : whenever.produces; aor.
subj. in a general temporal clause
6 : stalks; elsewhere leaves
7 : in breadth; acc. of respect
8 : how great a
tree-(yield) there is from millet and sesame
10 : knowing; nom. sg. pple.

: for those not having come;
11 : things
mentioned touching on crops; pf. ,
, cling to, governs a partitive gen.
: comes to, pf..
12 : use; 3rd pl. pres.
governs a dative object
: making oil;
13 : they have; are to them, dat.
poss.
: growing; pf. pple
: a majority; the more
Babylonian Customs
213
,
5
194

,
,

.
,

, ,
.

,
,
-: mid. to answer, reply, 2

: to fall unripe, run off, 1
, -, -: Armenian, 5
-, -: date-bearing, 1
, : a date, 1
, : a hide, tanned hide, leather, 3
, : flooring, bottom, ground, 1
, : a willow, (Att. ), 1
-: to enter, go into, 1
-: from without, 3
: to attend to, care for, serve, 1
-, -: fruit-bearing, 1
15 : they care for
these (date palms) in the manner of figs
both in other respects and in respect to
those (parts) of the date palm the Greeks
call male; acc. respect, the male parts
are not edible,
17 : they tie
up to the date-bearing palms
15
20
25
, : honey, 2
, : a shepherd; ribs (of a ship), 2
, : wine, 10
, : a winter-fig, 1
: to ripen, 1
-: to tie around, 1
-: to stretch around, 1
, : stern, 3
-: water-tight, covering 1
, : fig-tree, 2
: to cut, hew, ravage, 2
, , : a palm tree, 4
, : gallfly, 2
18
20
24
27
: so thatmay ripen;
purpose with pres. subjunctive as below
: so thatfall upripen;
: just as winter-figs
: cutting,
they make ribs of willow...; aor.
: in the manner of a hull
: not distinquishing a prow
214
Herodotus 1.194.2 196.1

,
,
.

, .

. ,
.
,
,
.

10
14

-: to auction off, disinherit, 1
, -, -: Armenian, 5
-: send forth, release, give up, 5
, : a wine-jar, 1
, : cargo, freight, 1
: to dispose, arrange, handle, 3
-: to pile upon, 1
, -, -: live, alive, living, 1
: to make straight, steer, 1
, : reed, the stalk or straw of corn, 2
-: to bring back or down, 3

, : a shepherd; rib (of a ship), 2
, : wine, 10
, , : a donkey, 4
--, -, -: five thousand, 2
: to fill, fill full (+ gen.), 7
: to sail, 16
, : oar, sweep; tool for striking, 2
, : prow, 1
-: bring together, collect, gather, 2
, -, -: made from the palm, 1
, : a load, freight, cargo, 2
: to push, thrust, 3
1 : assembling; pres. pple.

: in the manner of a shield
2 : having filled; aor.
3 : release it; 3rd pl. pres
: to be carried; inf. for purpose
4 : jars of palm-wine
: than wine; gen. comparison
6 : standing; gen. pl. pf.
7 ... : very large

and smaller; (), comparative
9 : but in larger ones
10 ..: when
ever they arrive and deposit; aorist subj.
12 : they auction off; tmesis
14 : it is impossible to sail
: in any way
Babylonian Customs
195

.
,
.
,
,
, , .
, .
215
15
20
25

.
196
, -
, : an eagle 1
-: to bind or tie up, 1
, -, -: Armenian, 5
, : dress, equipment, 1
, -, -: Boeotian, 1
, -, -: woolen, of wool, 1
--: to put onover, 1
, : an emblem, mark, icon, 2
, -, : slipper, 1
, : the head, 9
: to wear or grow hair long, 5
, : a lily, 2
, -, -: made of linen, of flax, 1

, : apple, 1
, : mitra, turban, 1
: to perfume, anoint with unguent, 1
, : wood, 4
, , : a donkey, 4
: resembling; similar to, 10
-, -: reaching to the feet, 1
, : a rose, 2
, : a staff; sceptre, 3
, : a seal, signet, seal-ring, 1
, -, : the body, 7
-. -, : sandal, shoe, 1
-, -: hand-made, 1
, : short cloak; woman's mantle 1
15 : because of; causal

18 : in the same way
19 : they use the following
sort of clothing; 3rd pl. pres +
dat. object
21 : wrapping around
23 : perfuming; pf. pple

26 : or something else
: it is not custom for
them
28 : have been established; 3rd pl.
pf.
216
Herodotus 1.196.1 196.5

,
.
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
10

,
, .
14
, , : ugly, shameful, disgraceful 6

, -: all together, all at once, 2
-: to put to auction, proclaim, 2
: once, once only, once for all, 2
, : Enetian, Venetian, 1
-: to buy up, redeem, 1
-, -: marriageable, 2
-: to lead in, to introduce, bring in, 2
-, -: happy, fortunate, blessed, 2
, : Illurians, 1
, -, -: our, 7
: to be the most beautiful, 1
, : crowd, 3
, : maiden, virgin, unmarried girl, 5
: to sell, 2
: to sell, exchange, 4
-: bring together, collect, gather, 2
-, : marriage, cohabitation, 2
-: surpass, overshoot, 3
1 : wisest (custom); add

: according to our opinion
: which use; dat. object
2 : in each villiage
: once each year; partitive
3 : wheneverbecame;
pres. opt. in general temporal clause,
4 : whenever they
gathered; pres. opt., general temporal cl.
5 : they used to bring; iterative

impf.
: used to stand; impf.
6 : an auctioneer, making
(the girls) stand up; pple.
: each one by one;
: used to sell; iterative impf.
7 : firstnext
Babylonian Customs
, ,
,
.

.
,
, ,
. ,
.
.
217
15
20
25
-, -, -: ugly, misshapen, 3
-: to put to auction, proclaim, 2
, : guarantor, one giving security, 2
, -: crippled, maimed, 3
-, -: good-looking, fair of form, 1

, : maiden, virgin, unmarried girl, 5
, -, -: having bought, 2
-: to be set near, be assigned to, 4
-: to undertake, place under, 1
7 : whenever this one was

sold, having fetched much money ; 3rd sg.
aor. pass. opt. in a general
temporal clause; aor. pple.
8 : who was; iterative - impf.
9 : for marriages; purpose
10 : as many marriageable
men were prosperous among Babylonians
12 : as many marriageable
men were of the masses; see line 8,
13 : did not at all ask for; + gen.
: they would receive; +
impf. suggests past potential
: uglier; comparative
14 : whenever went through;
aor. opt. --, general temporal
: auctioneer; usually herald
15 : would make stand up; see line
13, + impf. is past potential,

17 : whoever was willing; opt.
: until which (time); relative pronoun
18 : she was assigned to the
one proposing the least (amount of money)
19 would come
20 : used to give away (with
dowries); iterative impf.
: to give; aor. inf.
21 : to whom he
wishes
: was not permitted; impf.
...: nor (was it
permitted that the groom) lead away; aor.
23 : it was necessary
that he, establishing a guarantor (that)
indeed he would marry her; impf.
218
Herodotus 1.196.5 199.2

, ,

197
, .
198

. ,
,
. ,
.
10
13
-: continue, accomplish to the end, 2
-: to carry out, 1
, : physician, doctor, 1
: to be tired, be ill, be grieved, 5
: to treat ill, maltreat, afflict, distress, 2
-: prostitute, sell as prostitute, 2
: lately, just now, 1

-: be ruined (economically), 1
, -, -: of what sort or kind, 2
--: to pass by, go out beside, 2
, : silence, 3
, : wisdom, skill, judgment, 4
: to lack; be rare, scarce, 3
, : a child, 11
1 : continued existing; impf.

: 3rd pl. pf.
: something else
recently to come to be; exegetical inf.
2 : so that they might not
mistreat the women; purpose, pres. opt.
: (the Babylonians) having been
caught; pf. pple , passive sense
3 : aor. pass.
: aor. pass.
4 : every one of the masses
5 : second in wisdom; dat. of respect
6 : has been established; 3rd sg.
pf.
7 : use; 3rd pl. pres. + dat.
: approaching; pple
9 : suffered; 3rd sg. aor.
: the same sort
(of illness) that the sick person has; subj.
saw; 3rd sg. aor.
: acc. sg. aor. pple.
11 : doing what; , pple
: got rid of; not avoided
12 : in silence; dat. of manner
13 : before one asks
: burials are; supply
Babylonian Customs
, .
,
,
199
219
15
, .
.

.
, ,
20
25
,
, : a vessel, 2
, : Egypt, 10
-: to mix up, associate together, 3
: to think worthy, 3
: once, once only, once for all, 2
, -, -: Arabian, 3
, : Aphrodite, 5
-: on the other side, 1
, : cart drawn by a pair of beasts, 3
, : service, train of servants, 1
, : funeral-song, lamentation, 1
, : incense, 1
, -, : a cord, string, 1

, : a covered cart, 1
, : the head, 9
: to wash, bathe, 3
, : honey, 2
, : dawn, day-break, 1
: as many times as, as often as, 1
- -: resembling; similar, 10
, : wealth, riches, 2
, : crown, wreath, garland, 1
, : a sacred district, temple, 2
-: to be over-proud, be proud, 1
14 : to those (songs) in
Egypt
15 : has sexual intercourse with;
general temporal cl., 3rd sg. aor. dep. subj.
16 : this same thing;
18 : they will touch; + partitive gen.
: before; subj.
: same things; crasis

21 : to have intercourse; aor. dep.
22 : not deigning to associate
with; pres. pple
24 : having driven, they
stood; fem. aor. pple ; 3rd pl. pf.
26 : sit down; , pres. mid.
220
Herodotus 1.199.2 202.1

.
,
,
-
.
.
.
. ,
,
.
, , ,
10
14
-, -, -: ugly, misshapen, 3
-: to reject on scrutiny, 1
-: to make expiatory offerings, 1
, : silver, silver coin, 4
, , : the knee, 3
--, : outlet, lane, route, 1
-: to pick out, select, choose, 1
-: to throw in, put in, 3

-: to fasten to, lay hold of, grasp, 5
-: to call upon, 5
, : right, custom, 1
: to give light, shine, beam 1
, : Mylitta, 3
-, -: drawn in a straight line, 2
1 : in every direction
2 : extend; hold
: going out; pple
3 : whenever a woman sits; mid.
: earlierthan, before
4 : one of the strangers; indef.
: into her lap; onto knees
5 : has intercourse with; aor. dep. subj.
: to say; aor. inf.
6 : I call upon you (in the name of)
the goddess Mylitta; call on the goddess
for you
: in size; acc. respect
7 : as much as (it was) then; i.e. the

amount of silver does not matter
8 : for she should not
reject (it); strong denial, aor subj.
: for her; dat.
10 : will she reject; 3rd sg. future
11 : from this (time);
12 (): you will not give her
anything so great that you will take her
2nd sg. fut. , (Att. -)
: as many as cling to
beauty and stature; pf. pple. - +
partitive gen.
Cyrus attack on the Massagetae
200
201
202
221

.
.

, ,

,
, .
, .
,
, ,
. .
15
30
20
25
, -, -: warlike, strong, stout, 3

, : east; eastern, rise, rising, 1
, : Araxes river, 10
, : bread, loaf, 1
: inasmuch as,, since, seeing that + pple., 7
: to dry, 1
-: in some places, 1
, : the sun, 8
: to catch, hunt, 1
, : Issedonians, 1
, : Ister river, Danube river, 1
, : a fish, 6
, : Cyprus, 3
: to smooth, polish, grind, 1

: to touch, handle; knead bread, 1
, : barley-cake, 1
, -, -: some among others, 3
, : a mortar, 1
, : tribe, 1
: beyond, across, the other side + gen, 1
-: wait in addition, keep waiting, 1
: to sift, 1
, : sindon, linen cloth, 1
: to eat, 9
, -, -: Scythian, 3
-, -: four years old, 1
, : three, 13
-, -: three years old, 1
, : a pestle, 1
15 : to fulfill; aor. inf. -

16 : for three
years or four years time; acc. duration
18 : have been established; pf.
20
22
24
30
: they dry; aor. subj.

: kneading it like a cake
: had been overcome; + dat.
...: larger to some; smaller to others
222
Herodotus 1.202.1 203.1

,
-

,
.
,
,

,
. .
,

10
14
-: to light up, 2
, ; singer, bard, 1
, : Gyndes river, 4
, : tree; also, , -, , 4
, : crowd, band, company (Att. ) 2
: sixty, 4
-: to throw upon, strike on, 4
, : summer, summertime, 1
-: to put down, deposit, settle, 1
, : Lesbos, 5
, -, -: Matienian, 3
: make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate, 4

, : a smell, scent, odor () 3
-: from where, from which, 2
, : wine, 10
, : dancing, the dance, 1
: to catch scent of, smell, 3
-: to sit around, 1
, -, : fire, 9
, : a root, 2
: to eat, 9
, : food; fodder, forage, 2
, -, -: of or in winter, 2
1 : similar in size to
(the island of) Lesbos; acc. respect
: on these (islands); is
feminine
2 : in the summer; acc. of duration
3 : having discovered; pf. mid.
5 : during the winter
: have been discovered by

them; pf. pass. inf., dat. of agent
6 : bearing; modifies
: these (trees); object of
: to the same (place);
: they gather; 3rd pl. aor. subj.

, ,
203

,
.

. ,
.

.
,
, ,
, .
,
.
223
15
20
25
, : the Atlantic ocean, 1
, -, : the skin, hide, 1
-: to divide, receive separately, 3
, : rowing, row, 1
, , : a swamp, marsh, 4
-: to empty itself, 1
, -, -: red, 5
, -, -: wide, broad, 2
, : a fish, 6

, : Caspian sea, 4
, : Caucasus Mountains, 4
, : length, 4
: to sail, go by sea, 2
: eight, 5
--: fifteen, 1
, : a seal (the animal), 1
7 : in groups; see
: they light; aor. subj.
-
8 : as the fruit put on burns;
genitive abs.
9 : by the smell; dat. of means
10 ..: the more fruitthe
more
11 : until; up to which (time)
: for dancing; purpose
15 : of these, all; partitive gen.
18 : to use as clothing;
governs dative
: being accustomed (+ inf.)
19 : through open (land)
20 : by itself; independent body
22 : outside the pillars of
Heracles
23 : happen to be
24 : in length of voyage, 15 days for
one using oars; in width, where it is
widest, 8 days
224
Herodotus 1.203.1 206.1

,
204
,
, .

.
,

. ,
.
, -, -: wild, fierce, 1
-: to rise, 1
-, -: boundless, infinite, countless 2
-: to keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4
-, : view, survey, prospect, 1
, : tree; also, , -, , 4
-: to write on, 1
, : wool, 1
-: to wash out, 1
-: to weave in (as a pattern), 1
: to live, 8
, : a living being, animal, 2
, : the sun, 8
10
14
, : sight, look, appearance, sort, kind, 2
, : Caspian sea, 4
, : Mt. Caucasus, 4
, : sexual intercourse, mixing, 1
-: to mix, intermix, 1
-, : eagerness, zeal, readiness, 3
--: to age, grow old with, 1
: to rub, pound, crush, thresh, 1
, , : water, 10
, : forest-tree, brushwood, 1
, : a leaf, 2
2 : living off of wild forest

: woven; neut. pl. aor. pass.
: it is said that among
: at the beginning; adverbial acc.
these also are trees providing leaves of the 10 : the Caucasus skirts; borders on
following kind; obj. of 11 : boundless in size; resp.
3 : which the people crushing...
: for viewing; purpose
4 : paint animals
13 : against whom; with
6 : just as
: 3rd sg. aor.

, ,
,
205
206
, .
.
.
.
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
225
15
20
25
-, -: impossible, inconceivable, 2
-: to speak against, refuse, renounce 4
, : birth, 1
-, -, : a (means of) crossing, 3
-: to carry over, communicate, 1
-: to flee, get away from, escape, 2
-: to urge on, stir up, excite, 1
, : good luck, success, prosperity, 2

: to bridge, join, 2
: to go straight; strive, press on, 1
: to woo, mention, remember, 3
: by which way, in what way, how, 2
-, : advance, approach, 1
-: to go forward, advance, 2
, : a tower, 7
-: to understand, realize; put together 3
, : Tomyris, 10
15 : the
reasons rousing and urging (him); Att.
: were; 3rd sg. impf. , subject is pl.

: (was) his birth; i.e. Cyrus birth
16 : something more
than human; gen. of comparison
17 : through his wars
: in whatever direction Cyrus
strove; general clause with aor. opt.
19 : husband
dying; gen abs., aor. pple.
20 : she had; impf. , dat. possession

: sending (a message to)
this one
: in word (alone); as a pretence
21 : (her) as his wife; from
the 3rd pers. possessive adj. , ,
21 : understanding; pple.
24 : marching; aor. pple.
26 : for the army; dat. interest
27 : ships traversing the
river
28 ; to the one directing this work
226
Herodotus 1.206.1 207.3

. ,
,
.
,

, ,
3

,
.
,
, .
-
10
14

-: to send forth, release, give up, 5
: to bridge, join, 2
, -, -: our, 7
, : time, (proper) time, 2
, : toil, hard work, hardship, 1

, -, -: yourself, 6
-: to call togethe, convene, 1
-: gather together, assemble, 2
--: concur, agree, come together 1
: to end, complete, fulfill; pay, 2
, : Tomyris, 10
, : three, 13
, -, -: your, yours, 1
1 : O King of the Medes; vocative

: cease from; aor. inf. as imperative
2 : for you could not know;
potential optative
: at the right time
: will be; fut. dep. ; subj is
3 : be king of your own
(people), imperative
4 : endure; , pres. imperative
: mountains; genitive obj. of
: you will not, then, be
willing; fut.
6 (): you are eager; 2nd sg. mid.

7 : to attack; aor. dep. inf.
: come (now); precedes a command
bridging; nom. sg. pres. pple.
8 : give up; imp. , object
: gen. abs.
9 : a journey of three
days; acc. of extent of space
: imperative
10 (): you wish; 2nd sg. mid.
: the same thing;

207
.
, .
,
,

. ,
, , ,
; . .
,
227
15
20
25

-, -: undying, immortal, 1
, -, -: human, 4
-: turn back or away, avert, deter, 1
: to learn to know, to learn, realize,
7
: opposite, backwards, 1
-: to admit, accept, 5
-: to prosper, be well off, successful
3
, : Zeus, 11
, -, : lesson, instruction, 1
, -, : misfortunes, 1
-: to bring around, carry about, 4
, : disaster, 1
11 : Att. . sg. imperative

12 : the leaders
: gathering; aor. pple
: impf.
13 : what he is to do;
deliberative subj.; 3rd sg. pres. subj.
...: as they bid (Cyrus)
to; gen. abs.
: in the same way;
15 : being present; nom. pres. pple
17 : set forth; pres. pple.

18 : I said; 1st sg. aor.
: gave me to turn
away; aor. ; fut. inf.
: whatever I see is a
disaster for your household; obj. of
: in my power; 'according to'

: have become; 3rd sg. pf.
: there would be no
point in my offering opinions to you; 3rd
sg. opt.
: you have realized; pf.
: know; learn, aor. imp.
: does not always allow; 3rd sg.
19
21
22
23
24
25
228
Herodotus 1.207.3 208.1

.
. , ,
. ,
.

.

,
. ,
.

10
14
: to oppose, resist (dat.), 2
-: to set against, oppose; contrast,1
-, -: without experience of, 2
-, -: inexperienced, untried in gen 1
-: relate, tell; lead away (from) 6
-: unsparingly, unstintingly, 3
, -, -: clear, evident, conspicuous, 2
: to yield, give way (+ dat.), 1

, : risk, danger, venture, 2
, -, -: Persian, 4
-: to lose besides, 1
, : Tomyris, 10
--: to withdraw, go out secretly, 3
-: to go back, retire, recoil, 1
1 : there is;
: defeated; aor. dep.
2 ..: (it is) clear that; supply pl.
: will flee; 3rd pl. fut.
3 : will march on; (), fut.
: winning; , nom. sg. pple
: , 2nd sg. pres.
4 : crossing; nom. aor. pple
5 : you should follow (them)
fleeing; 2nd sg. opt. ; dat. pl. pple.
5 : I will
propose the same in place of that (earlier
proposal); fut. + dat.;

: you will march; (), fut.
6 : straight at (+ gen.); adverbial acc.
...: apart from what is
being related by me; a thing being related
: (it is)
shameful and not bearable; as adj.
8 : son of Cambyses
: acc. sg. aor. pple.
: aor. inf.
9 : those crossing; acc. subject

,
7
208

, ,
.
,

.
229
15
20

, ,
.

,
,
25
-, -: unmixed, undiluted, 1
-, -, : presentation, display, 2
-: unsparingly, unstintingly, 3
--: to retreat, withdraw, 3
, -, -: our, 7
, : Cambyses, 9

, : wine, 10
, : Tomyris, 10
-: to promise, 1
, -, -: inferior, cowardly, petty, 2
9 : aor. inf.
: as far as they
withdraw; acc. extent of space; 3rd pl. subj.
10 : to prevail over
them
13 : for these men
: many of the
herds
14 : set out; aor. inf..
15 : as a feast; acc. sg.
: in addition
17 : leaving behind; aor. mid..
pple.
: the worst (part)

18 : for if I do not fail in my
judgment; aor. subj.
19 : seeing; aor. mid. pple.
20 : will turn to
these things; i.e. turn to food and drink
22 : passing over; nom. sg. pple
-
23 : choosing; aor. mid.
24 : since he will cross...
25 : according to (what) she
promised
26 : placing into his hands; nom. sg.
aor. pple -
230
209
Herodotus 1.208.1 210.1

, ,
,
. ,

.

,
,
.
, .
10
13
-: take from, cut off, 2

, : Arsamenes, 1
, : Achaemenid, 2
, : Darius 9
-, -, : a (means of) crossing, 3
: twenty, 13
-: to wake up, 2
-: throw shade on, overshadow, 2

, , : a night, 13
: to set straight, set upright, 4
: to carry over, carry across, 1
, -, : old (man), 5
, -, : wing, 2
, : Hystaspes, 7
, : shoulder, 4
1 : to honor; pres. inf.

: treat well; i.e. treat Croesus well
: ifnot succeed; aor. pass.
subj. ,was made (to go) straight
2 : ordering; aor.
: aor. pple.
4 : passed over; aor. dep.
: night having come;

gen. abs.; aor pple.
: saw; 3rd sg. aor.
6 : to see; pres. inf.
: the
eldest of the sons of Hystapes; i.e. Darius
7 : upon his shoulders

8 : by one of the
wings by the other (of the wings)
9 : to Hystaspes,
son of Arsames, being an Achaeimenid,
was Darius, the eldest of his children
10 : in age; acc. respect
11 : up to 20 years old at most
: had been left behind; plpf.
12 : impf.
: to wage war; explanatory
inf. following
: awoke; aor. dep.
13 : tried to give an account; conative

, ,
. ,

.

.
210

,
,
. -
231
15
20
25

,
, : Darius 9
: there, in that place, 2
, : an examination, testing, 1
-: throw shade on, overshadow, 2
-: bring against, put on, come after, 6
: to care for, be troubled (gen.), 1
, : a device; contrivance, means 1

-: certainly not, and so not, 5
-: to have passed by, 1
-: to show (before), foreshadow, 2
-: to bring forth, show, 1
, -, : wing, 2
, : Hystaspes, 7
, : shoulder, 4
14 : important; predicate nom.

: taking him aside alone; nom.
sg. aor. pple
15 : said; aor..
16 : has been caught; pf.
17 : I will show you; fut.
18 : the future; all things
coming after
: last night; on the
night having passed by; dat. time when
19 : I saw; 1st sg. aor.
21 : there is no means
from this dream (to deny) that that one
plots against me; redundant, often
untranslatable, negatives to confirm the

negative idea of the main verb
(): travel; pres. mid. imperative
: see to it that; make it
happen that, . sg. imperative
: whenever I come; general
temporal clause, aor. subj.
: fut.
: for examination; purpose
: against him; dat. with
: to him; i.e. to Cyrus
: he was going to die;
opt. in indirect discourse, secondary seq.
: there
23
24
25
26
27
232
2
211
Herodotus 1.210.2 212.2

.
. ,
, ,

, .

,
.

,
.
,
, -
10
14

-, -: useless, unprofitable, 2
, : Darius 9
, : a slave, 7
, -, -: free, 4

, -, -: younger; rather recent, 2
-: to go round, 1
, : Hystaspes, 7
1 : pres. opt., indirect discourse

2 : with the following (words); means
: may not have been
born!; opt. of wish, periphrastic perfect
3 : may he die; aor. opt. of wish
: as quickly as possible
4 : (it was) you who made;
is the antecedent or add a main verb
5 : instead of being ruled
: (made the Persians) rule; ellipsis
6 : some dream; is indefinite
: plans a revolution;
newer things, comparative adjective
7 : concerning you;
: I hand (my son)
over to you to use him
8 : in this way which
: 2nd sg. pres. ()

: came; 3rd sg. impf.
10 : to watch over ; fut. for purpose
: aor. pple.
11 : a journey of a day; acc.
extent of space
12 : after this
13 : flawless (part of) the
army
: marching off; aor. pple
14 : the useless (part of
the arm) left behind; gen. abs., aor. pass.
: one-third part
of attacking
212

, ,
,
. ,
, .
, .
, , ,
233
15
20
25
, - : blood, 5
: to ward or keep off, resist, 1
, -: of the vine, 1
-, -: insatiate, greedy for, 3
: to feast; dine, 2
-: to fill in, fill with, 2
, -, -: opposite, contrary; enemy 4
: to recline, sit down, 1

: to mad, rage, be furious, 6
, : wine, 10
: to fill, 3
, : Spargapises, 2
: wage war, campaign against, 2
, : Tomyris, 10
-, : a third part, 2
, : food; fodder, forage, 2
: to bring into hand; manage, subdue 4
15 : those left behind; aor.

pass. pple.
17 : (the Massagetai) seeing; aor.
pple
: the banquet; acc. sg.
: after they subdued; 3rd
pl. aor. mid.
18 : reclining; aor. mid. pple.
: filling themselves of; aor.
mid. pple. with partitive genitive
19 : began to sleep; inceptive impf.
: (the rest of) the
Persians attacking; i.e. the good troops
20 : by far still more
(soldiers); dat. degree of difference
22 : who had; dat. poss., impf.

: having learned; aor. pple
23 : what had happened;

things having occurred; pf. act. pple.
24 : to Cyrus
A: O Cyrus, greedy for blood;
vocative, direct address
25 : do not at all be excited;
prohibitive subj., aor. dep. subj. -
25 : having occurred; pf.
26 : by which you having
your fill are so mad that; a result clause
follows
234
Herodotus 1.212.2 214.4

,
, .
213

, . ,
,
.
214
,
,
,
, .
, ,
10
14
-, -: unharmed, free from guilt, 1

, - : blood, 5
-: to let go, release, give off, 3
-, -: insatiate, greedy for, 3
, : a binding, bond, fetter, 1
-: to kill, make an end of, 1
; to trick, ensnare, entrap, 1
--: to float up again; sail against 1
-: to swear by, 1
, -, : a word, 11
-: to listen to, heed, 2
: in truth; truly (begins open question), 2
, : the sun, 8
-: to treat or insult outrageously, 1
: to satiate, satisfy, glut, 2
: to gain control, overpower, 3
: to release, loosen, abolish, dissolve, 4
, : wine, 10
, : Spargapises, 2
, -, : the body, 7
, : Tomyris, 10
-, : a third part, 2
, : a drug, medicine; pigment, 2
1 : as the wine goes

down; gen. abs.; pple.
2 : ill words; subj. of
: by this drug; picking
up the thought in ,
3 : not according
to strength in battle
: as I; gen. abs.
4 : take up; aor. imp.

5 : go away; imp.
: one-third; dat. +
6 : you committed outrage at
7 : truly indeed; begins an oath
8 : I will sate; fut.
: these words having
been reported; gen. abs., aor. pass
.
, , ,
.
,
, .
.
,

, .

, ,
235
15
20
25
, - : blood, 5
, -, -: human, 4
, : a leathern-bag, a wine-skin, 2
, -, : a arrow, missle, dart, 1
-: to stand apart, separate, divide, 2
-, : short sword, 2
-: to shoot out, shoot away, 1
: to die, 5
: to choose, decide; interpret, 4

, -, -: Persian, 4
-: be locked together, entangled 1
, : Tomyris, 10
: to shoot an arrow, shoot a bow, 1
: thirty, 8
9 : considered (it) of no
account
10 ...: whenwore off of; aor.
11 : 3rd sg. aor.
: that he was in a bad place;
is likely an adv.; compare
: having begged from: aor. dep.
pple.
: to be released; aor. pass.
: he obtained (it); aor.
12 : as quickly as possible
13 : makes a end of
himelf; reflexive pronoun
: in such a way
14 : dies; 3rd sg. pres. -contract

: did heed; aor.
15 aor. pple.
: 3rd sg. aor.
17 : the fiercest; superlative
: in particular; 'and indeed also'
18 : it is said
: standing apart; aor. pple.
20 : had been thoroughly shot
: 3rd pl. aor. pple.
21 : stood (in battle); pf. inf.
24 : was destroyed; aor. pass.
25 : for 29 year; 'lacking from 1'
27 : the dead; dat. pf. pple.
236
Herodotus 1.214.4 216.3

,
215

, ,
, .
, ,
.

, (
) , .
,
, , .
,
10
14
, - : blood, 5
, : spearman, bodyguard, 3
-, -: without horse, infantry, 1
, : arrowhead, 1
, : a leathern-bag, a wine-skin, 2
--: to throw in, let drop in, 1
: to live, 8
, : soldier-belt, 1
, : a horseman, cavalry, 1
, : the head, 9
: to satiate, satisfy, glut, 2
: to outrage, maltreat (+ dat.), 1
, : chest-band (on a horse), 1
, -, -: persuasive, plausible, 1
, : battle-axe, 2
, -, -: Scythian, 3
, : breast, chest, 1
, : an archer, bowman, 1
1 : droppedinto; aor. --
2 : addressed; impf.
: being alive; acc. sg. pres. pple
: defeating you in battle; pres. pple
3 : you destroyed; aor.
: nom. sg. aor. pple.
: dat. of means
4 : just as
: I will sate; fut.
5 : in matters regarding the end

of Cyrus lift; acc. of respect
6 : among the many
accounts; partitive gen.; apparently
refers to different versions of Cyrus death
: has been said (to be); pf.
9 : battle axes; acc. pl.
: being accustomed

.
216
15

, .
. ,
237
20
,
,
.

,
,
. ,
,
25
-: fearlessly, without fear, 1

-, -: plentiful, boundless, 3
-: to hang up, let hang down, 1
, : silver, 4
-, -, -: common, ordinary, 1
: to marry, 3
-: to eat up, feed on, 1
-: to feast on, 1

-: come to, belong to be related to, 2
, : the mouth, 1
, : boss on the horses headpiece, 1
, : quiver, 1
, : a bridle, bit, 1
10 : they use; pres. + dat.

: in all things; acc. respect
....
: in all that, on the one hand in
all that, on the other hand; as many as
all, acc. respect
11 : for; purpose
13 : in the same way;
14 : in respect to
some parts of horsesin respect to other
parts
15 : (use) gold; pres. above
16 : not at all
: they have (any); dat. possession
19 : in common; adverbial acc.
...: do this; i.e. common
marriage
25 no other limit of age is
placed on them (except)
24 : relatives
25 : having boiled; aor.
26 : this is believed most blessed;
pf. pass.
238
Herodotus 1.216.3 216.4

.
,
4

. , .

.
-, : without envy; abundant, 1
-, : a milk-drinker, 1
: to give, divide, distribute, 1
: to live, 8
, : the sun, 8
, -, -: liable to death, mortal, 1
: to come to, attain, reach, 1

, : a fish, 6
, : mind, perception, heart, intent, 9
-: to be present; to come to be, 5
: sow, plant, 2
1 : considering it a
misfortune that
: did not come; aor.
: aor. pass. articular inf.
2 : abundant (fish)
4 : 3rd pl. pres.
: among the gods; partitive gen.

5 : this is the intent of the
sacrifice; i.e. the purpose is the following
: of all animals; of
all mortals, partitive gen. modifying
Glossary
240
Synopses: - verbs (Attic)
, , , , , : give
Imperfect
Aorist
Active
Present
Imp
Pple
, ,
, ,
Middle
, ,
, -, -
Inf.
Imp
Pple
, ,
, ,
Inf.
, , , , , : put, place; make

Imperfect
Active
Present
Imp
Pple
, ,
Aorist
, ,
Middle
, ,
, -, -
Inf.
Imp
Pple
, ,
, ,
Inf.
241
Synopses: - verbs
, , , , , : to send, release, let go
Active
Present
Imp
Pple
, ,
Imperfect
Aorist
, ,
, ,
Inf.
Middle
, ,
Imp
Pple
, ,
, ,
Inf.
(to be)
present
1st
2nd
3rd
subjunctive
1st
2nd
3rd
imperfect
imp.
pple
inf.
imperfect
imp.
pple
inf.
optative
(to go, present translates as the future of )

present
1st
2nd
3rd
subjunctive
1st
2nd
3rd
optative
242
Verb Synopsis (Attic)

, , , , , : loosen, ransom
Middle/Pass.
Active
Middle
Passive
Primary Indiative
()
()
()
()
()
Secondary
Indicative
()
()
Subjunctive
()
Optative
Imp
()
Pple
FUTURE
Active
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Inf.
PRESENT
2nd sg. mid/pass - is often dropped except in pf. and plpf. tenses: () , ()
Verb Synopsis (Attic)
AORIST
PERFECT
Middle
Passive
Middle
Passive
()
Primary Indiative
Active
243
()
Secondary Indiative
()
()
()
Subjunctive
,
,
,
,
,
,
Optative
()
Imp
Pple
Inf.
Adapted from a handout by Dr. Helma Dik (http://classics.uchicago.edu/faculty/dik/niftygreek)
244
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary (words occurring 15 or more times)
found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review
and master the running core vocabulary as they read. Digital flashcards are available online.
The number of occurrences of each word in Herodotus Histories Book 1 was tabulated
with the help of vocabulary tools in the Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
, -, -: good, brave, capable, 22
, , , , , : to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 38
, : Athena, 9 (, : Athens, 6)
, -: Athenian, of Athens, 35
, -, : Aeolian, 15
, , , , , : to seize, take; mid. choose, 26
, -, -: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15
, , , , , : to hear, listen to, 32
, , , , , : to be taken, be caught, 16
: but, 76
, -, -: one another (non-nominative forms) 17
, -, -: other, one...another, 171
, : Alyattes, 22
: at once, at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 21
, , : to answer, make return; exchange, 23
, -, -: each of two, both, 18
: modal adv., 78
: up, upon (+ dat.); up to, on to (+ acc.), 89
-, -, : votive offering, 16
, , : a man; husband 92
, : human being, human, man, 56
: up, above, 16
-, , , , , : to come, arrive, 78
-, -, -, -, -, -: to make revolt; remove, 15
: from, away from. (+ gen.), 74
-, -, -, -, -, - : demonstrate, exhibit, produce, 20
-, -, -, -, , : to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 15
, -, -: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece), 15
, : Harpagus, 50
, : a beginning; rule, office, 38
, , , , , : to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48
, : Asia, 29
, -, -: Assyrian, 16
, : a city, town, 26
, : Astyages, 63
, -, -: -self; he, she, it; the same, 392
: at the very place, here, there, 49
245
, : Babylon, 18
, -, -: Babylonian, 20
, : a king, chief, 73
, , : to rule, be king, 23
, -, : a kingship, rule, 21
, -: royal, kingly, 35
-, : cowherd, herdsman, 24
, -, , , , : deliberate, take counsel, 18
, , , , , : to wish, be willing, desire, 42
: for, since, 247
: at least, at any rate; indeed, 37
, : earth, 26
, , , , , : come to be, become; happen, 212
, : mind, opinion, intention, purpose, 20
, : Gyges, 22
, , : a woman, wife, 77
: but, and, on the other hand, 1249
: it is necessary, must, ought; it is right, (+ inf.), 18
, -, : Delphi, 37
, -, -: second, 24
(), , , , , : lack; mid. want, need, ask, 20
, , , , , : to bind; lack, want of, need, 3
: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 244
, : Deioces, 15
-, -, -, -, -, -: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 17
: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 39
, , , , , : to give, offer, grant, provide, 37
, : justice, reparation, penalty; lawsuit, trial, 15
: , on account of which, on which account, 15
, , , , , : to seem, seem best, think, imagine, 53
: , if (contracted as ), 103
, -, -: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 133
, , , , , : to permit, allow, let be, suffer, 3
: I, 187
(), , , , , : to be willing, wish, desire, 32
, -, : race, people, tribe, 35
: if, whether, 78
: saw, beheld, (aor. of ) 41
: will go, will come, (fut. of ,) 38
, : to be, exist, 689
: for the sake or because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 31
: said, spoke (aor. , ), 51
, , : to ask, enquire, question (usually aor., Att. pres. ) 16
, , : one, single, alone, 34
, : out of, from (+ gen.), 164
, -, -: each, every one, 39
-, -, -, -, -, -: to give up, surrender, render, 21
246
, -, -: that, those, 51
, : a song of mourning, a lament, elegy, 25
, , : Greek, 48
, , , , , : to march, drive, set in motion, 27
, -, -: my, mine, 57
: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 262
: where; there, 16
: here, hither, there, thither, then, (Att. ) 17
: hence, thence; thereupon (Att. ), 19
-, , , , , : to command, enjoin, 18
-, -, -, -, -, -: to ask, inquire of, 17
: when, after, since, because (also , ) 60
: whenever, 15
: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (dat.), 199
-, -, -, -, -, -: to stand near, over; establish,
impose, 16
, : work, task, deed, act, 24
: will say, will speak, will mention (fut. of , pf. ) 20
, , , , , : to come or go, 32
: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 661
, -, -: one of two, other, different, 37
: still, besides, further, 40
, -, : a year, 43
, , , , , : to have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 171
: well, 24
, , , , , : to find, discover, devise, invent, 20
: or (either...or); than, 69
, : day, daylight, dawn, 35
, : sea, 22
, , : to see, watch, look at; consider (Att. ), 15
, : a daughter, 21
, , , , , : to sacrifice, 19
, , , , , : to let go, release, send, throw; mid. hasten, 21
: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 18
, : a horse, 19
, , , , , :: to make stand, set up, stop, establish, 21
, : Ionian, 60
, : Ionia, 15
: and, also, even, too, 1187
, -, -: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 26
, , , , , : to call, summon, invite, 63
-, -, -, -, -, -: set down; appoint, establish, 17
, -, -: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 18
, : Carians, 16
: very, very much, strongly, 19
: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 130
247
-, -, -, -, -: upset, overturn; mid. subdue, 22

, : to lie (down); be assigned, be established (often equiv. to pass. of ) 16
, , , , , : to bid, order, exhort, 39
, : messenger, herald; auctioneer, 15
, : Croesus, King of the Lydians, 165
, -, : Cyrus, 125
, -, -: Lacedaemonian, Spartan, 31
, , , , , : to take, receive, catch, grasp, 30
, , , , , : to say, speak, (fut. is often ) 159
, : word, speech, discourse, argument, 61
, -, -: long, far, distant, large, 17
: most of all; certainly, especially, 32
: more, rather, 20
, , , , , : to learn, understand, 24
, : Massagetae, 18
, : battle, fight, combat, 21
, , , , , : to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 20
, , : big, great, important, 107
: to be about to, to intend to, 18
: on the one hand, 395
: however, nevertheless; certainly, 21
, - , -: middle, in the middle of, 16
: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 75
: not, lest, 92
-, -, -: no one, nothing, 20
, : Mede, Median, 63
, : Milesian; , Milesia, 25
: him(self), her(self), it(self), one(self); acc. sg., equiv. to , (dat. sg., see ) 69
, -, -: alone, only, solitary, 36
, : an island, 19
, : temple, 26
, , : a ship, boat, 19
, , , , , : to conquer, defeat, win, 21
, : law, custom; tune, 31
, , , , , : believe, consider, deem, hold, 27
: now; as it is, 106
, : guest, foreigner, stranger, 16
, , : the; he, she, it, 4017
, , : this, this here, 133
, : road, way, path, journey, 23
: to or for him(self), her(self), it(self); dat. sg., equivalent to , (acc., see ) 118
: to know (pf. with pres. sense), 22
, , , , , : to inhabit, dwell, live, 36
, : a house, home, dwelling, 18
, -, -: of what sort, as, 21
: how, in what way; in order that, that, 26
, -, -: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
248
, : a dream, 11
: backwards, back, back again, 18
, , , , , : to see, look, behold, 32
, , , , , : to set out, begin; set in motion, urge, 15
, -, : a mountain, hill, 18
, , , , , , : to dig, dig through, quarry, 19
, , : who, which, that, 226
, -, -: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 45
, , : whoever, whichever, whatever, 62
: that; because, 38
, , : not, 226
-: and not, but not, nor, not even, 36
, -, -: not even one, no one, 15
-, -, -: no one, nothing, 78
, -, : name, 48
, , : this, these, 667
-: and not, neither...nor, 54
: in this way, thus, so, 82
, , , : a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
, : Pactyes, 16
: from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
-, -: to be near, be present, be at hand, 38
, , : every, all, the whole, 234
, : a father, 23
, , , , , : persuade, win over, trust; mid. obey, 27
, , , , , : attempt, make trial of, 15
, : Pisistratus, 24
, , , , , : to send, conduct, convey, 44
: five, 16
: just; all, however, though, 42
: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
, -, : a Persian, 108
, , , , , : to sail, 16
, : more, greater, larger, 21
: ship, vessel, 15
, , , , , : to do, make; mid. consider, 193
, : battle, fight, war, 24
, : a city, 78
, , : much, many, 107
, : river, stream 75
, : deed, act; matter, affair, trouble, 29
: until, before, 20
: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 111
, -, -: before, in front of; earlier, 108
, -, -: first, earliest 56
, : Pythia, priestess of Apollo, 17
, , , , , : to learn by inquiry, learn by hearsay, 41
, , , , , : to flow, run, stream, 18
249
, , : Sardis, capital city of Lydia, 49

, : Scythian, 20
, -, -: your, yours, 41
, , : to wage war, campaign against, 34
, : an army, expedition, land force, 22
, : army, encamped army, 33
: you, 161
, , , (): they, equivalent to , - 160
: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 16
, -, -: very fast; , very quickly, 36
, , : quick, swift, hastily, 30
: and, both, 419
, - : wall, city-wall, 35
, , , , , : to end, complete, finish; die, 30
: here, there, 147
, , , , , : to set, put, place, arrange, 22
, (, ): who? which?; anyone, something, 943
, -, -: such, 32
, -, -: such, 33
, : way, manner, course, direction, 30
, , , , , : to chance upon, get; meet with; happen, 21
: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 74
, , , , , : to show; mid. appear, seem, be visible, 19
, , , , , : to bear, carry, bring, convey, 42
, , , , , : to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
, , , , , : to say, claim, assert, 51
, -, -: dear, beloved; subst. friend, kin, 15
, , , , , : keep watch or guard 15
, , : hand, 15
, , , , , : use, employ, engage in (+ dat.), 57
, , , , , : to proclaim or direct by oracle (mid.
), 10
, -, : money, goods, 28
, : an oracle, 23
, : time, 48
, -, -: golden, 32
, : gold, 17
, , , , , : to go, come; have room for, 49
, : land, region, area, place, 46
, : ground, place, land, 16
: in this way, so, thus, 20
: O! oh!, 39
: and so, then; at all events (Ion. for ), 68
: so that, that, so as to, 22
: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 238
250
Notes
Notes
251
252
Notes
Notes
253
254
Notes

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Herodotus Histories Book 1

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Herodotus Histories Book 1

Preface to the Series

Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek

3. Changes in Declension Endings

Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek

a. -augment sometimes omitted:

b. uncontracted vowel stems:

c. 3rd pl. mid./pass. often changes:

adapted from Herodotus Book III S. Newmyer (Bryn Mawr, 1986)

, -, -: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15

Running Core Vocabulary

Running Core Vocabulary

Running Core Vocabulary

(), , , , , : to lack; mid. want, need, ask 20

Running Core Vocabulary

, , , , , : to permit, allow, let be, suffer, 3

Running Core Vocabulary

34 , -, -: one of two, other, different, 37

Herodotus 1.1.1 1.4

accusative predicate of the aor. inf.

Conflicting accounts of kidnapping

, -, : Argos (a Greek city), 5

having been sold off; gen. abs., pf. pass.

Herodotus 1.1.4 4.1

8 : that (they) heading toward;

Conflicting accounts of kidnapping

, : Alexander, Paris of Troy, 1

15 : the Colchian king; acc. subj.

22 : acc. subj; i.e. Paris will not pay

Herodotus 1.4.1 5.3

-: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5

1 : but from this (time)

: for; see. 5, objective gen.

Conflicting accounts of kidnapping

: Ion. for , how? in what way? 2

: pf. pass. inf.

22 : being ashamed before (+ acc)

Herodotus 1.5.4 7.4

1 ...: (as for things) which

: common gen. sg, Attic -

Gyges and Candales

, : Candaules, King of Sardis, 12

15 : than Croesus; gen. comparison

: this entire district was

Herodotus 1.8.1 9.3

-: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2

1 : fell passionately in love; 3rd sg.

11 : comparative, neuter pl.

Gyges and Candales

15 : noble things have been

: lesthappen; fearing clause

Herodotus 1.9.3 11.4

-: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2

, : silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7

1 : whenever she walks

8 : nom. sg. aor. pple,

Gyges and Candales

, -, -: ready, prepared, at hand, 12

15 : 3rd sg. impf. ,

you; are at hand to you, gen. abs.