Chemistry - Chapter 7 Study Guide Section 7.

1: Valence electrons electrons in the outer energy level o responsible for bonding with other atoms How do you know how many valence electrons an element has? o Look at the group number Group 1A = 1 valence electron Group 7A = 7 valence electrons Etc Electron Dot Diagrams a way of showing and keeping track of valence electrons o Written using the following steps: 1. Write the element symbol representing the nucleus and inner electrons 2. Put one dot for each valence electrons, 3. Dont forget to add them using Hunds rule they dont pair up unless they have to. The Octet Rule atoms tend to want to achieve a noble gas configuration because it is the most stable. Octet = eight electrons Cations a positive ion (usually metals) o Lose electrons to attain a noble gas configuration o Written like Na1+ o No dots are shown (on an electron dot diagram) because they lose the valence electrons they had Anions a negative ion (usually non-metals) o Gain electrons to attain a noble gas configuration o Written like P3o Dots are shown because valence electrons are gained 8 valence electrons = stable atom (noble gases.)

Section 7.2: Anions (-) and cations (+) are held together by opposite charges; a bond is formed through the transfer of electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration (octet.) Ionic Compounds: o Also called salts o Made from a cation and an anion Which means theyre made of a metal and a non-metal *if you dont understand how to do ionic bonding, check the book or ask somebody to help its hard to explain* The result of ionic bonding is an ionic compound, shown in a formula unit o Written like Ca3P2

Using the crisscross method, and knowing that Ca lost 2 electrons and P gained 3, we switch the numbers to get the final ionic compound Properties of Ionic Compounds: o Crystalline solids a regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid o Ions are strongly bonded together structure is rigid o High melting and boiling points Conducting electricity means allowing charges to move o In a solid, the ions are locked in place which makes insulators o When melted or dissolved in water, the ions can move around which makes them conductors.

Section 7.3: Metallic Bonding how metal atoms are held together in a solid o Very weak when it comes to holding their valence electrons o Theyre like cations floating in a sea of electrons Electrons are free to move through the solid so metals conduct electricity Properties of metals: o Malleable can be hammered (or bent) into shape o Ductile can be drawn into wires Because of the mobility of the valence electrons o Conductors of electricity and heat Alloys mixtures of two or more elements; at least one is a metal. o i.e. Brass: Cu and Zn We use alloys because their properties are usually superior to the pure element/metal o Sterling silver (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper) is harder and more durable than pure silver o Steels are also important because of their corrosion resistance, ductility, hardness, toughness, and cost