Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman

Beta Edition February 2013

Caesar's De Bello Gallico I Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Beta Edition 2013 by Geoffrey D. Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

xiii How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary. 1. Skim through the book and familiarize yourself with every grammar box and the appendix. 2. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible. A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have already reviewed most of these words in first year Latin and can devote their efforts to mastering the handful of words in the initial lessons that they have never encountered. B. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit them to long-term memory. Flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. As you work, delete flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words. Digital flashcards for less frequent vocabulary (occurring 3-4 times) will appear online in time. 3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses A. Persistence counts. Caesar is very consistent in his use of vocabulary and grammar, and so while the readings will maintain the same level of difficulty, you will become a much better reader with time. The more earnestly you learn vocabulary and new grammar in the early readings, the more fluently you will be able to read later passages without much preparation. B. Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (i) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (ii) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so forth. Ideally, you should read in Latin word order. Whatever method you use, always review the sentence which you have just translated in Latin word order. Over time, as you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with Caesar increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method of reading. It is a lot of fun, and with persistence it is very satisfying. 4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it. Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Caesars consistent use of vocabulary and grammar makes it possible for readers to develop reading proficiency very quickly. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin and acquiring meaning without using English. 5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one. This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

xiv Caesar Book I Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)

The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the right column indicates the lesson in which the core word first occurs. The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer of occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually. Digital flashcards are available online.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

, ab: (away) from, 102 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9 ad: to, toward; near, at 109 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11 appell (1): call, call by name, 5 atque: and, and also, and even, 46 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5 bellum, -, n.: war, 32 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7 et: and, also, even, 196 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8 omnis, omne: every, all, 70 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11 proptere: on this account, therefore, 15 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 que: and, 114 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326

Caesar Running Vocabulary

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20 Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 20 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11 saepe: often, 5 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 167 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 8 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 79 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124 tertius, -a, -um: third, 11 trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7 trs, tria: three, 7 nus, -a, -um: one, 23 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15 addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12 ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 16 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12 annus, - m.: year, 7 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6 autem: however, moreover, 8 carrus, - m.: wagon, cart, 7 cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 6 copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 28 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 11 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 6 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5 frmentum, - n.: grain, 13 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 22 imperium, - n.: command, power, 9 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13 iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 33 locus, - m.: place, region, location, 33 M.: Marcus, 7 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7 mlle pl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28 minor, minus: less, smaller, 18 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6 numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 17 Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8 passus, -s: pace, 13

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

Caesar Running Vocabulary

px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 satis: enough, sufficient, 8 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74 ac: and, and also, and even, 29 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8 Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43 amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 12 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12 dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 37 Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6 frter, -tris m.: brother, 11 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11 maxim: exceedingly especially, 5 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16 n: lest, that not, no, not, 31 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7 occup (1): seize, occupy, 11 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8 pater, patris, m.: father, 6 per: through, across (acc) 33 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5 pls (plris): more, 7 populus, - m.: people, nation, 47 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55 sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11

Caesar Running Vocabulary

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6 domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15 duo, duae, duo: two, 12 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 10 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15 L.: Lucius, 7 mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 nihil: nothing, 8 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7 oppidum, - n.: town, 14 par (1): prepare, make ready, 5 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 10 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10 rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5 socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9 sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 10 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 15 ubi: where, when, 11 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 27 tor, ut, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5 vel: or, eitheror, 7 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 5 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5 dum: while, as long as, until, 5 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5 imper (1): command, order, bid, 9 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16 lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 23 legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19 licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 6 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26 nunti (1): announce, report, 6 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 9 put (1): to think, imagine, 7 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10 revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6 rog (1): to ask; tell, 5 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49 sine: without (abl.), 12 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7

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5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9

Caesar Running Vocabulary

sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4 tamen: however, nevertheless, 9 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5 itaque: and so, 5 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 5 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6 propter: on account of, because of, 12 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12 debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5 frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7 ibi: there, in that place, 7 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13 ita: so, thus, 17 Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7 lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6 prmus -a -um: first, 15 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5 trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9 trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7 Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41 explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6 mand (1): order, command, commit, 6 nam: for, 6 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5 sed: but, moreover, however, 21 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6 statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8

Caesar Running Vocabulary

9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10 commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11 maior, maius: greater, 7 qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 5 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7 di: a long time, long, 9 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7 time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5 tum: then, at that time, 5 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10 equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17 modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11 confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9 dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 5 potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 5 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18 super (1): surpass, overcome, 9 colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5 concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 19 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5 quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8 reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6 C.: Gaius, 7 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15 perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12 Valrius, - m.: Valerius, 5 acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18 equus, - m.: horse, 8 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8 instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9 agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5 impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 5

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17 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 26 26 28 29 29 32 32

Caesar Running Vocabulary

muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5 pugn (1): to fight, 10 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14 coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5 intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5 nox, noctis, f.: night, 6 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 13 nisi: if not, unless 5 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 iterum: again, a second time, 5 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12 Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6 ditior: a long time, long, 9 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7 stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5 celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5 decimus, a, um: tenth, 5 iam: now, already, soon, 8

To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood. - von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

2
1.1

Lesson 1: Caesar I.1 1

Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. 2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit. 3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qu d caus Helveti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns contendunt, cum aut sus finibus es prohibent aut ips in erum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum, attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et septentrins.
Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2 Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1 atting, -ere, attig, attctus: touch, reach, border, 1 Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1 comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2 cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2 differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 1 effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2 Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 3 Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 1 hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture, refinement, 2 import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 1 initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3 nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1 merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2 minim: least of all, least, 2 occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2 cenus, m.: Oceanus, 2 orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3 praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1 quoque: also, 1 septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4 Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1 sl, slis m.: sun, 4 spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3 verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1

10

15

20

The Divisions Within Gaul

1 estdvsa: is divided; dvsa is a predicate adjective and not part of a perfect pass. verb qurum namaliamtertiam: of which (parts) one (part)another (part)a third (part); a genitive at the beginning of the clause is often, as here, a partitive gen. (gen. of whole) 2 Aqutn: Aquitanians (inhabit); add incolunt which is missing through ellipsis (omission) Tertiam (incolunt) qu: (those) who. (inhabit) the third; the missing antecedent of the relative clause is subject of missing incolunt ipsrum lingu: in the language of (these) very ones; i.e. of the Gauls, ipse usually modifies a noun, which is missing and must be supplied; lingu is an ablative of respect (in respect to..) nostr: in our (language); supply lingu CeltaeGall: nom. predicates of appellantur 3 lingu, nstitts, lgibus: ininin; in respect to, all three are abl. of respect 4 Garumna flmen (dvidit): nom. subject, add dvidit from the next clause Matrona et Squana: nom. pl. with a 3rd sg. verb because the rivers form a single boundary; supply Galls as acc. direct object 5 Hrum omnium: of all these; or among all these, partitive gen., as in line 1, Caesar often uses a a genitive at the beginning of a clause and then specifies the parts within the clause proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, which is a pleonasm (redundancy) 6 Prvinciae: of the Province; i.e. Gallia Transalpina, the area in southern France controlled by the Romans. Although the word prvincia is a general term, the Romans referred to this province as the Province. This edition uses the capital P to distinguish it from other provinces. 6 longissim: very far; superlative adverb long ad es to those; es is demonstrative 7 ea quae those things which; neut. pl.

ad effminands: for softening; lit. for courage going to be softened ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple) often expresses purpose; when translating, readers should employ a gerundgerundive flip: translate the gerundive as a gerund (e.g. softening) and the noun modified by the gerundive as an object of the gerund 8 Germns: dat. with special adj. proxim 9 quibuscum: cum quibus Qu d caus: for which reason; concerning which reason qu modifies caus; as often, Caesar places the adjective, here a relative adj., before the preposition 10 virtte: in (respect to) valor; abl. respect quod: because cumprohibentgerunt: since; cum + indicative, not a preposition of sus fnibus. 11 sus fnibus: from their borders; abl. of separation (a construction which includes but is not limited to place from which), governed by prohibent, (Helvetians) keep sus: their; Helvetians, reflexive possessive es: them; i.e. Germans, personal pronoun ips: (they) themselves; Helvetians 12 erum: their; i.e. Germans 13 erum: of these (three parts); partitive gen. obtinre: ind. discourse (that clause), Galls is acc. subj. and quam is acc. d.o. dictum est: it has been said; as in line 2 above 14 contintur: governs all three abl. of means, which are missing conjunctions, asyndeton 15 ab Squns: from (the side of) 16 oriuntur: rise; pres. deponent, orior 17 spectant in septentrinem: looks to the northern; i.e. opens up to the northeast orientem: eastern; rising sun; pres. pple. 18 eam partem: that part; demonstrative 19 ad Hispniam: near Hispania; with est spectat: looks to; i.e. opens up to

Gerund-Gerundive Flip A gerundive (effeminandus,-a,-um in line 7) is a future passive participle. It is an adjective which agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Because it is awkward to translate (e.g. going to be softened), readers should employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the gerundive as the gerunds object. This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared. Ad anims effminands For courage (going) to be softened Flip ad effminandum anims for softening courage

4
2.1

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2 1

Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M. Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae imperi potr. 3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undque loc natr Helveti continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim, qu est inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn, qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus lt vagrentur et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent; 5. Qu ex parte homins belland cupid magn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem CLXXX patbant. 3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.
affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: to affect, afflict, 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4 bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1 biennium, - n.: a period of two years, 1 coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: conspiracy, pact, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4 ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 1 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3 fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1 glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 1 indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2 imentum, - n.: beast of burden, harnessed animals, 1 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

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lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 ltitd, -inis f.: width, breadth, 1 ltus, -a, -um: wide, 2 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 1 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2 ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 permove, -re, -mv, -mtus: upset, move deeply, 1 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2 sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1 suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1

Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia

1 nbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs. fuit: pf. sum, esse M. Messl et M. Psne cnsulibus: when Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso were consuls; with Messala and Piso (being) consuls abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named the year after their annually elected consuls; since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject and predicate are the abl. abs. 2 regn: for the kingship; objective gen. governed by cupiditte, equivalent to "he desires kingship 3 persusit ut: persuaded (dative) that; this common verb in Caesar governs an indirect command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.) 4 exrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exe, exre in an ind. command, which can often be translated as an inf.: persuadedto come out perfacile esse: (and) that it is very easy ; ind. discourse also governed by persusit above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between the ind. command above and perfacile esse cumpraestrent: since they excelled ; causal with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect ttius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae 5 potr: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an ablative object 6 idpersusit: he persuaded them (to do) this hcquod: by this (reason)because; abl. of cause facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile 7 n ex parte: on one side; from one part flmine Rhn: abl. means; supply the verb continentur, an example of ellipsis 8 agrum Helvtium: Helvetian land alter ex parte: on another side; see line 7 monte Ir: by Iura range; add continentur 9 terti (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8 lac Lemann: abl. means, add continentur 10 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause fibant ut: it happened that; fi governs ut + impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence because the main verb is impf. 11 vagrentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and possum; in result clauses these are translated

11

12

13 14 16

17

18

21

as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile fnitims: on neighbors; dat. of compound verb (the infinitive inferre) qu ex parte: for which reason; from which respect belland: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with the adj. cupid which in turn modifies homins Prpr: because of; in proportion to or according to, pr is causal in force s habre: that they had; ind. discourse in secondary sequence: angusts fns is acc. d.o. milia passuum: miles; thousands of paces, a mile is 1000 steps; subject of patbant adductpermt: Helvetians influenced and moved; the participles are nom. pl. agreeing with a missing subject ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of comparre and is translated as a demonstrative ea quaepertinrent: those (things) which pertain; relative clause of characteristic is often used to limit and characterize general antecedents (i.e. ea) and governs an impf. subj. in secondary sequence ad proficiscendum: for setting out; gerund (verbal noun) + ad expresses purpose comparre, coemere, facere, confirmre: complementary infinitives with cnstiturunt, supply the missing conjunction et quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam + superlative is frequently translated as X as possible, here it modifies numerum quam maxims: see above, with sements utsuppeteret: so that might suffice; ut + impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq. adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund bienniumesse: that; ind. discourse sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage inannum: into the; i.e. during, 58 BC

Translating Subjunctives With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might) and conditional sentences (if should, would; if were, would; if had, would have; see pg. 19), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the tense (see verb synopses, pp. 74-81) and translate the subjunctive just as one would an indicative. Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence.

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3.3

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4 1

Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli, Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere, proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque exercit ills regna concilitrum cnfirmat. 7. Hc rtine adduct inter s fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potr posse sperant. 4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut ign cremrtur. 2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undque cogit, et omns clients obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit; per es n causam dceret s ripuit. 3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.
Casticus, - m.: Casticus, 1 Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2 concili (1): win over, unite, 1 condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 1 conscsc, -ere, -scv, -sctum: to agree on, decree, 1 crem (1): burn, consume by fire, 1 damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1 decem: ten, 3 dici, dicinis f.: sway, power, sovereignty, 2 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1 ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1 fact: to do (supine), 1 familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 flius, -i m.: son; child, 3 firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2 incit (1): urge on, incite, 1 indicium, -i n.: information, evidence, 1

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iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 4 irandus, a, -um: to be sworn (is irdanum: oath), 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 morior, mor, mortuus sum: to die, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4 prob (1): approve, commend, 1 spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4 suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 1

Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails

1 adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund sibi: for himself; dat. of interest/advantage 2 e: this; demonstrative pronoun persudet Casticut: persuades Casticus that; verb governs dat. and ind. command 3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun mults anns: for; acc. of duration 4 appelltus erat: had been named; + predicate nominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb utoccupret: that he occupy; ind. command with persudet can often, but not always, be translated as an infinitive: to occupy 5 quodhabuerit: pf. subj., relative clause of characteristic, the antecedent is regnum Dumnorg Haedu: (he persuades) Dumnorix the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persudet in a construction parallel to Castic above 6 e tempore: at ; abl. of time when maximacceptus erat: had been especially (well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...) 7 utcnrtur: that: ind. command governed by persudet; impf. deponent cnr idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o., i.e. utoccupret in ll. 4-5 e: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat 8 perfacileesseperficere: that it is; ind. disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf. subject and perfacile is the pred. adj. fact: to do; in doing abl. sg. supine (PPP stem + ) is an abl. of respect qualifying the adj. perfacile, very easy ills: for those (men); dat. interest conta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl. 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because which is a pleonasm (redundancy) ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix obtentrus esset: would attain; would be going to attain, fut. pple + sum (here impf.

subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in subordinate clauses in indirect disc. are very often placed in the subjunctive nn esse dbium: (that) he did not doubt but that; he was not doubtful, ind. discourse 10 plrimum possent: would have very much power; common idiom in Caesar, impf. subj. 11 concilitrum (esse): that they will win over; fut. infinitive; ind. disc., s is acc. subj. 12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two words; both decline; gerundive iur , -re 13 ttus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae ss: that they; acc. subject of posse potr: to possess; dep. inf., regn as abl. obj. 14 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorixs conspiracy est.nntita: nntita est; pf. passive per indicium: i.e. through spies and informers mribus sus: according to their customs; from their customs, often with ex denotes a source of action (separation) not abl. cause 15 causam dcere: to plead (his) case; idiom damntumsequ: that (he) if condemned follow; deponent inf., PPP is conditional oportbat: it was necessary that; impersonal utcremrtur: that; ind. command ign: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd decl. noun 17 di cnstitt: on the; abl. of time when causae dictinis: for the pleading of the case admlia decem: around; ad means up to or nearly throughout this passage 18 cogit: gathered; cg (co-ag) means (a) compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22 19 edem: in the same (place); abl. place where 20 ndceret: so thatnot; neg. purpose. cf. 15 cumconrturcgerent: after; cum clause with two impf. subjunctives exsequ: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor ob eam rem: on account of this matter 22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior ut: as; common translate with indicative 23 quin sibiconscverit: that he broughton himself; pf. subj. conscisc

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5.1

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6 1

Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne, praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nnnllis locs vad trnstur. 3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur, existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni cnsulibus.
A.: Aulus, 1 aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 1 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 ascisc, -ere, ascv, -sctum: to take to, add, 1 Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2 duodecim: twelve, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 1 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 3 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 exr, -ere, -ss, -stum: to burn up, consume, 1 flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2 Gabinius, - m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3 mensis, -is m.: month, 3 molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 nndum: not yet, 2 Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1 Noricum, - m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 2 nper: recently, lately, newly, 3 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3 pc (1): to placify, subdue, 1

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25

The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes

pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 2 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 port (1): carry, bear, bring, 1 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 2 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3 prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2 quadringenti: four hundred, 1 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3 Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2 rediti, -nis f.: return, going back, 1 sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 2 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4 V.: Valerius, 1 vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2 vcus, - m.: village, town, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 1

1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg. nihil minus: no less; less by nothing, comp. adverb; nihil is abl. degree of difference id quod: that which; id is object of facere 2 utexeant: (namely) that; pres. subj. exe, in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id ad eam rem: for this matter; expresses purpose s: that they; acc. subject of parts esse 3 arbitrt sunt: pf. deponent numer: in number; abl. of respect ad: around; up to or nearly 5 praeter quod: except (that) which scum: cum s porttr erant: were going to carry; periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum) utessent: so that; result, impf. sum sp sublt: with hope having been carried off; abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from toll 6 adsubeunda: for approaching; for all dangers going to be approached, a gerundive sube + ad expresses purpose and is best translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a gerund + object: for approaching all dangers molta: ground; i.e flour, PPP set in motion 8 utproficiscantur: that; an alternative spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for tor is t with an initial long-u); introducing an ind. command with pres. subj. s: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent tor governs an ablative object n: altogether; adverb formed from an abl. 10 trnserant: pluperfect of trnse scis: (as) allies; in apposition to Boisque 12 erant: there were

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18 20 21 22 23 24

itinera: routes quibuspossent: by which; rel. clause of characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is a relative adj. with itineribus, which is redundant and may be left untranslated dom: from home; place from which num: one (route); in apposition to itinera qu: by which (way); or where, abl. as adv. qudcerentur: relative clause of characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time utpossent: so that; result clause, impf. subj. facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition to itinera (line 12) and parallel to num mult: much; lit. by much, abl. degree of difference modifies comparative adjectives faclius atque expedtius: comparative adjs., neuter singular modifying alterum (iter) proptere quod: because; 3rd instance so far vad: in the shallows; in a ford; place where sspersusrs (esse)coactrs (esse): that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf. bon anim: seemed not yet of good will to; abl. of quality in the predicative position v: irregular ablative of means, vs paterentur: they (Allobrogs) allow; impf. subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io) diem dcunt qu di: they name the day on which (day); ablative time when a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis): 5th day before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58 L. Psnecnsulibus: abl. abs; add being

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7.1

Lesson 5: Caesar I.7 1

Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem, qu erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind. 3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum smptrum: s quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3 dlber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2 intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, 3 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2 Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2 ulterior, -ius: farther, 4 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2 Veruclotius, i m.: Verucloetius, 1

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Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians

1 Caesar: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself in the 3rd person; dat. sg. of nntitum esset nntitum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a temporal clause with cum, after or when idescnr: this(namely) that they attempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirect disc.) in apposition to id 2 quamitineribus: in as rapid marches as possible; with the greatest marches as it is possible, quam + superlative is as X as possible, potest is impersonal: it is possible 3 Gallia ulterirem: further Gaul; i.e. the Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France contendit: hastens 4 Prvinciae ttimperat: ordered from the entire Province; dat. indirect object; tt is dat. sg. of ttus (gen. ttus) quamnumerum: as great a number of soldiers possible; a greatest number of soldiers as it is able; see line 2 4 imperat.(et) pontemiubet: supply the missing conjunction et, asyndeton, which suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive 5 ad Genavam: near Geneva rescind: present passive infinitive 6 eius: his; i.e. Caesars certirs fact sunt: were informed; were made more certain, common idiom in Caesar, certirs is a pred. nominative 7 cuius legtinis: of which embassy; rel. adj. 8 qu dcerent: who would say; relative clause of purpose, impf. subj. dc, which one may translate as a regular purpose clause: to say sibi esse in anim: that he had in mind; + inf., there is to him in mind, dat. of possession 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, 4th and final instance of this phrase habrent: they had; impf. subj., subordinate clauses within indirect discourse govern verbs in the subjunctive rogre utlicret: they asked that it be allowed; historical inf. and ind. command eius voluntte: with his permission 10 memori tenbat: in memory; abl. of means, a common idiom for he recalled or he remembered L. Cassiumoccsum (esse), exercitumque pulsum (esse)missum (esse): two

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separate instances of indirect discourses (two acc. subjects) governed by tenbat, supply esse to form pf. passive infinitives occsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf. pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pell sub iugum missum (esse): had been sent under the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved cncdendum nn (esse sibi): that he must not yield; that it is not going to be yielded by him, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of sum) which expresses obligation or necessity, often with a dative of agent hominstempertrs (esse): that peoplewould not refrain; fut. inf. governed by existimbat inimc anim: of hostile intent; abl. of description modifying homins dat facultte: ablative absolute itineris faciend: of making a journey; of a journey going to be made gerundive modifies gen. iter which is better translated through a gerundive-gerund flip ab inri..malefici: from; abl. separation with tempertrs (esse) ut spatiumposset: so that; purpose clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject ssmptrum (esse): that he; indirect discourse, supply esse for the future inf. ad dliberandum: for deliberating; ad + gerund expressing purpose, which can also be translated as an infinitive: to deliberate quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who anyone; what anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid) svellent,reverterentur: if they should wish, they could return; in direct disc. a future less vivid condition (s pres. subj., pres. subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in indirect discourse in secondary sequence ad Id(s) April(is): near the Ides of April; the 13th of April, the Ides denotes the time of the month when there is a full moon; Ids is 4th decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg.

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8.1

Lesson 6: Caesar I.8 I.9 1

Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci convnerant lac Lemann, qu in flmen Rhodanum nfluit, ad montem Iram, qu fns Squanrum ab Helvtis dvidit, mlia passuum decem novem, mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim fossamque perdcit. 2. E opere perfect, praesidia dispnit, castella commnit, qu facilius, s s invt transre cnrentur, prohibre possit. 3. Ubi ea dis, quam cnstituerat cum lgts, vnit et lgt ad eum revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ll per Prvinciam dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 4. Helvti e sp diect, nvibus iuncts ratibusque complribus facts, ali vads Rhodan, qu minima altitd flminis erat, nn numquam interdi, saepius noct, s perrumpere possent cnt, operis mntine et militum concurs et tls repuls, hc cnt dstitrunt. 9.1 Relinqubtur na per Squans via, qu, Squans invits, propter angustis re nn poterant. 2. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum mittunt, ut e dprectre Squans impetrrent. 3. Dumnorx grti et largtine apud Squans plrimum poterat, et Helvtis erat amcus, quod ex e civitte Orgetorgis fliam in matrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn adductus, nvs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts volbat. 4. Itaque rem suscipit et Squans impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur, obsidsque ut inter ss dent perficit: Squan, n itinere Helvtis prohibeant; Helvti, ut sine malefici et iniri trnseant.
altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 castellum, - n.: fortress, stronghold, fort, citadel, 1 communi, -re, -i, -tum: to fortify strongly, 1 complres n.: several, 4 contus, -s m.: attempt, effort, 1 concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 decem: ten, 3 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: hurl down 1 dprector, -ris m.: interceder, one who intercedes, 1 dsist, -ere, -stit: desist, cease, give up, 4 dispn, -ere: arrange distribute, 1 exemplum, - n.: example, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 1 influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3 interdi: by day, during the day, 1 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3 iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2

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Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 largti, -tinis f.: generosity, giving much; bribery, 1 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3 mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 1 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 1 novem: nine, 1 numquam: never, 3 obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1 perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead through 1 perrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum: break through, 1 ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2 repell, -ere, reppul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1 sdecim: sixteen, 2

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sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2 stude, -re, u: be eager, strive after, 1 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4 vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 3

1 scum: cum s; s is a 3rd person reflexive pronoun, which refers to the subject (mnemonic: s as in Subject) 3 fns: borders; ends or territory mlia passuum decem novem: for miles; thousands of paces; acc. of extent of space decem novem: XIX; typically there is an et joined these two numbers, modifies mlia 4 in altitdinem: (up) to a height pedum sdecim: of; gen. of quality perdcit: draws up; i.e. builds; the verb dc is often used for digging and building walls (to draw up a wall); here the wall and ditch form a sheer fact of 16 feet; as often, Caesar is subject of 3rd sg. verbs without a subject Eperfect: abl. absolute; e as an adjective is demonstrative: translate as this or that 5 dispnit (et)commnit: asyndeton (lack of conjunction) emphasizes Caesars decisiveness qupossit: that may be able; adverbial purpose clauses may begin with ut or quo (whereby = ut e, that thereby) facilius: comparative adverb s invt: abl. absolute; add being, without a pple for sum, subject and pred. assume the abl. 6 cnrentur: 8 negat: he says that not; or denies that spossedare: that; indirect discourse, translate dare as to grant or to allow mre et exempl: by; i.e. in accordance with; abl. of cause ll: dat. sg. of llus (gen. llus, dat. ll) 9 vim facere: to carry out force; use force prohibitrum (esse): fut. inf., supply Caesar as subject 10 nvibusfacts: two ablative absolutes ali: others; in apposition to Helvti: some crossed by boat, others crossed on foot vads: in the shallows, abl. of place where 11 qu: where nn numquam: sometimes; not never,

litotes, parallel to the adverb saepius saepius: comparative adverb 13 repuls: PPP governs preceding ablatives hc cnt: from this; abl. of separation 14 qu: where; abl. place where Squans invts: abl. absolute; add being, without a pple for sum, just as in line 5; here l likely conditional in force: if the Sequanians were unwilling Caesar suggests that the Gauls would be unwilling to let Helvetians pass 15 Hs: i.e. Sequanians, dat. obj. of persudre su sponte: by their own will 16 utimpetrret: obtain (what is requested); purpose edprectre: this one (being) an interceder, abl. abs., supply pple for sum 17 grti et largtine: because of; abl. of cause plrimum poterat: was very powerful; idiom 19 cupiditte regn adductus: compare the same description of Orgetorix pg. 4, line 2 novs rebus studbat: was eager for revolution; eager for new things 20 quam plrims: as many as possible su benefici: by his favor obstricts: bound; i.e. by obligations 21 utpatiantur: that allow; noun result clause; pres. subjunctive patior 22 obsidsqueperficit: normal word order: perficit ut obsids inter s dent; the ut clause is another noun result clause perficit: brings it about that inter ss: to one another; among themselves 23 Squan: supply give hostages, which is missing through ellipsis nut: so thatso that; negative and positive purpose clauses itinere: from; abl. of separation 23 trnseant: pres. subjunctive of transe Helvti: supply give hostages, which is missing through ellipsis

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10.1

Lesson 7: Caesar I.10 I.11.3 1

Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et Aedurum iter in Santonum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits est in Provinci. 2. Id s feret, intellegbat magn cum pericul Prvinciae futrum ut homins bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frmentris fnitims habret. 3. Ob es causs e mntin quam fcerat T. Labinum legtum praefcit; ipse in Italiam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi legins cnscrbit, et trs, quae circum Aquileiam hiembant, ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per Alps erat, cum es quinque leginibus re contendit. 4. Ibi Ceutrons et Graiocel et Caturgs, locs superiribus occupts, itinere exercitum prohibre cnantur. Complribus es proelis pulss, ab Ocel, quod est citeriris Prvinciae extrmum, in fns Vocontirum ulteriris Prvinciae di septim pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fns, ab Allobrogibus in Segsivs exercitum dcit. H sunt extr Prvinciam trns Rhodanum prm. 11.1 Helvti iam per angustis et fns Squanrum sus cpis trdxerant, et in Aedurum fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. 2. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es defendere nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium: 3. ita s omn tempore d popul Rmn merits esse ut paene in cnspect exercits nostr agr vstr, lber erum in servittem abdc, oppida expugnr nn debuerint.
abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1 Alps, -ium f.: Alps, 1 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 Aquilia, -ae f.: Aquileia (city on the Adriatic) bellicsus, -a, -um: warlike, 1 Caturgs, -um m.: Caturiges, 1 Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1 circum: around, round about, 2 citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3 complres n.: several, 4 conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2 conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 3 dfend, -ere, -fend, -fensus: ward off, repel, 4 dcit dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3 expugn (1): to capture by assault, assault, 1 extr: outside; beyond, outside of (acc), 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 Graiocel, -rum m.: Graioceli (Gallic Alpine tribe), 1 hibernus, -a, -um: of winter, wintry, 3 hiemo (1): spend the winter, pass the winter, 1 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 inde: from there, then, afterward, 2

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inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2 talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3 longus -a, -um: long, 4 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 3 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3 Ocelum, - m.: Ocelum (Gallic town), 1 paene: almost, nearly, 3 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 populor, -r, popultus sum: lay waste, devastate, 2 praefici, -ere, -fc: set over, put in charge over, 3 quinque: five, 3 renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3 Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2 Segusiv, -rum m.: Segusiavi (Gallic tribe), 1 septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 3 servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 3 T.: Titus, 2 Tolsts, -ium m.: Tolosati (Gallic tribe in the Province), 1 ulterior, -ius: farther, 4 vast (1): lay waste, 1 Voconti, -rum m.: Vocontii (tribe in Province), 1

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1 renntitur: it is reported; impersonal Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians have; to the Helvetians are dat. of possession in ind. disc., often translated with verb have 2 Santonum: gen. pl. modifying fns long: far; common translation for this adv. 3 feret: translate in impf. impf. subj. fi, fier Prvinciae: to the Province; dat. of interest futrum (esse): it; future inf., sum 4 ut hominshabret: that (the Province) have; that it have, noun result clause, the subject of futrum (esse) above 5 locsfrmentris: to places; dat. object of special adjective fnitims: Helvetians are a threat because they neighbor the food supply 6 e mntin: this fortification; dat. object of the compound verb praefcit 7 magns itineribus: with long marches 8 qu: where; abl. place where 9 ulterirem Galliam: farther Gaul cum es: with these; demonstrative pronoun 10 locsoccuptts: abl. abs. superiribus: higher; comparative adjective itinere: abl. of place where 11 Complribuspulss: abl. abs. 12 citeririsulteriris: Nearer Province, just as Nearer Gaul, is Northern Italy on Romes side of the Alps while Farther Province or Farther Gaul is Southern France, on the farther side of the Alps in Segsivs: among sus cpis: this word can mean troops, but the larger context suggests that this group must include all of the Helvetians, translators may have to be satisfied with supplies erumque: andtheir; i.e. the Aeduans cumpossent: since; causal in sense, impf. subj. possum suaque: and their own (property); their own things neuter pl. parallel to reflexive s, rogtum: to ask; acc. supine of rog, rogre often expresses purpose; in English we can express purpose with an inf. smerits esse: (namely) that they; ind. disc. in pf. pass.; in apposition to auxilium omn tempore: abl. time when; i-stem abl. abj.; translate tempore as occasion itautdebuerint: sothat; result clause, translate pf. subj. debe as a pf. indicative, agr (debuerint).(et) lber (debuerint) (et) oppidadebuerint: three subjects rely on the same verb missing through ellipsis; one must supply conjunctions missing through asyndeton

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Practical Note: identify and translate most subjunctives in the tense you find them. 1. Purpose, adverbial or relative 2. Result, adverbial or noun clause 3. Cum-Clauses 4. Indirect Question 5. Indirect Command 6. Relative Clause of Characteristic How to identify ut/n (neg.) ut/ut nn (neg.) Cum + subjunctive interrogatives: e.g. quis, cr special translation example may/might ut Caesar mitteret so that Caesar might send none none none ut Caesar mitteret that Caesar sent Cum Caesar mitteret When Caesar sent nvit qus Caesar mitteret he learned whom Caesar sent persusit ut Caesar mitteret he persuaded that Caesar send es qus Caesar mitteret those whom Caesar sent es, s id mitteret, lgere that they read it, if he sent it s sit, mittat if he should be...he would send s esset, mitteret if he werehe would send s fuisset, msisset if he had beenhe would have

Popular Uses of Subjunctive in Caesar

commanding verb + ut/n (neg.) none relatives: qu, quod + subj. none none should/would were/would had/would have

7. Verb in Subordinate any subordinate verb in Clause in Ind. Disc. an acc. + inf. construction 8. Future-Less-Vivid 9. Pres. Contrafactual 10. Past Contrafactual s pres. subj., pres. subj. s impf. subj., impf. subj. s plpf. subj., plpf. subj.

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11.4

Lesson 8: Caesar I.11.4 I.12 1

Edem tempore Aedu Ambarr, necessri et cnsanguine Aedurum, Caesarem certirem faciunt ss, dpopults agrs, nn facile ab oppids vim hostium prohibre. 5. Item Allobrogs, qu trns Rhodanum vcs possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et dmnstrant sibi praeter agr solum nihil esse reliqu. 6. Quibus rbus adductus Caesar nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus fortns socirum cnsumpts, in Santons Helvti pervenrent. 12.1 Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequanrum in Rhodanum nfluit, incrdibil lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac lintribus inctis trnsbant. 2. Ubi per explrtors Caesar certior factus est trs iam parts cpirum Helvtis id flmen tradxisse, qurtam fere partem citr flmen Ararim reliquam esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem pervnit, quae nndum flmen trnsierat. 3. Es impedits et inopnants aggressus magnam partem erum concdit: reliqu ss fugae mandrunt atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. 4. Is pgus appellbtur Tigurnus: nam omnis cvits Helvtia in quattuor pagos divisa est. 5. Hic pagus nus, cum dom exsset, patrum nostrrum memori, L. Cassium cnsulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mserat. 6. Ita sve cs sve cnsili derum immortlium, quae pars cvittis Helvtiae insignem calamittem popul Rmn intulerat, ea prnceps poens persolvit. 7. Qu in r Caesar nn slum pblics sed etiam prvts niris ultus est, quod eius socer L. Psnis avum, L. Psnem lgtum, Tigurn edem proeli qu Cassium interfcerant.
abd, -ere, -did, -ditus: to hide, put away, 2 adgredior, -, aggressus sum: attack, 2 Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2 avus, av m.: grandfather, 1 Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3 csus, -s m.: misfortune, mishap; fall 1 citr: this side of (acc), 1 concd, -ere, -cd, -csum: cut up, kill, destroy, 1???? cnsanguineus, -a, -um: related by blood, kindred, 2 consum, -ere, -mps, -mptum: take, use up, spend, 1 dmonstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 1 dpopulor, -r, -tum sum: ravage, lay waste, 1 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 2 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4 flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 immortlis, -e: immortal, 2 impedi, -re: entangle, ensnare, hinder, hamper, 3

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incrdibilis, -e: unbelieveable, 1 influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3 inopnns, inopnantis: un expecting, unawares, 1 nsignis, -e: distinguished, conspicuous, 2 interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 4 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4 iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2 lnits, -ttis f.: gentleness, mildness, 1 linter, lintris f.: boat, skiff, 2 nndum: not yet, 2 oculus, -, m.: eye, 2 pgus, - m.: district, canton, 3 persolv, -ere, -solv, -soltum: to pay in full, 1 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 possessi, -inis f.: possession, 3 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3 prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2 prfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish, produce, 1 quattuor: four, 4

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ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2 Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 2 socer, socer m.: father-in-law, 1 solum, - b.: soil, ground, land, 1 Tigurn, -rum m.: Tigurini (people of Helvetia), 1 Tigurnus, - m.: Tigurinus (district in Helvetia), 2 ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 2 uter, utra, utrum: each or one (of two), 4 vcus, - m.: village, town, 4

1 Aedu Ambarr: the Aeduan Ambarri 2 certirem faciunt: inform; make certain a common double acc., certirem is an acc. pred. ss: that they; acc. subj. of posse nn facileposse: that (it is) not easy that be able; add esse to complete the impersonal construction with neut. sg. predicate facile 4 fug: in flight srecipiunt: retreat; take themselves back, s recipere is an common idiom for retreating 5 sibiesse: that; ind. disc., dat. of possession, to themis, can be translated as they have solum: soil; obj. of praeter, modified by agr nihilreliqu: nothing remaining; partitive genitive with nihil Quibus rbus: by these state of affairs; by which English prefers the demonstrative in transitions 6 exspectandum (esse) sibi: that he must not; is going to be waited for by him; ind. disc., a passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) expresses obligation or necessity, often with dat. of agent; in English translate in the active 7 in: among 9 incrdibil lnitte: of; abl. of quality in utram partem fluat: ind. question 10 possit: it is able; translate as impersonal ratibusiuncts: abl. abs., PPP iung 13 trnsbant: impf. trnse 11 certior factus est: see line 2 above trs parts: acc. object of trdxisse, Helvtis: acc. subject of trdxisse 12 Id flmen: across; second acc. obj. of the compound verb, trndxisse (et) qurtemesse: that a fourthwas; ind. discouse; asyndeton, add a conjunction

13 d terti vigili: during the 3rd watch; from the 3rd watch profectus: deponent PPP, proficscor 14 trnsierat: plpf. trnse es impedts: those burdened; i.e. with perhaps supplies, children, and the elderly 15 mand(v)runt: entrusted (acc.) to (dat.); syncopated form for 3rd pl. pf. mand 17 Helvtia: Helvetian; modifies cvits 18 dom exsset: it had departed from home; abl. place from which; plpf. subjunctive exe, patrum nostrrum memori: within the memory of our fathers; vague abl. of time within; Cassius was defeated in 107 BC 19 sub iugum: under the yoke (of slavery); hence the English word subjugate 20 svesve: whetheror quae parsea: which partthis; relative adjective, the antecedent is ea below 21 popul Rmn: upon; dat. of compound verb intulerat: plpf. infer ea: this (part); demonstative, nom. subject prnceps: i.e. was the first to pay 22 qu in r: in this matter; in which matter nn slumsed etiam: not onlybut also 23 ultus est: pf. deponent ulcscor eiusavum: the grandfather of his father-inlaw Lucius Piso; eius, his, refers to Caesar; L. Calpurnius Piso is the father of J. Caesars wife, Calpurnia 24 edem proeli: abl. place where qu Cassium (interfcerant): in which; r relative cl.; abl. place where; supply main verb also as the missing verb in the relative clause

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13.1

Lesson 9: Caesar I.13 1

Hc proeli fact, reliqus cpis Helvtirum ut cnsequ posset, pontem in Arare faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. 2. Helvti repentn eius advent commt, cum id quod ips dibus xx aegerrim confcerant, ut flmen trnsrent, illum n di fcisse intellegerent, lgts ad eum mittunt; cuius lgtinis Dvic princeps fuit, qu bell Cassin dux Helvtirum fuerat. 3. Is ita cum Caesare git: s pcem populus Rmnus cum Helvtis faceret, in eam partem itrs atque ibi futrs Helvtis ubi es Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset; 4. sn bell persequ persevrret, reminscertur et veters incommod popul Rmn et prstinae virttis Helvtirum. 5. Quod imprvs num pgum adortus esset, cum e qu flmen transissent sus auxilium ferre nn possent, n ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtt tribueret aut ipss dspiceret. 6. S ita patribus maioribusque sus didicisse, ut magis virtte quam dol contenderent aut insidis nterentur. 7. Qur n committeret ut is locus ubi cnstitissent ex calamitte popul Rmn et internecine exercits nmen caperet aut memoriam prderet.
adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2 aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 1 Cassinus, - m.: of Cassius, 1 consequor, -, sectus: follow after; pursue 3 cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1 dspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: to look down upon, 1 disc, -ere, didic, --: learn, learn how, 1 Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2 dolus, dol m.: trick, deceit, 1 dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 2 imprvs: unexpectedly, suddenly, 1 incommodum, n.: inconvenience, unpleasantness, 1 insidiae, -rum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 2 interneci, -ciaonis f.: massacre, 1 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4

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15

magis: more, rather, 4 magnpere: greatly, very much, 1 ntor, nt, nxus sum: to lean, support, strive, 1 nmen, nminis n.: name, 4 pgus, - m.: district, canton, 3 persequor, -sequ, -sectus sum: follow up, pursue 2 persever (1): to persist, persevere, 1 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 pristinus, -a, -um: former, previous, earlier 1 prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 1 reminiscor, -,: to recall to mind, remember (gen) 1 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 1 sn: but if, if however, 1 tribu, -ere, -u, -tum: distribute, bestow, assign, 2

19
1 Hcfact: abl. abs. reliqusHelvtirum: object of deponent inf. cnsequ within the purpose clause 2 pontemfaciendum (esse): thatmust be; (is) going to be made, passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) expresses obligation or necessity, here an inf. in indirect disc. 3 id quod: that which; id is obj. of fcisse dibus xx: within; abl. of time within aegerrim: with the greatest difficulty 4 uttrnsrent: (namely) that they crossed the river; noun result clause, in apposition to id illumfcisse: that that one; illum is acc. subj. and refers to Caesar, obj. of the aor. inf. of faci is id, at the beginning of the cum-clause n di: within; in contrast to dibus xx 5 cuius lgtinis: of which embassy; cuius is a relative adjective bell Cassin: in; abl. of time when, i.e. the war in which Cassius was consul, see I.12 6 Is: this one; i.e. Divico git: discussed; i.e. engaged, pf. ag sfaceretitrs (esse)futrs (esse): that ifwould make,would gowould be; the beginning of a long ind. disc. after git; this clause is a future-more-vivid condition (s fut. ind., fut. ind.) in ind. discourse in secondary sequence: impf. subj. faci, fut. inf. e and sum 7 ubiconstituissetvoluisset: where; plpf. subj. (translate as plpf. ind.) 8 snperservrret, reminscertur: or if he should, let him remember both; + gen. obj., a mixed condition, reminscertur is a jussive subj. where the pres. subjunctive becomes impf. in secondary sequence bell persequ: abl. of means and deponent inf. 9 incommod: a euphemism for disaster 10 Quod: because adortus esset: plpf. deponent; translate as a plpf. indicative; verbs in subordinate clauses become subjunctive in ind. disc. e qu: those who; e is nom. sg. of is, ea, id 11 sus: to their own (people); dat. ind. object of ferre ferre: complementary inf. fer governed by possent, impf. subj. of possum ntribueretdspiceret: let him not either addor look down upon; negative jussive clauses (originally pres. subj.) become impf. subj. in secondary sequence autaut: eitheror 12 suae virtt: to; dat obj. of tribueret ipss: i.e. the Helvetians sdidicisse: (and) that they; s is acc. subj. and refers to the Helvetians, the inf. is pf. inf. disc 13 maioribus: ancestors; those greater (in age), a common meaning for comparative maiors itaut: sothat they; result clause magisquam: (they contend) morethan they contend; verb missing through ellipsis 14 qur: for which reason; by which matter, an abl. of cause; at the beginning of a queston Qu r...? means why? or for what reason n committeret utprderet: let him not arrange that this place where they had made a stand receive its name or pass on a memory from the calamity of the Roman people and slaughter of the army; a negative jussive subj. (secondary seq.) introducing a noun result clause, Divico threatens a battle that will be as notorious as the battle of Cassius in 107 BC cnstitissent: they had made a stand 15 exexercits: a single prepositional phrase

Gerundives A gerundive, a future passive participle (stem + nd + 1st & 2nd decl. endings) agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Though it can be translated many ways: going/about/worthy to be freed or to be freed, we often employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate it as a gerund: Genitive su liberand bell inferend caus Accusative ad nvs reficiends Ablative in petend pce for freeing themselves for the sake of waging war gen. + caus expresses purpose for repairing ships ad + gerundive expresses purpose in seeking peace

Passive Periphrastic (gerundive + sum ) expresses obligation or necessity and governs a dative of agent. Translate it with must or has to or ought in the present and had to in the past. faciendum esset sibi iter faciendum esse it had to be done that a journey must be made by him in subjunctive in ind. discourse

20
14.1

Lesson 10: Caesar I.14 1

Hs Caesar ita respondit: e sibi minus dubittinis dr, quod es rs qus lgt Helvti commemorssent memori tenret, atque e gravius ferre qu minus merit popul Rmn accidissent: 2. qu s alicuius iniriae sibi conscius fuisset, nn fuisse difficile cavre ; sed e dceptum, quod neque commissum s intellegeret qur timret neque sine caus timendum putret. 3. Quod s veteris contumliae oblvisc vellet, num etiam recentium inirirum, quod e invt iter per provinciam per vim temptssent, quod Aedus, quod Ambarrs, quod Allobrogas vexssent, memoriam dpnere posse? 4. Quod su victri tam nsolenter glrirentur, quodque tam di s impne iniuris tulisse admrrentur, edem pertinre. 5. Cnsusse enim des immortls, qu gravius homins ex commttine rrum doleant, qus pr scelere erum ulcsc velint, es secundirs interdum rs et diturnirem impnittem concdere. 6. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, s obsids ab eis sibi dentur, ut ea quae polliceantur factrs intellegat, et s Aedus d iniris qus ipss socisque erum intulerint, item s Allobrogibus satisfaciant, ss cum es pacem esse factrum. 7. Divico respondit: ita Helvtis maioribus sus nstituts esse ut obsids accipere, nn dare, consuerint: eius re populum Rmnum esse testem. Hc respons dat discessit.
admror, -r, admrtus: admire, wonder at, 1 Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2 cave, -re, cv, cautrum: to beware, be on guard, 1 commemor (1): to mention, relate, 1 commttio, -tinis f.: change, 1 conscius, -a, -um: conscious, witnessing, 1 contumlia, -ae f.: insult, abuse, 1 decipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: catch, deceive, 1 dpon, -ere, -posu, -positum: put down, 1 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 2 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2 diturnus, -a, -um: long-lasting, long, 1 Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2 dole, -re, dolu: to grieve, suffer, 1 dubittio, -tinis f.: wavering, uncertainty, 1 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 3 glrior, -r, gloritus sum: to boast about, glorify, 1 immortlis, -e: immortal, 2

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15

impne: without penalty, unpunished, 1 impnits, -ttis f.: impunity, 1 insolenter: unusually, insolently, 1 nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 3 num: question expecting negative answer, 1 oblvscor, -, -ltus sum: to forget, disregard, 1 recens, recentis adj.: new, fresh, recent, 2 satisfaci, -ere, fc, factum: to do enough 2 scelus, sceleris n.: wickedness, crime, 1 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 tempt (1): to attempt; attack; test, feel, probe, 2 tstis, tstis m.: witness, 2 ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 2 veh, -ere, vx, vectum: convey, carry, 2 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 3

21
1 Hs: dat. indirect object equod: for this reason(namely) because; by this cause, abl. of cause, quod is in apposition sibi: dat. ind. object of dr minus dubittinis: less doubt; less of doubt, partitive gen., minus is acc. subj. of pass. inf. d r 2 commemor(vi)ssent: syncopated 3rd pl. pf. subjunctive, subordinate verb in ind. disc. memori tenret: remembered; a common idiom, held in memory, abl. of means e gravius ferre qu minusaccidissent: that (Caesar) suffered more gravely the less deservedly the Roman people had died; equ are correlatives (demonstrative and relative) expressing abl. degree of difference with comparative adverbs; merit is an adv. formed from the PPP of mere; and accidissent, plpf. subj. is a euphemism, perhaps, for dying 3 qu scavre: if anyone had been aware of any injustice, it would not have been difficult fr them to be on guard; past contrary-to-fact condition in ind. disc. 4 e dceptum (est), quod: for this reason they were deceived (namely) because; by this cause, abl. of cause, quod is in apposition to e; an impersonal passive may be translated actively 5 commissum (esse) s: that (any crime) had been committted by themselves; ind. discourse with pf. pass. inf. governed by intellegeret qur timret: for which reason one might fear timendum (esse): that they had to fear; (it) was going to be feared (by them) passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) expresses obligation or necessity; it is better translated in the active and in secondary sequence had to typically replaced must 6 quod s: but if; as to which, if or in respect to which, if an acc. of respect in transitions vellet: (Caesar) were willing; impf. subj. vol 6 num: surely (he would) not (be willing to); a question expecting a negative respose; supply form of vol, posse is the complementary inf. recentium inirirum: modifying memriam 7 quodtemptssent: (namely) thatthey had tried; a clause of fact in apposition to inirirum e invt: him unwilling; i.e. Caesar, abl. abs. quodquodquod: thatthatthat; all three clauses of fact employ the verb vexssent 9 Quodquodque: thatand that; both are acc. subj. of pertinre stullisse: that that they had carried (out); pf. inf. fer in ind. disc. 10 edem (mod) pertinre: in the same (manner) are pertinant Cnsu(vi)sse: it is customary that; pf. inf. but pres. in sense 11 qudoleant: so that; whereby, purpose clause in primary sequence because Caesar is expressing a general truth (qu is an alternative to ut) gravius: comparative adverb qusvelint: whom(the gods) wish; homins is the antecedent 12 es: to these; i.e. the homins, dat. obj. of concdere secundirsrs: still greater riches; still second resources comparative adj.; i.e. the gods allow humans to prosper even more before punishing them for an old crime 14 Cum ea it sint: Since these things are so; i.e. as a result causal-cum with pres. subj. sum utintellegat: so that; purpose, Caesar is subject. eafactrs (esse): that the (Helvetians); ind. disc.; the demonstrative ea, is a neuter pl. acc. obj. of the infinitive, acc. subj. is missing; factrs (esse) is the future inf. of faci 15 Aedus (satisfaciant): dat. of compound verb, supply verb from below ipss: i.e. the Aeduans 16 intulerint: the Helvetians are subject; pf. subj. nfer esse factrum: factrum esse; fut. inf., though singular the acc. subj. ss (Helvetians) is pl. 17 maioribus: ancestors; greater ones (in age) 18 utconsu(v)erint: so...that...; a result clause with pf. subjunctive which is present in sense have been accustomed = are accustomed eius re: gen. modifying testem Hcdat: abl. absolute

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15.1

Lesson 11: Caesar I.15 I.16.3 1

Poster di castra ex e loc movent. Idem facit Caesar, equittumque omnem ad numerum quattuor mlium, quem ex omn provinci et Aedus atque erum socis coctum habbat, praemittit, qu videant qus in parts hosts iter faciant. 2. Qu, cupidius novissimum agmen insecut, alien loc cum equitt Helvtirum proelium committunt; et pauc d nostrs cadunt. 3. Qu proeli sublt Helvetii, quod qungentis equitibus tantam multitdinem equitum prpulerant, audcius subsistere nn numquam et novissim agmine proeli nostrs lacessere coeprunt. 4. Caesar sus proeli continbat, ac satis habbat in praesenti hostem rapns pbultinibus popultinibusque prohibre. 5. Ita dis circiter qundecim iter fcrunt ut inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prmum nn amplius quns aut sns mlibus passuum interesset. 16.1 Interim cotdi Caesar Aedus frmentum quod essent pblic pollicit flgitre. 2. Nam propter frgora, quod Gallia sub septentrinibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, nn modo frmenta in agrs mtra nn erant, sed n pbul quidem satis mgna copia suppetbat: 3. e autem frment quod flmine Arare nvibus subvxerat proptere t minus poterat quod iter ab Arare Helvti verterant, quibus discdere nolbat.
agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5 alienus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 1 audx, audcis: bold, daring, 2 vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 4 cad, cadere, cecid, csrum: to fall, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cotdi: daily, every day, 2 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4 flagit (1): to demand, 1 frgus, -oris n.: cold, 1 insequor, -sequ, -sectus: follow, ensue, 3 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, be in, 1 lacess, -ere, -v: provoke, goad, irritate, 3 mtrus, -a, -um: early; ripe, mature, 4 move, movre, mv, mtum: to move, arouse, 4 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2 nl, nolle, nolu: to refuse, be unwilling, 3 numquam: never, 3

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pabulti, -tinis f.: foraging, scavaging, 1 pabulum, - n.: food, fodder, pasture, 1 pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 3 populti, -tinis f.: ravaging, 1 posterus, -a, -um: following, next, 1 praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2 praesentia, -ae f.: presence, 1 prpell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum: drive off, drive back, 1 quattuor: four, 4 qundecim: fifteen, 1 qungent, -ae, -a: five hundred, 2 quin, -ae, -a: five each, 1 rapna, -ae, f.: pillage, rapine; prey, 1 sen, -ae, -a: six each, 1 septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4 subsist, -ere, -stit: to make a stand; oppose, 1 subveh, -ere, -vex, -vectum: to carry up, approach, 1 suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4

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1 movent: the shift to present tense makes the narrative more vivid Idem: id-dem; neuter acc. sg. of dem, eadem, idem 2 ad numerum: near the number; up to suggests an approximation such as about omn: 3rd decl. i-stem adj. (ei) 3 coctum: PPP cg (co + g), which means (1) gather, drive together or (2) force; here the first meaning is relevant qu videant: relative clause of purpose, translate pres. subj. vide as would see or may see 4 qus in partsfaciant: in qus parts, a relative adjective; parts = directions, and the verb is pres. subj. in an ind. question Qu: (those) who; missing antecedent is subject of committunt cupidius: too eagerly; comparative adverbs can often suggest excess novissimum agmen: rear guard; most recent column, the superlative often means last alin loc: in an unfavorable location; abl. place where 5 proelium committunt: begin battle; idiom 6 qu proeli: by this battle; abl of means, as often replace a relative with a demonstrative sublt: elated; raised up not destroyed as it is translated elswhere; PPP for toll, tollere equitibus: abl. of means 7 audcius: comparative adv. of audx nn numquam: sometimes; not never, litotes 8 novissim agmine: abl. means, see note l. 4 9 continbat: was holding back, was restraining satis habbat held it sufficient to; habe has the meaning of consider, here with a double accusative (satis, prohibre) or ind. disc. with a missing inf. of sum: that (it is) sufficient to rapnspopultinibusque: from; abl. of separation 10 disqundecim: for; acc. duration of time 11 utinteresset: so that; result clause with impf. subj. intersum nostrum prmum: prmum (agmen) nostrum; 12 qunsmlibus: than; abl. of comparison, a thousand of paces is one Roman mile 13 Caesarflgitre: Caesar kept demanding; a historical inf., translate as an finite impf. verb Aedus frmentum: grain (from) the Aeduans; flagitre governs a double acc. essent pollicit: plpf. subj. deponent, polliceor 13 quod: because 14 sub: in the north; the septentrins are a constellation of stars in the north, thus to dwell under the septentrins is to dwell up north ut: as; + indicative 15 nn modosed: not onlybut frmenta: grain; the neuter pl. is often used for standing, unharvested, grain nquidem: not even; these two adverbs often emphasize the intervening word 16 satis: a noun, acc. obj, pabul is partitive gen. efrment: abl. obj. of t, inf. of tor propterequod: because; for this reason because, a pleonasm t minus poterat: Caesar is the subj. of this main verb, impf. possum, with a comparative adv. and a complementary inf. tr (+ abl) 17 iter: (their) route 18 quibus: from; antecedent is Helvti

Indirect Discourse: Accusative Subject + Infinitive In secondary sequence, translate a present infinitive as imperfect, perfect as pluperfect, and will as would.

Present Perfect Future

Caesarem mlits mittere Caesarem mlits msisse

(says) that Caesar is sending soldiers (said) that Caesar was sending soldiers (says) that Caesar has sent* soldiers (said) that Caesar had sent soldiers (says) that Caesar will send soldiers (said) that Caesar would send soldiers

mlits Caesar mitt

(says) that the soldiers are sent by Caesar (says) that the soldiers were sent by Caesar (says) that the soldiers has been sent* by C. (said) that the soldiers had been sent by C.

mlits Caesar misss esse

Caesarem mlits missrum esse

*alternatives: sent, were sent

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16.4

Lesson 12: Caesar I.16.4 I.17 1

Diem ex di dcere Aedu: cnferr, comportr, adesse dcere. 5. Ubi s ditius dc intellexit et diem instre, qu di frmentum mlitibus metr oportret, convcts erum principibus qurum magnam copiam in castrs habbat, in hs Divicic et Lisc, qu summ magistrtu praeerant quem Vergobretum appellant Aedu, qu cretur annuus et vtae necisque in sus habet potesttem, graviter es accsat quod, 6. cum neque em neque ex agrs sm posset, tam necessri tempore, tam propinqus hostibus, ab es nn sublevtur, praesertim cum magn ex parte erum precibus adductus bellum suscperit, mult etiam gravius quod sit dstittus queritur. 17.1 Tum dmum Liscus rtine Caesaris adductus, quod ante tacuerat prpnit : esse nn nulls, qurum auctrits apud plbem plrimum valeat, qu prvtim pls possint quam ips magistrts. 2. Hs sditis atque improb rtine multitdinem dterrre n frmentum conferant quod debeant: 3. praestre, s iam principtum Galliae obtinre nn possent, Gallrum quam Rmnrum imperia perferre; 4. neque dubitre [debeant] qun, s Helvtis superverint Rmn, n cum reliqu Galli Aedus liberttem sint reptr. 5. Ab esdem nostra cnsilia quaeque in castrs gerantur hostibus nuntir: hs s corcr nn posse. 6. Qun etiam, quod necessriam rem coctus Caesar nntirit, intellegere ss quant id cum percul fcerit, et ob eam causam quam di potuerit tacuisse.
accs (1): to accuse, blame, 2 adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3 annuus, -a, -um.: lasting a year, annual, yearly, 1 antea: before, earlier, formerly, previously, 3 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4 coerce, -re, coercu, -itum: confine, strain, check, 1 comport (1): carry together, collect, 1 convoc (1): to call together, 2 cre (1): to create, 1 dmum: at length, finally, 3 destitu, -ere, -stitu, -stitutum: to set apart, forsake, betray, 1 dterre, -re, -u: frighten off, prevent, 2 em, emere, m, mptum: to take, buy, 1 ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 improbus, -a, -um: wicked, 1 inst, -re, -stit, set on, take position, press on, 2 lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2 Liscus, -. m.: Liscus (Aeduan leader), 4 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4

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metior, metr, mnsum: to measure out, distribute, 1 nex, necis f.: murder, death, slaughter, 1 perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bear, betake, 2 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3 praesertim: especially, particularly, 2 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2 precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 4 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4 prvtim: ????????????????????????????????????, 1 propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring, 3 prpn, -ere, posu, positum: to set forth, 2 quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 2 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3 seditisus, -a, -um: seditious, treasonable, 1 sublev (1): to lift up, raise up, support, assist 3 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4 tace, -re, -u, -itum: be silent, say nothing, 3 vale, -re, u: be strong, fare well, be able, 3 Vergobretus, - m.: Vergobretus, 1 vta, -ae, f.: life, 2

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1 Diem ex di dcere Aedu: the Aeduans kept drawing out one day from the (next) day; i.e. they kept putting off the day the grain would arrive; a historical inf. (translate as impf.) cnferradesse: that; assume missing acc. subj. frmentum; ind. disc. following dcere, the asyndeton highlights the Aeduans desire to change what they are saying to satisfy Caesar dcere: (the Aeduans) kept saying; another historical inf. (translate as iterative impf.) 2 dc: was being led along; i.e. deceived instre: was pressing; stood upon (us) qu di: abl. time when metr: i.e. to ration out individual portions to the soldiers 3 oportret: it was customary; this impersonal verb (impf. subj.) is found 9 times in this book convctsprincipibus: abl. abs. 4 in hs: among these; i.e. the princips Divicic et Lisc: in apposition ot principibus summ magistrtu: over; dat. of compound verb (see prae-) 5 appellant: call (x) (y); this verb governs a double acc. in sus: over ; supply homins 6 quodsublevtur: that he is being relieved; pres. subj. of alleged cause or charge 7 posset: supply frmentum as subj. of this impf. subj. of possum; em, sm are pres. pass. inf. tam necessrihostibus: two abl. abs. es: i.e. the Aeduans 8 cumsuscperit: since; causal cum-clause with pf. subj., Caesar is subject 9 multqueritur: and; asyndeton; add a conjunction et before mult mult: much; by much abl. of degree of difference modifying comparative gravius quoddstittus: because; subj. of alleged cause 10 quodtacuerat: (that) which; the missing antecedent is the obj. of prpnit 11 esse: that there are; ind. sc. nn nlls: some, not a few; litotes plrimum valeat: is very strong; an adverbial acc. or inner acc. (has very much strength); plrimum is often used with potest in this way pls possint: are more powerful; are more capable, a comparative adv., pres. subj. quam: than; following a comparative hsdterrere: that these; ind. disc., the hs refers to the nn nlls above sditisrtine: abl. of means nconferant: from bringing; that they not bring, n + subj. commonly follows a verb of hindering, here dterrre praestrre: that it was better; ind. disc., the verb is impersonal Gallrum: supply the word imperia, parallel to Rmnrum imperia quam: than qun: (but) that superverint: pf. subj. super sint reptr: would seize; periphrastic fut. (fut. pple + sum) Ab esdem: abl. of agent with nuntir nostra cnsilianuntir: ind. disc. quaeque: and what things; = et quae; neut. pl. relative pronoun s: by him; i.e. Liscus Qun etiam: nay even; adding an even greater point quodnunti(ve)rit: because he, (when) compelled, told the pressing matter to Caesar; syncopated pf. subj. intellegere ss: that he realized; i.e. Liscus, main verb and acc. subj. in ind. disc. quantcum percul: cum quant percul, begins an ind. question with pf. subj. faci id: this; neuter subject, the antecedent is the clause quodnuntivit quam di potuerit: for as long he was able; how long he was able, a variation of quam + superlative + form of potest (as X as it is possible); here the verb is pf. subj. possum tacuisse: supply s (Liscus) as the acc subj.

12 12 13 14 15 16 17

18

19 18 19 20

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18.4

Lesson 13: Caesar I.18.1 18.9 1

Caesar hc rtine Lisc Dumnorgem Dvicic fratrem dsignr sentibat; sed, quod plribus praesentibus es rs iactr nlbat, celeriter concilium dmittit, Liscum retinet. 2. Quaerit ex sl ea quae in convent dixerat. Dcit lberius atque audcius. Eadem scrt ab alis quaerit, 3. reperit esse vra: ipsum esse Dumnorgem, summ audci, magn apud plbem propter liberlittem grti, cupidum rrum novrum. Complrs anns portria reliquaque omnia Aedurum vectglia parv preti redempta habre, proptere quod ill licente contr licr audeat nm. 4. Hs rbus et suam rem familirem auxisse et facultts ad largiendum magns comparsse; 5. magnum numerum equitts su sumpt semper alere et circum s habre; 6. neque slum dom sed etiam apud fnitims cvitts largiter posse; atque huius potentiae caus matrem in Biturgibus homin illc nobilissim ac potentissim collocsse, 7. ipsum ex Helvetis uxrem habre, sorrem ex matre et propinqus sus nuptum in alis cvitts collocsse. 8. Favre et cupere Helvtis propter eam affinittem, disse etiam su nmine Caesarem et Rmns, quod erum advent potentia eius dminta et Dvicicus frter in antiquum locum grtiae atque honris sit restittus. 9. S quid accidat Rmns, summam in spem per Helvtis regn obtinend venre: imperi popul Rmn nn modo d regn sed etiam d e quam habeat grti dsperre.
affnits, -ttis f.: affinity, relation through marriage, 1 al, -ere, alu, altum: to nourish, sustain, 1 antquus, -a, -um: ancient, 2 audcia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 1 audx, audcis: bold, daring, 2 aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4 auge, re, aux, auctum: increase, enlarge 1 Biturgs, -um m.: Biturges (tribe in central Gaul), 1 celerits, celerittis f.: speed, 1 circum: around, round about, 2 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 complres n.: several, 4 conventus, -s m.: meeting, assembly, 2 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4 cupi, -ere, -v, -tum: desire, long for, 1 dminu, -ere, -u, -tus: deminish, lessen, 2 dsgn (1): to mark out, designate, 1 dspr (1): to have no hope, give up, 4 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: send (away), 3 familiris, -e: of the family; subst. close friend, 4 fave, -re, fv: to favor, be propitous, 1 honor(s), -ris m.: honor, glory; offering, 2 iact (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 2 illc: there, in that place, 1 largior, largr, -tum sum: give generously, bestow, 1 largiter: generously, 1

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lberlits, -ttis f.: courtesy; generosity, 2 liceor, licr, licitum: to bid, make an offer, 2 Liscus, -. m.: Liscus (Aeduan leader), 4 mater, matris f.: mother, 3 nl, nolle, nolu: to refuse, be unwilling, 3 nmen, nminis n.: name, 4 nb, -ere, nups, nuptum: be married, marry, veil, 1 d, -isse: to hate, 1 parvus, -a, -um: small, 1 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3 portrium, -i n.: tax, toll, levy, 1 potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2 potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2 praesns, -ntis: present, instant, 4 pretium, i n.: price, value, 1 propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring, 3 redim, -ere, -m, -mptum: buy back; take back, 3 restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, reestablish 4 retine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold back, keep, maintain 2 scrt: secretly, 2 semper: always, ever, forever, 1 senti, -re, -s, snsum: to feel, realize, 2 soror, sorris f.: sister, 2 sumptus, -s f.: expense, cost, 1 uxor, xris f.: wife, spouse, 2 vectgal, -lis n.: tax, tribute; revenue, 2 verus, -a, -um: true, real, 2

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1 Lisc: of Liscus dsignr: was marked out; Caesar thinks that Liscus was talking about Dumnorix without mentioning him by name 2 plribus praesentibus: abl. abs. iactr: to be thrown about (in conversation); iact is a frequentative form of iaci 2 dmittit, Liscum retinet: asyndeton, a lack of conjunction makes Caesars actions appear quick and decisive 3 ex sl: from (him being) alone ea: those things; demonstrative, neuter acc. pl. 4 lberius atque audcius: comparative adverbs 5 Eadem: acc. obj. (neuter pl.) ab alis: away from the others; i.e. alone esse vra: that (these things); ind. disc., supply a neuter pl. subject esse: that it is 6 summ audci: of; abl. of quality, describing Dumnorgem magngrti: of great influence; abl. quality 7 rrum novrum: revolution; new affairs a term used to suggest a change of government complrs anns: for; acc. duration of time portriaredempta habre: that (Dumnorix) hadbought; habre governs a double acc.: had (x) (y); redempta is the PPP of redm complrs anns: for; acc. duration of time 8 parv preti: at a; abl. of price proptere quod: because; for this reason because, a pleonasm ill licente: abl. abs., ill refers to Dumnorix, licente is pres. pple of liceor, not licet; during the collection of taxes, an individual or group bids to collect taxes, and the state collects from the highest bidder in advance; the winner pays the bid and afterward collects taxes in the hope of collecting extra as profit; without a rival Dumnorix allegedly bids low and therefore construction collects a low level of taxes from the people 9 licr: to bid; deponent inf. liceor hs rbus: by these affairs; abl. means rem: property auxisse: that (Dumorix)ind. disc. pf. auge 10 ad largiendum: for giving generously; ad + acc. expresses purpose, gerund of largior 11 alerehabre: Dumnorx remains subject in ind. disc. neque slumsed etiam: not onlybut also dom: at home; locative 12 posse: (he) is powerful 13 matremcolloc(vi)sse: he had placed his mother with; i.e. given his mother in marriage homin: dat. of compound verb collocvisse 15 nuptum: to marry; to veil, a supine form (PPP + um) in the acc. expressing purpose colloc(vi)sse: he had placed; as above, the verb suggests that he had given them in marriage cupere Helvtis: to favor the Helvetians; long for the Helvetians, dat. of special verb 16 su nmine: by his own account; an idiom found in business accounting 17 erum advent: by their arrival dminta (sit): pf. pass., supply sit 18 sit restittus: restittus sit, pf. pass. s quid: if anything; qu, quid are indefinite following s, nisi, num and n 18 Rmns: dat. of interest 19 regn obtinend: of obtaining the kingship; gen. + gerundive: perform a gerundive-gerund flip and translation as a gen. sg. gerund + obj., the gen. modifies spem venre: Dumnorix is still the subject imperi: under the command; abl. of place where or time when nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also d egrti: from that influence

Common Uses of the Dative example translation e fliam dat gives his daughter to him Druidibus praeest is over the Druids sibi iter faciendum esse a journey must be made by him hiberns mntum fortified for winter-quarters quae domins sunt which are to masters (= masters have) nostrs gravissimus most grievous for our men mihi vidtur it seems to me (i.e. from my viewpoint) fgae similem similar to flight magn su nostrs fuit was for a great use to our men served a great use to our men

Dative of Indirect Object Dative of Compound Verbs Dative of Agent + Pass. Periphrastic Dative of Purpose Dative of Possession + sum Dative of Interest (Advantage) Dative of Reference Dative of Special Adjectives Double Dative (purpose + interest)

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18.10

Lesson 14: Caesar I.18.9 I.19 1

Reperibat etiam in quaerend Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucs ante dibus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum Dumnorge atque eius equitibus (nam equittu quem auxili Caesar Aedu mserant Dumnorx praeerat): erum fug reliquum esse equittum perterritum. 19.1 Quibus rbus cogntis, cum ad hs suspicins certissimae rs accderent, quod per fns Sequanrum Helvtis trdxisset, quod obsids inter es dands cursset, quod ea omnia nn modo iniss su et civittis sed etiam inscientibus ipss fcisset, quod magistrt Aedurum accusrtur, satis esse causae arbitrbtur qur in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut cvittem animadvertere iubret. 2. Hs omnibus rbus num repugnbat quod Dvicic fratris summum in populum Rmnum stdium, summam in s volunttem, gregiam fdem, istitiam, temperantiam cgnverat; nam n eius supplici Divicic animum offenderet verbtur. 3. Itaque prius quam quicquam conrtur, Dvicicum ad s vocr iubet et, cotdins interpretibus remtis, per C. Valerium Procillum, prncipem Galliae prvinciae, familirem suum, cui summam omnium rrum fdem habbat, cum e colloquitur: 3. simul commonefacit quae ips praesente in concili Gallrum d Dumnorge sint dicta, et ostendit quae spartim quisque d e apud s dxerit. 5. Petit atque horttur, ut sine eius offensine anim vel ipse d e caus cgnit statuat, vel cvittem statuere iubeat.
accd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: approach, 4 accs (1): to accuse, blame, 2 adversus, -a, -um: opposite, in front, 2 colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 3 commone-faci, -ere, -fc: to call to mind, remind, 1 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2 cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1 gregius, -a, -um: remarkable, outstanding, 2 equester, -ris, -e: equestrian, cavalry, 2 familiris, -e: of the family; subst. close friend, 4 hortor, -r, horttum: encourage, urge, 2 initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3 iniuss: without orders, without authority, 1 nscins, nscientis: not knowing, unaware, 1 interpres, interpretis m/f.: messenger, 1 iustitia, -ae f.: justice, fairness, equity, 1 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4 offend, -ere, offend, offnsum: offend, 1 offensi, -sinis f.: obstacle, setback; affront, 1 prius: before, 4 Procillus, - m.: Procillus, 3 quisquam, quidquam: anyone, anything, 4 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3 remove, -re, -mv, -mtus: remove, 3 repugn (1): fight against, oppose, resist, 1 spartim: separately, 2 simul: at the same time (as); together, 1 studium, - n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 2 supplicium, -i n.: punishment, 3 suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 temperantia, -ae f.: self-control, moderation, 1 vereor, -r, -itus: be afraid, fear; revere, 4 vc (1): call, name, address, summon, 2

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1 quaerend: gerund (-ing) of quaer = quod proeliumfactum: as for the unsuccessful equestrian battle that occurred a few days before; quod begins a noun clause: as for the fact that with plpf. pass. of faci; paucs dibus is abl. of degree of difference: later by a few days 2 factum (esse): had been made; ind. disc., pf. pass. inf. (supply esse); initium is acc. subj. 3 equittu: dat. obj. of compound praeerat auxili Caesar: as help for Caesar; a double dative (dat. of purpose, dat. of interest) 4 erum fug: i.e. of Dumnorix and the Aeduans reliquum equittum: acc. subj. of perterritum esse in ind. disc. 6 Quibus rbus cognts: these matters; abl. abs., translate the relative as a demonstrative certissimae rs: very reliable facts 7 accderet: added; suitable for this context quodquod: because(and) because; asyndeton, in apposition to rs 8 dands (esse): thathad to be given; (were) going to be given, passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) expressing obligation cur(vi)sset: syncopated plpf. subj. ea omnia: all these things; neuter. acc. pl. nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also su et civittis: both words are in parallel expressing possession; the former is an adj. in agreement, the later a noun in the gen. sg. 9 inscientibus ipss: with (the Aeduans ) themselves not knowing; Caesar suggests that the Aeduans were unaware of Dumnorixs actions regarding the Sequanians and Helvetia 10 satisarbitrbtur: (Caesar) thought; main verb after a length cum-clause satiscausae: enough of a reason; partitive gen., satis is an indeclinable noun here quriubret: why either he himself should turn attention to him or he should bid the state (of the Aeduans) to turn its attention (to him); i.e. the arrest and punish him, qu r, because of what reason is abl. of cause introducing a relative clause of characteristic, which typically governs a subjunctive 11 Hs omnibus rbus: because of; abl. of cause 12 numquod: one thing(namely) that; num is neuter subject of repugnbat 10 Dvicic fratris: of his brother Diviacus; modifies stdium, volunttem, fdem, istitiam, and temperantiam; Divicus was Dumnorixs brother, and Caesar uses this connection to explain why he resisted action against Dumnorix in populum Rmnum: among the Roman people 14 noffenderet: lest; fearing clause governed by the impf. deponent vereor eius supplici: eius refers to Dumnorix 15 prius quam: before; earlier than, often used as one word; comparative adv. quicquam: anything; neut. acc. obj. 17 cui: for whom 18 cum e: with him; with this one -Diviciacus simulet: at the same timeand; 19 quae: (the things) which...; missing antecedent is the obj. of commonefacit, relative clause of characteristic with dicta sint, pf. pass. subj. - ipso praesente: abl. abs., ips is Diviciacus 20-quae: (the things) which...; missing antecedent is the obj. of ostendit, a relative clause of characteristic with dxerit, pf. subjunctive d e: about him; i.e. about Dumnorix apud s: in the presence of him; i.e. Caesar 21 utstatuatiubeat: that; ind. command eiusanim: without (any) offence to his feelings; anim is an objective gen. (offend his feelings) velvel: eitheror 21 statuatstatuere: decideto decide; take a stand, i.e. make a legal decision against Dumnorix and punish him Caus cgnit: abl. abs.

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20.1

Lesson 15: Caesar I.20 1

Dvicicus mults cum lacrims Caesarem complexus obsecrre coepit n quid gravius in fratrem statueret: 2. scre s illa esse vra, nec quemquam ex e pls quam s dolris capere, proptere quod, cum ipse grti plrimum dom atque in reliqu Galli, ille minimum propter adulscentiam posset, per s crvisset; 3. quibus opibus ac nervs nn slum ad minuendam grtiam sed paene ad perniciem suam tertur. Ss tamen et amre fratern et existimtine vulg commvr. 4. Quod s quid e Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amcitiae apud eum tenret, nminem existimtrum nn su voluntte factum; qu ex r futrum ut ttus Galliae anim s verterentur. 5. Haec cum plribus verbs flns Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit; consltus rogat fnem rand faciat; tant eius apud s grtiam esse ostendit ut et re pblicae iniuriam et suum dolrem eius voluntt ac precibus condnet. 6. Dumnorgem ad s vocat, fratrem adhibet; quae in e reprehendat ostendit, quae ipse intellegat, quae cvits quertur prpnit; monet ut in relquum tempus omns suspicins vtet; praeterita s Dvicic fratr condnre dcit. Dumnorg custds pnit, ut quae agat, quibuscum loqutur scre possit.
adhibe, -re, -u, -itum: admit, apply, 2 adulescentia, -ae f.: youth, 1 amor, -ris m.: love, desire, passion, 1 vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 4 complector, -plect, complexus sum: embrace, 1 condn (1): to give, deliver up; give over, pardon, 2 consolor, -r, -tus sum: to console, comfort, 1 cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: to grow, increase, 1 csts, cstdis m/f. : guard, watchman, 2 dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3 existimtio, -inis f.: judgment, opinion, 1 fle, -re, flv, fltum: weep, lament, bewail, 4 fraternus, -a, -um: of a brother, brotherly, 2 lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 2 loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 4 minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2 minu, -ere, minu: diminish, ebb, 1 mone, -re, -u, -itum: to warn, advise, 1 nec: and not, nor (nec,nec = neither,nor) 2

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nervus, - m.: sinew, muscle, 1 obsecr (1): beseech, implore, entreat, 1 ops, opis f.: wealth; resources, influence, 1 r (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 1 paene: almost, nearly, 3 pernicis, - f.: destruction, disaster, 2 pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 3 praetere, -re, -i(v), itum: to pass over, disregard, 1 precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 4 prnd, -ere, prnd, prnsum: to take hold of, grab 1 prpn, -ere, posu, positum: to set forth, 2 quisquam, quidquam: anyone, anything, 4 reprehend, -ere, -hend, -hnsum: to seize; blame, 1 sci, -re, -v (i), -tus: know (how), 4 suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 verbum, - n.: word, speech, 2 verus, -a, -um: true, real, 2 vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 2 vc (1): call, name, address, summon, 2 vulgus, - n.: mass, mob, multitude, 3

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1 complexus: PPP deponent, complector; likely embracing his knees 2 n quidstatueret: thatnot anything; neg. ind. command following obsecrre; quid is indefinite after s, nisi, num, and n in: against scre s: that he; s is acc. subj. of inf. of sci illa esse vra: that; illa is neuter pl. acc. subj. 3 plsdolris: this comparative serves as the obj. of capere and a partitive gen. quam: than; following a comparative adj. proptere quod: because; for this reason because, a pleonasm ipse: refers to Diviciacus grti plrimum (posset): was very powerful in influence; plrimum potest was very much capable is a common idiom for power, supply posset from below; grti is an abl. of respect 4 dom: at home; locative ille: that one; i.e. Dumnorix minimum posset: was least powerful; was least capable, in contrast to plrimum per s: by himself 5 crvisset: the subject is ille; plpf. subj. cresc quibus opibus et nervs: which power and strength; metonomy (sinew indicates strength); abl. object of impf. tor; Diviciacus is subject nn slumsed: not onlybut ad minuendam grtiam: for; ad + acc. expresses purpose; employ a gerundive-gerund flip and translate this gerundive (adj) + noun as a gerund (-ing) and object 6 sscommvr: that he; ind. disc. acc. subj. ss refers to Diviciacus 7 s quid gravius: if anything more severe had happened; quid is indefinite after s, nisi, num, and n (see l. 2); protasis of what in direct disc. is a future-more-vivid condition (s fut. pf., fut) e: dat. of interest, refers to Dumnorix Caesare: at the hands of Caesar; abl. of source, from Caesar, or abl. of agent, by Caesar 8 cum ipse: since he himself; i.e. Diviciacus, cum-clause is causal in sense
pres. impf. fut. perf. plupf. fut. pf vult volbat volet voluit volerat volerit she wishes she was wishing she will wish she wished she had wished she will have wished

locum: position; modified by amcitiae nminemexistimtrum (esse): apodosis of what is future-more-vivid condition in direct disc.; nminem is acc. subj. (nominative nm), the verb is a fut. inf., supply esse 9 nnfactum (esse): that (it) was done; ind. disc. with pf. pass. inf., supply esse and a subject qu ex r: ex qu r, relative adjective futrum (esse) ut: it will be that...; a noun result clause following a fut. inf., supply esse 11 Caesare: from Caesar; abl. Of source 12 (ut) fnemfaciat: that...; an ind. command governed by rogat, often introduced by ut rand: gen. sg. gerund (verbal noun), r tantesse: that...is of such great value; Or it is worthwhile described generally as a gen. of quality, tant is specifially a gen. of value in the predicative position 13 utcondnet: that he forgives; he pardons result clause, the subject is Caesar eius: his; i.e. Diviciacus voluntt et precibus: abl. of means, voluntt is an 3rd decl. i-stem ablative 14 quae: (the things) which...; the missing neuter. pl. antecedent is the obj. of ostendit; a relative clause of characteristic (+ subj.), an alternative explanation in ll. 14-15 15 quaequae: (the things) which...(the things) which...; successive relative clauses of characteristic (+ subj.) governed by prponit 16 utvtet: that he...; ind. command, Dumnorix is subject of pres. subj. vtet in relquum tempus: in the future; for the remaining time praeterita: the past; things having gone past, past pple of praetere, obj. of condnre scondnre: forgives; pardons, ind. disc. Dvicic fratr: for...; dat. of interest 17 Dumnorgi: for...; dat. of interest pnit: appoints; i.e. Caesar sets guards over utpossit: so that...; purpose, pres. possum quae agat, quibuscum loqutur: two ind. questions governed by scre
present subjunctive velim velimus vels veltis velit3 velint4
3

vol, velle, volu: to wish: Regular 3rd Conj. except Infinitive, Present Indicative and Present Subjunctive present indicative vol volumus v s vultis1 vult volunt2
1

imperfect subjunctive vellem vellmus vells velltis vellet vellent5

5

p. 14, 46

p. 28

p.52

p. 28, 42, 58, 60

p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62

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21.1

Lesson 16: Caesar VI.17.2 VI.18 1

Edem di ab explrtribus certior factus hosts sub monte cnsdisse milia passuum ab ipsus castrs oct, qulis esset ntra montis et qulis in circuit ascnsus, qu cognscerent msit. 2. Renntitum est facilem esse. D terti vigili T. Labinum, lgtum pr praetore, cum dubus leginibus et es ducibus, qu iter cognverant, summum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid su consil sit, ostendit. 3. Ipse d qurt vigili edem itinere qu hosts ierant, ad es contendit equittumque omnem ante s mittit. 4. P. Cnsidius, qu re mlitris pertissimus habbtur et in exercit L. Sullae et poste in M. Crass fuerat, cum explrtribus praemittitur. 22.1 Prm luce, cum summus mns [Luci] Labin tenrtur, ipse ab hostium castrs nn longius mlle et qungents passibus abesset, neque, ut poste ex captvs comperit, aut ipsus adventus aut Labin cognitus esset, 2. Cnsidius equ admiss ad eum accurrit, dcit montem, quem Labin occupr voluerit, ab hostibus tenr: id s Gallics arms atque nsignibus cognvisse. 3. Caesar sus copis in proximum collem subdcit, aciem instruit. Labinus, ut erat e praeceptum Caesare n proelium committeret, nisi ipsus cpiae prope hostium castra vsae essent, ut undique n tempore in hosts impetus fieret, monte occupt nostrs exspectbat proelique abstinbat. 4. Mult denique di per explrtrs Caesar cognvit et montem sus tenr, et Helvtis castra mvisse, et Cnsidium timre perterritum quod nn vdisset pr vs sibi renntisse. 5. E di qu consuerat intervll hosts sequitur, et mlia passuum tria ab erum castrs castra pnit.
abstine, -re, -u, -tentum: to keep or hold back, 1 accurr, -ere, -cucurr, -cursum: to run to, occur, 1 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 11 ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 1 ascensus, -s m.: ascent, climb, 1 captvus, -a, -um: prisoner, captive, 2 circuitus, -s m.: circuit, circle, 2 collis, -is m.: hill, high ground, 3 comperi, -re, -per, -pertum: find out, 3 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5 Considius, -i m.: Considius, 3 Crassus, - m.: Crassus, 2 denique: lastly, finally, 2 dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 2 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, 3 nsignis, -e: distinguished, conspicuous, 2 intervallum, - n.: interval, distance, 3 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Lcius, - m.: Lucius, 1

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lx, lcis, f.: light, 1 militris, -e: military, of a soldier, 2 move, movre, mv, mtum: to move, arouse, 4 ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 octo: eight, 1 P.: Publius, 2 pertus, -a, -um: experienced, skilled, 1 pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 3 poste: thereafter, afterwards, 4 praecipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: receive in , 1 praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2 praetor, praetoris m.: praetor, 1 prope: near; nearly, 1 qualis, -e: which sort, of what sort?, 1 qungent, -ae, -a: five hundred, 2 renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3 subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2 Sulla, -ae f.: Sulla, 1 T.: Titus, 2 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3

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1 certior factus: having been informed; having been made more certain, PPP hosts...oct: that; ind. disc. with certior factus; hosts is an acc. subject 2 mlia passuum: miles; thousands of paces; acc. of extent of space ipsus: gen. sg. of ipse, refers to Caesar qulismontis: what was; ind. question with impf. subj. of sum 3 qulisascnsus: what (was); ind. question, supply esset, both governed by cognscerent qu cognscerent msit: Caesar sent (spies) who might learn; relative clause of purpose facilem esse: that...; add ascnsum as acc. subj. 4 d terti vigili: during 5 es ducibus: those as guides; predicative 6 d qurt vigili: during edem itinere: on the same route; place where 7 qu: on which; abl. place where; with plpf. e 8 re mlitris: in military affairs; gen. object of pertissimus habbtur: was held (to be); was considered the passive of habe is often a linking verb 10 Prm luce: at; time when summus mns: top of the mountain 11 nn longius: no farther; comparative adverb mlle et qungents passibus: than; abl. of comparison with longius, equiv. to 1.5 miles utcomperit: as he discovered; ut + indicative frequently means as or when 12 aut ipsusaut Labin: either of Caesar himself or of Labienus; gen. with adventus nequecognitus esset: plpf. pass. subj. cognsc in the cum-clause from line 10 equ admiss: with horse at full speed; with horse having been sent (or let go); abl. abs., the riders let the reins go slack and the horses run as fast as they can without restraint voluerit: (Caesar) wished; perf. subj. vol, verbs in subordinate clauses in ind. discourse are often placed in subjunctive id scognvisse: that he knew this; id is the acc. obj. and s (i.e. Considius) the subject of the pf. inf. cognsc, all governed by dcit ut erat praeceptum: as it had been ordered; impersonal plpf. pass., e is dat. sg. is, ea, id ncommitteret: not to begin; ind. command; proelium committere is an idiom nisi ipsus cpiae: unless his own troops utfieret: in order thatmight; purpose clause with impf. subj. fi monte occupt: abl. abs. nostrs: supply virs or milits proeli: from; abl. of separation multdi: late in the day; abl. time when sus: supply virs or militibus, abl. of agent quod nn vidisset pr vs rennti(vi)sse: reported (that) which he had not seen as seen; i.e. in place of (the thing) having been seen E di: abl. time when, e is demonstrative Qu consu(v)erat intervll: within an distance within which; intervall is the antecedent of the relative clause qu consuerat mliatria: see line 2 above

13

14

17

18 20 20 21 22

23

construction

Common Uses of the Ablative example translation urbe capt the city having been captured stil scrbns writing with a stylus matre voctur he is called by his mother timore lbertur she is free from fear cum dligenti with diligence cum amcs with friends in urbibus in the cities ab mar from the sea e tempore at that time lingu differunt differ in respect to language est anim bon is of good will gaudi commtus moved by joy clrior luce brighter than light mult clrior much brighter ut gladi to employ a sword glri indignus unworthy of glory

Ablative Absolute Ablative of Means Ablative of Agent Ablative of Separation (includes From Which) Ablative of Manner Ablative of Accompaniment Ablative of Place Where Ablative of Place From Which Ablative of Time When Ablative of Respect (Specification) Ablative of Quality (Description) Ablative of Cause Ablative of Comparison Ablative of Degree of Difference w/ verbs: potior, utor, fungor, fruor, vescor w/ adjectives: dignus, indignus

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23.1

Lesson 17: Caesar I.23 I.24 1

Postridi eius di, quod omnn bduum supererat cum exercitu frmentum mtr oporteret, et quod Bibracte, oppid Aedurum long maxim et cpisissim, nn amplius mlibus passuum xviii aberat, re frmentriae prspiciendum exstimvit: iter ab Helvetis avertit ac Bibracte re contendit. 2. Ea rs per fugitvs L. Aemil, decurinis equitum Gallrum, hostibus nuntitur. 3. Helvti, seu quod timre perterrits Rmns discdere s exstimrent, e magis quod prdi superiribus locs occupts proelium nn commsissent, sve e quod r frmentari interclud posse cnfderent, commutt cnsili atque itinere convers nostrs nvissim agmine nsequ ac lacessere coeprunt. 24.1 Postquam id animum advertit, cpis sus Caesar in proximum collem subdcit equittumque, qu sustinret hostium impetum, msit. 2. Ipse interim in colle medi triplicem aciem nstrxit leginum quattuor veternrum [ita ut supr]; 3. sed in summ iug dus legins, quas in Galli citerire proxim conscrpserat, et omnia auxilia collcr, ac ttum montem hominibus complr, et intere sarcins in unum locum cnferr, et eum ab es qu in superire aci constiterant mnr iussit. 4. Helvti cum omnibus sus carrs sect, impedimenta in unum locum contulrunt; ips cnfertissim aci, reiect nostr equitt, phalange fact, sub prmam nostram aciem successrunt.
advert, -re, advert, adversum: turn to, 1 Aemlius, -i m.: Aemilius, 1 vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 4 Bibracte, -is m.: Bibracte (head town of Aeduans), 2 biduum, - n.: a period of two days, 2 citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3 collis, -is m.: hill, high ground, 3 commt (1): to change, 2 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 1 confertus, a, um: crowded together, dense, 1 confd, -ere: trust, believe, rely upon, 3 conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2 convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (about), 4 copisus, -a, -um: abundant, well-supplied, 1 dcuri, -nis m.: decurion (officer of 10 horse unit), 1 fugitvus, -a, -um: fugitive, 1 insequor, -sequ, -sectus: follow, ensue, 3 intercld, -ere, -cls, clsum: close off, 2 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4

10

15

20

lacess, -ere, -v: provoke, goad, irritate, 3 long: far, at a distant, 4 magis: more, rather, 4 medius -a um: in the middle of, 2 metior, metr, mnsum: to measure out, distribute, 1 phalanx, phalangis f.: phalanx, formation, 3 postquam: after, when, 2 postrdi: the day after, the next day, 3 prdi: on the day before, the previous day, 2 prspici: look forward, survey, look, 1 quattuor: four, 4 reici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: cast off or back, 3 sarcinae, -rum f.: baggage, a soldier's pack, 2 subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2 succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2 supr: above, over, on the top, 3 sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 4 triplex (triplicis): three-fold, triple, 3 veternus, -a, -um: veteran, old, 1

35
1 postrdi eius di: on the next day; eius di is superfluous: on the next day of this day abl. time when supererat: was remaining; impf. supersum exercitu: for; dat. of interest 2 metr: i.e. to ration out individual portions to the soldiers oportret: it was customary; this impersonal verb (impf. subj.) is found 9 times in this book oppid: in apposition to Bibracte long: by far, far; common translation 3 mlibusxviii: than; abl. of comparison, a thousand of paces is one mile re frmentriae: for the grain supply; dat. with compound verb 4 prspiciendum (esse): he had to provide; it is going to be provided (by him), passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum), supply esse Bibracte: to Bibracte; as often, towns and cities express place to which without ad 6 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. the lack of grain fugitvs: i.e. through Gauls serving in the Roman army that defected to the Helvetians 7 seu sve: whetheror quodexstimrent: because; impf. subj. for alleged cause, translate as impf. indicative Rmns: acc. subject of discdere in ind. disc. 8 e magis quod: all the more because; more than this because, abl of comparison with a comparative adverb proelium commsissent: had begun battle; idiom, plpf. subj. for alleged cause 9 e quod: for this reason, (namely) because; by this cause, abl. of cause, quod is in apposition r frmentri: from the grain supply; abl. of separation with pass. inf. interclud cnfderent: impf. subj. of alleged cause 10 commuttconvers: two abl. absolutes nostrs: supply virs or milits nvissim: rear; most recent in a military column is the last or rear column 12 advertit: turned (acc) to (acc); id is acc. obj. of a compound verb (more usually a dative) 13 qu sustinret: to sustain; who would sustain relative clause of purpose 14 in colle medi: halfway up the hill; on the middle of the hill ita ut supr: just as above 15 iug: ridge in Galli citerire: on this side of Gaul; nearer Gaul, i.e. northern Italy 14 proxim: recently; very closely, superlative adverb is temporal 15 omnia auxilia: all auxiliary (forces) 17 eum: it; i.e. the place (locum) 18 in superire aci: in the upper battle line; i.e. higher on the hill and farther from the battle 19 secut: deponent PPP, sequor contulrunt: pf. confer ips: the men themselves 20 cnfertissim aci: first of 3 successive abl. absolutes, supply being as the pple subsuccessrunt: approached upt to; went up (from under), sub as a prefix often means up (from under); in this case the Helvetians are in fact moving uphill

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25.1

Lesson 18: Caesar I.25 1

Caesar, prmum su deinde omnium ex conspect remts equs, ut aequt omnium percul spem fugae tolleret, 2. cohorttus sus proelium commsit. Milits, loc superire pls misss, facile hostium phalangem perfregrunt. E disiect, gladis dstricts, in es impetum fcrunt. 3. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impediment quod, plribus erum scts n ict plrum trnsfixs et colligts, cum ferrum s inflexisset, neque vellere neque, sinistr impedit, satis commode pugnre poterant; 4. mult ut di iactt bracchi praeoptrent scutum man mittere et nd corpore pugnre. 5. Tandem vulneribus defess et pedem referre et, quod mns suberat circiter mlle passuum, e s recipere coeprunt. 6. Capt monte et succdentibus nostrs, Boi et Tuling, qu hominum mlibus circiter xv agmen hostium claudbant et nvissims praesidi erant, ex itinere nostrs latere apert aggress circumvnre, et id conspict Helvti, qu in montem ss recperant, rrsus nstre et proelium redintegrre coeprunt. 7. Rmn conversa signa bipertt intulrunt: prma et secunda acis, ut victs ac summts resisteret; tertia, ut venients sustinret.
adgredior, -, aggressus sum: attack, 2 aequ (1): (make) equal, make level, 1 aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 2 bipertt: in two parts, 1 Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4 bracchium, - n.: arm, 1 circumveni, -re: to come around, encircle, 3 claud, -ere, claus, clausum: to close, shut, 1 cohors, cohortis f.: cohort, company, troop 2 collig (1): to bid together, tie together, 1 conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 3 conspicor, -r, -tum: catch sight of, perceive, 1 convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (about), 4 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 2 dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn out, 1 deinde: then, next, from that place, 4 dstring, -ere, -strnx, -strictum: draw (a sword), 1 disici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: scatter, throw away, 1 mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send away 1 vell, -ere, vell, vulsum: to pull out ferrum, - n.: iron; sword; tool, 1 gladius, - m.: sword, 3 iact (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 2 ictus, -s m.: strike, blow, 1 impedi, -re: entangle, ensnare, hinder, hamper, 3

10

15

inflect, -ere, -flex, -flexus: to bend (on), 1 inst, -re, -stit, set on, take position, press on, 2 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 1 ndus, -a, -um: naked, bare, 1 perfring, -ere, -frg, -fractum: to break up, shatter 1 phalanx, phalangis f.: phalanx, formation, 3 plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 4 praeopt (1): to prefer, wish first, 1 pugna, -ae f.: battle, fight, 3 redintegr (1): make whole again, renew, 1 remove, -re, -mv, -mtus: remove, 3 resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose (dat) 2 rursus: again, backward, back, 1 sctum, - m.: shield, 3 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 sinister, -tra, -trum: left (hand), 2 subsum, -esse, -fu: be near, close at hand, 1 succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2 summove -re, -mv, -mtus: move up, drive back 1 sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 4 tandem: finally, at last, at length, 2 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4 transfg, -fgere, -fx, -fxum: pierce, transfix, 1 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 4

37
1 prmum su, deinde omnium: first his own then all (the officers); possessive modifying equis, within an abl. absolute; the possessive adj. su modifies equs in the sg. (equ), while omnium is gen. of possession uttolleret: in order to destroy; toll may mean to lift up or, as here, to destroy 2 fugae: for; objective gen. modifies spem sus: supply virs or mlits 3 commsit: began; an idiom with proelium superire: higher; comparative adj. facile: irregular adverb from facilis, facile 4 Edscricts: successive abl. absolutes along with asyndeton adds to the excitement of the narrative; e, this, refers to the fem. sg. phalangem in: against; a common translation in battle narratives 5 ad: for; expressing purpose magnerat impediment: it was of great hindrance; impedment is abl. of an quality; Galls is a dat. of interest 6 un ict: with the single strike; single shieds in a phalanx are overlapping, a spear can pierce two shields and render them useless ferrum: subject, i.e. the iron of the spearpoint 7 mult ut: so that many; a purpose clause, the mult is positioned before ut for emphasis 8 di iactt bracchi: abl. abs., although bracchi sg. in form, it applies to the individual arms of many Helvetians: Caesar suggests that many Helvetian was shaking their arms holding shields to dislodge spears nd corpore: i.e. lacking the protection of a shield 9 etet: bothand pedem referre: to carry back their step; i.e. to withdraw, 8 e: (to) there; adverbial 10 s recipere: to retreat; an idiom 11 capt monte: the mountain reached; abl. abs., not seized as capi is typically translated succdentibus nostrs: our (men); abl. abs. with pres. pple, supply virs hominum mlibus circiter xv: abl. of means, hominum is partitive gen. with mlibus 12 agmen claudbant: closed out the battleline; i.e. were located in the rear of the Helvetian battleline nvissims praesidi erant: a double dative (dat. of interest, dat. of purpose) which in a raw translation were as protection for the rear guard but often rendered serve as protection for the rear guard; nvissims, most recent (men) refers to the last soldiers in the battle column 13 ex itinere: from the route latere apert: on; i.e. the exposed flank of Caesars forces, abl. place where aggress: deponent PPP circumvnre: circumvnrunt, a syncopated pf. form conspict: PPP deponent governs id, which refers to the progress of the Boii and Tulingi 14 ss recperant: see s recipere in line 10 15 conversa signa intulrunt: carried their reversed standards (upon the enemy); i.e. fighting on two fronts, the Romans had to turn their military standards, which always face the enemy, and turn them toward the new enemy prma et secunda acistertia: both nom. subjects, supply signa intulrunt which is missing through ellipsis 16 victs ac summts: (those); supply a noun for these two PPPs; dative of compound verb

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26.1

Lesson 19: Caesar I.26 1

Ita ancipit proeli di atque criter pugntum est. Ditius cum sustinre nostrrum impets nn possent, alter s, ut coeperant, in montem recprunt, alter ad impedimenta et carrs sus s contulrunt. 2. Nam hc tt proeli, cum ab hr septim ad vesperum pugntum sit, versum hostem vidre nm potuit. 3. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedmenta pugntum est, proptere quod pr vll carrs obicerant, et loc superire in nostrs venients tla coicibant, et nn nll inter carrs rotsque matars ac trguls subicibant nostrsque vulnerbant. 4. Di cum esset pugntum, impediments castrsque nostr pott sunt. Ibi Orgetorgis flia atque nus flis captus est. 5. Ex e proeli circiter hominum mlia cxxx superfurunt, eque tt nocte continenter erunt: nllam partem noctis itinere intermiss in fns Lingonum di qurt pervnrunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter sepultram occisrum nostr trduum mort es sequ nn potuissent. 6. Caesar ad Lingons litters nntisque msit, n es frment nve ali r iuvrent: qu s ivissent, s edem loc qu Helvtis habitrum. Ipse trdu intermiss cum omnibus cpis es sequ coepit.
acriter: sharply, fiercely, 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 anceps, ancipitis: two-headed, on two fronts, 1 vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 4 continenter: continuously, incessantly, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 flius, -i m.: son; child, 3 hra, -ae f.: hour, 1 iuv (1): to help, aid, 2 Lingons, -um m.: Lingones (Gallic tribe), 3 littera, -ae f.: letter (of the alphabet); literature, 2 matara, -ae f.: Gallic spear, javelin, 1 moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 2 nv: or not, and not, nor, 3 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, message, 2

10

15

obici, -ere, obic, obiectum: cast, hurl, throw (into) 2 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 rota, -ae f.: wheel, 1 septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 3 sepultra, -ae f.: burial, 1 subici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw under, place under 1 supersum, -esse, -fu: be over; be left over, survive, 1 sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 4 trgula, -ae f.: tragula (a Gallic javelin) 1 triduum, - n.: a period of three days, 4 vallum, - n.: wall, fortification, palisade, 1 vesper, vesper m.: evening, 2 vulner (1): wound, injure, 2 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 4

39
1 pugntum est: they fought; it was fought (by them), an impersonal verb that on may translate in the active in English ditius: longer; comparative adverb of di 2 nostrrum: supply virrum alteralter: onethe other; nom. pl. because there are two groups of men 3 srecprunt: retreated, idiom ut: as; ut + indicative s contulrunt: carried themselves; i.e. proceded hc tt proeli: within; abl. time within 4 cum: a concessive cum-clause; see line 1 for a translation of the pf. pass. subj. pugntum sit versum: turned (in flight); from vert 5 ad multam noctem: (up) to late in the night proptere quod: because; for this reason because, a pleonasm 7 in nostrs: against our (men); supply virs nn nll: some, not a few; lit. not none 8 esset pugntum: they had fought; impersonal plpf. passive subj., see line 1 9 pott sunt: pf. deponent potior governs an abl. object; nostr (vir) is the subject hominum: partitive gen. of mlia nom. subject 11 eque tt nocte: during this entire night; within, abl. time when or within 12 nllam partem noctis: during; acc. duration of time with itinere intermiss itinere intermiss: abl. abs. 13 etet: bothand 14 nostr: our (men); subject of potuissent sequ: deponent inf., complement to potuissent potuissent: plpf. subj. possum in a cum-clause 15 nnve: that they not.or; -ve, or is an enclitic (compare que); n introduces either neg. purpose or, more likely, ind. commands es frment: add iuvrent ali r: some other matter; means or abl. of respect, in respect to any other matter 16 qu s ivissent, shabitrum (esse): if these had helped, he (Caesar) would hold; this condition would be a future-more-vivid in direct speech (s fut. pf., fut.); in ind. disc. fut. apodosis becomes a fut. inf. and the fut. pf. protasis becomes a plpf. subjunctive; Latin may use qu, who, in transitions but English prefers the demonstrative these edem loc qu: in the same position in which (he held the Helvetians); verb missing through ellipsis 17 trdu intermiss: with three days having intervened; three days sent inbetween

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27.1

Lesson 20: Caesar I.27 I.28.3 1

Helvti omnium rrum inopi adduct lgts d deditine ad eum msrunt. 2. Qu cum eum in itinere convnissent sque ad peds pricissent suppliciterque loct flents pacem petssent, atque es in e loc qu tum essent suum adventum exspectre iussisset, parurunt. 3. E postquam Caesar pervnit, obsids, arma, servs qu ad es perfgissent poposcit. 4. Dum ea conquruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermiss, circiter hominum mlia sex eius pag qu Verbigenus appelltur, sve timre perterrit, n arms trdits supplici adficerentur, sve sp saltis induct, quod in tant multitudine dediticirum suam fugam aut occultr aut omnin ignorr posse existimrent, prim nocte castrs Helvetirum gress ad Rhnum fnsque Germnrum contendrunt. 28.1 Quod ubi Caesar resciit, qurum per fns ierant hs ut conqurerent et reducerent, s sibi purgt esse vellent, impervit: 2. reducts in hostium numer habuit; reliqus omns obsidibus, arms, perfugs trdits in dditinem accpit. 3. Helvtis, Tulings, Latovcs in fns sus, unde erant profect, revert iussit, et, quod omnibus frgibus misss dom nihil erat qu fmem tolerrent, Allobrogibus impervit ut hs frument cpiam facerent: ipss oppida vcsque, qus incenderant, restituere iussit.
adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: affect, afflict, 3 mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 2 conqur, -ere, -sv, -qustum: to seek, 2 dditcius, -a, -um: surrendered; subst. captives, 2 dditio, -nis f.: surrrender, capitulation, 2 gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 2 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 fams, -is f.: hunger, 1 fle, -re, flv, fltum: weep, lament, bewail, 4 frx, frugis f.: fruit; fruit of the earth, produce, 1 ignr (1): not know, be unacquainted, 1 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2 inopia, -ae f.: poverty, want (of), need, 1 Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3 loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 4 occult (1): hide, conceal, 1 pgus, - m.: district, canton, 3 pare, -re, paru: to obey, submit, 1

10

15

perfugi, -ere, -fg: flee, take refuge, 2 posc, -ere, popsc: ask, demand, 2 postquam: after, when, 2 prfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish, produce, 1 proici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: throw forward, project, 2 purg (1): to cleanse, make clean, 1 rescisc, -re, -v (i), -tus: to learn, discover, 1 restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, reestablish 4 servus, -, m.: slave, 1 sex: six, 3 suppliciter: as a suppliant, 1 supplicium, -i n.: punishment, 3 toler (1): endure, sustain, bear, support, 1 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, 4 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4 unde: whence, from which, 2 Verbigen, -rum m.: Verbigeni (district of the Helvetians), 1 vcus, - m.: village, town, 4

41
1 omnium rrum: of all resources; modifies inopi 2 Qu cum: when theses; who when, again, English prefers demonstratives in transitions ad peds: at (Caesars) feet 3 loct flents: deponent PPP and pres. pple, the conjunction is missing (asyndeton) quessent: in which; abl. place where; impf. subj. sum; subordinative verbs become subjunctive in ind. disc. ad peds: at (Caesars) feet 4 iussisset: change of subject to 3rd sg. (Caesar); plpf. subj. iube E: (to) there; adverb 5 obsids, arma, servs: asyndeton, add et 6 ea: demonstrative, neuter plural subject hominum: partitive gen. modifying mlia 7 svesve: eitheror nadficerentur: lest; clause of fearing arms trdits: abl. absolute 8 supplici: abl. of means 9 suam fugamposse: that; fugam is acc. subject 10 prim nocte: abl. of time when gress: PPP deponent gredior 12 Quod: this; object of resciit qurumierant: the antecedent of this relative clause is hs, the dat. ind. obj. of impervit utreducerent: that; ind. question with impf. subj. governed by impervit (here hs) 13 sibi: in his eyes; to him, dat. of reference purgt esse: to be acquitted; to be cleansed (of offence), the PPP is a predicate noun vellent: impf. subj. vol 14 obsidibustrdits: abl. abs. 16 erant profect: profect erant; plpf. deponen proficscor revert: pass. inf. omnibusmisss: abl. abs. dom: at home; locative 17 qutolerrent: wherebymight; purpose clause introduced with qu instead of ut impervit: as above, governs a dat. object and ind. command hs: for; dat. of interest 18 ipss: (the Helvetians) themselves

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28.4.

Lesson 21: Caesar I.28.4 I.29 1

Id e maxim ratine fcit, quod nluit eum locum unde Helvti discesserant vacre, n propter bonittem agrrum Germn qu trns Rhnum incolunt sus fnibus in Helvtirum fns transrent et fnitim Galliae prvinciae Allobrogibusque essent. 5. Bois, petentibus Aedus, quod gregi virtte erant cognit, ut in fnibus sus collocrent, concessit; quibus ill agrs dedrunt, qusque poste in parem iris liberttisque condicinem atque ips erant receprunt. 29.1 In castrs Helvetirum tabulae repertae sunt, litters Graecs confectae et ad Caesarem reltae, quibus in tabuls nomintim rati confecta erat, qu numerus dom exsset erum, qu arma ferre possent, et item spartim puer, sens muliersque. 2. Qurum omnium rrum summa erat capitum Helvtirum mlia cclxiii, Tulingrum mlia xxxvi, Latovcrum xim, Rauricrum xxiii, Boirum xxxii : ex hs qu arma ferre possent, ad mlia nngint duo. Summa omnium furunt ad mlia ccclxviii. 3. Erum qu domum redirunt cns habit, ut Caesar imperverat, repertus est numerus mlium c et decem.
Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4 bonits, -ttis f.: goodness; fertility (of land), 1 caput, capitis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 2 cnsus, -s f.: census, registration, 1 condici, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 3 decem: ten, 3 gregius, -a, -um: remarkable, outstanding, 2 Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 1 Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3 lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2 littera, -ae f.: letter (of the alphabet); literature, 2 mulier, mulieris f.: woman, 2 nl, nolle, nolu: to refuse, be unwilling, 3 nmintim: by name, 1 nnaginta: ninety, 1 pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 4 poste: thereafter, afterwards, 4 puer, puer m.: boy, 1 Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2??????????????? rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1 senex, senis m.: old man, 1 spartim: separately, 2 tabula, tabulae f.: tablet, 2 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4 unde: whence, from which, 2 vac (1): be empty, ve vacant, 1

10

15

43
1 eratinequod: with this calculation (namely) because; abl. of cause 2 eum locumvacre: that this place; ind. disc., eum is a demonstrative adjective undediscesserant: relative clause ntransrentessent: lest; fearing clause calculation for, objective genitive 3 transrent: impf. subj. transe 4 GalliaeAllobrogibus: dat. obj. of the special adjective fnitim, the predicate of essent petentibus Aedus: the Aeduans seeking; abl. abs. + ind. command below 5 gregi virtte: because of; abl. of cause erant cognit: cognit erant; plpf. pass. cognsc utcollocrent: that; ind. command governed by petentibus Aedus above quibus ill: quibus is dat. ind. obj. and refers to the Boi, ill is subj. and refers to the Aeduans 6 parem condicinem: equal condition; i.e. equal rights 7 atque ips erant: as they were; atque with the adj. parem means as: parem atque = equal as compare simul ac/atque (the same time as) receprunt: received, welcomed 9 quibus in tabuls: in quibus tabuls; relative adjective qu numerus(et) qu: what number (and) who; introducing ind. questions 10 dom: abl. place from which ferre: irregular inf. fer possent: impf. pass. possum 11 Qurum omnium rrum: Of all these affairs capitum: lives; heads, partitive genitive modifying mlia cclxiii 13 possent: impf. pass. possum, relative clause of characteristic ad: nearly; up to, an approximation 15 Erum: among these; partitive gen. 16 cns habit: abl. abs. ut: as; ut + indicative

Gerunds A gerund (present stem + nd + 2 decl. neut. sg. endings) is a verbal noun. It can govern an acc. obj. and is easy to distinquish from a gerundive because a gerund has only -/-/-um endings and does not modify a nearby noun. Nominative Navigre est difficile. Genitive facults navigand navigand caus Dative tilis navigand Accusative ad navigandum Ablative navigand in navigand To sail is difficult. opportunity for sailing for the sake of sailing useful for sailing for sailing (to sail) by sailing in sailing
nd

Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

navigand navigand navigandum navigand

of sailing for sailing sailing by sailing

an infinitive not gerund as subject gen. + caus/grti expresses purpose dative of purpose ad + gerund expresses purpose ablative with or without a preposition occasionally with an acc. object

ulcscend Rmns of avenging the Romans

88
1st Declension

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

2nd Declension (m.) 2nd Declension (n.)

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

copia copiae copiae copiam copi mles mlitis mlit mlitem mlite manus mans manu manum man r s r r rem r

copiae copirum copis copis copis mlites mlitum mlitibus mlits mlitibus mans manuum manibus mans manibus r s rrum rbus r s rbus

legatus legat legat legatrum legat legats legatum legats legat legats

proelium proeli proeli proelium proeli iter itineris itiner iter itinere corn corns corn corn corn

proelia proelirum proelis proelia proelis

3rd Declension (m/f)

3rd Declension (n.)

itinera itinerum itineribus itinera itineribus cornua cornuum cornuibus cornua cornuibus

4th Declension (m/f)

4th Declension (n.)

5th Declension (m/f)

Selected Pronouns Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen . Dat. Acc. Abl. is eius e eum e e erum e s es e s he his to/for him him with/from him they their to/for them them with/from them ea eius e eam e eae erum e s es e s she her to/for her her with/from her they their to/for them them with/from them id eius e id e ea erum e s ea e s it its to/for it it with/from it they their to/for them them with/from them

*is, ea, id is a demonstrative and in Caesar is often translated as this/that in the singular and these/those in the plural.

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

qu cuius cu quem qu

quae cuius cu quam qu

quod cuius cu quod qu

qu qurum quibus qus quibus

quae qurum quibus qus quibus

quae qurum quibus quae quibus

who, which, that whose, of whom/which to whom/which whom, which, that by/with/from whom/which

Synopsis: Second Conjugation

89

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

ille illus ill illum ill ill illrum ills ills ills

illa illus ill illam ill illae illrum ills ills ills

illud illus ill illud ill illa illrum ills illa ills

that of that to/for that that with/from that those of those to those those with/from those

hic huius huic hunc hc h hrum h s hs h s

haec huius huic hanc hc hae hrum h s hs h s

hoc huius huic hoc hc haec hrum h s haec h s

this of this to/for this this b/w/f this these of these to these these with/from these

reflexive pronoun

possessive reflexive adjective

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

--su sibi s s

suus su su suum su

sua suae suae suam su

suum su su suum su

su surum sus sus sus

suae surum sus sus sus

sua surum sus sua sus

Adjectives and Adverbs Decl. 1st/2nd 3rd Positive altus, -a, -um high (deep) fortis, forte brave alt Comparative altior, altius higher (deeper) Superlative altissimus, -a, -um highest, very high (deepest)

fortior, fortius fortissimus, -a, -um braver, more brave bravest, most brave, very brave altius more deeply fortius more bravely altissim very deeply fortissim very bravely

1st/2nd 3rd

deeply

fortiter bravely

Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs Positive bonus, -a, -um good magnus, -a, -um great parvus, -a, -um small multus, -a, -um much Comparative melior, melius better maior, maius greater minor, minus smaller ---, plus more Superlative optimus, -a, -um best maximus, -a, -um greatest minimus, -a, -um smallest plurimus, -a, -um most

90

Synopsis: First Conjugation

am, amre, amv, amtum: to love

active Indicative Pres. am ams amat Impf.

translation ammus amtis amant I love

passive amor amris amtur ambar ambris ambtur ambr amberis ambitur amta sum amta es amta est ammur ammin amantur ambmur ambmin ambantur ambimur ambimin ambuntur amtae sumus amtae estis amtae sunt

translation I am loved

ambam ambmus ambs ambtis ambat ambant amb ambimus ambis ambitis ambit ambunt amv amvimus amvist amvistis amvit amvrunt

I was loving

I was being loved

Fut.

I will love

I will be loved

Perf.

I have loved

I have been loved was loved I had been loved

Plpf.

amveram amvermus I had loved amver s amvertis amverat amverant

amta eram amtae ermus amta ers amtae ertis amta erat amtae erant amta er amta eris amta erit amer amris ametur amrer amrris amretur amta sim amta ss amta sit amtae erimus amtae eritis amtae erunt ammur ammin amentur amrmur amrmin amrentur amtae smus amtae stis amtae sint

Fut. Pf amver amverimus I will have amveris amveritis loved amverit amverint Subjunctive Pres. amem ams amet Impf. amrem amrs amret amverim amvers amverit ammus amtis ament amrmus amrtis amrent amvermus amvertis amverint same as indicative

I will have been loved

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

amvissem amvissmus amvisss amvisstis amvisset amvissent amte love! loving going to love

amta essem amtae essmus amta esss amtae esstis amta esset amtae essent

Imperative am

Participle Pres. amns (gen. amantis) Perf. Fut. amtrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. amre Perf. amvisse Fut. amtrum esse

amtus, -a, -um amandus, -a, -um

having been loved going to be loved to be love to have been loved

to love amr to have loved amtum esse to be going to loved

Synopsis: Second Conjugation

vide, vidre, vd, visum: to see active Indicative Pres. vide vids videt Impf. translation vidmus vidtis vident I see passive videor vidris videtur vidbar vidbris vidbtur vidbr vidberis vidbitur vsa sum vsa es vsa est vsa eram vsa ers vsa erat vidmur vidmin videntur vidbmur vidbmin vidbantur vidbimur vidbimin vidbuntur vsae sumus vsae estis vsae sunt vsae ermus vsae ertis vsae erant vsae erimus vsae eritis vsae erunt videmur videmin videantur vidrmur vidrmin vidrentur vsae smus vsae stis vsae sint vsae essmus vsae esstis vsae essent translation I am seen

91

vidbam vidbmus vidbs vidbtis vidbat vidbant vidb vidbimus vidbis vidbitis vidbit vidbunt v d vdist vdit vdimus vdistis vdrunt

I was seeing

I was being seen

Fut.

I will see

I will be seen

Perf.

I have seen

I have been seen was seen I had been seen

Plpf.

vderam vdermus vders vdertis vderat vderant

I had seen

Fut. Pf. vder vderimus vderis vderitis vderit vderint Subjunctive Pres. videam vides videat Impf. vidrem vidrs vidret vderim vders vderit vdissem vdisss vdisset

I will have seen vsa er vsa eris vsa erit videar videris videatur vidrer vidrris vidrtur vsa sim vsa ss vsa sit vsa essem vsa esss vsa esset see! seeing going to see

I will have been seen

videmus same as videtis videant vidrmus vidrtis vidrent vdermus vdertis vderint vdissmus vdiss tis vdissent vidte

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative vid

Participle Pres. vidns (gen. videntis) Perf. Fut. vsrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. vidre Perf. vdisse Fut. vsrum esse

vsus, -a, -um videndus, -a, -um

having been seen going to be seen to be seen to have been seen

to see vidr to have seen vsum esse to be going to see

92

Synopsis: Third Conjugation

dc, dcere, dx, ductum: to lead

active Indicative Pres. dc dcis dcit Impf.

translation dcimus dcitis dcunt I lead

passive dcor dceris dcitur dcbar dcbris dcbtur dcar dcris dctur ducta sum ducta es ducta est ducta eram ducta ers ducta erat ducta er ducta eris ducta erit dcar dcris dctur dcerer dcerris dcertur ducta sim ducta ss ducta sit dcimur dcimin dcuntur dcbmur dcbmin dcbantur dcmur dcmin dcentur ductae sumus ductae estis ductae sunt ductae ermus ductae ertis ductae erant ductae erimus ductae eritis ductae erunt dcmur dcmin dcantur dcermur dcermin dcerentur ductae smus ductae stis ductae sint

translation I am led

dcbam dcbmus I was leading dcbs dcbtis dcbat dcbant dcam dcmus dcs dctis dcet dcent dx dximus dxist dxistis dxit dxrunt dxeram dxermus dxers dxertis dxerat dxerant I will lead

I was being led

Fut.

I will be led

Perf.

I have led

I have been led

Plpf.

I had led

I had been led

Fut.. Pf. dxer dxerimus dxeris dxeritis dxerit dxerint Subjunctive Pres. dcam dcs dcat Impf. dcerem dcers dceret dxerim dxers dxerit dxissem d xisss dxisset dcmus dctis dcant

I will have led

I will have been led

same as indicative

same as indicative

dcermus dcertis dcerent dxermus dxertis dxerint dxissmus dxisstis dxissent dcite lead! leading going to lead

Perf.

Plpf.

ducta essem ductae essmus ducta esss ductae esstis ducta esset ductae essent

Imperative dc(e)

Participle Pres. dcns (gen. dcentis) Perf. Fut. ductrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. dcere Perf. dxisse Fut. ductrum esse

ductus, -a, -um dcendus, -a, -um

having been led going to be led to be led to have been led

to lead dc to have led ductum esse to be going to lead

Synopsis: Third-io Conjugation

capi, capere, cp, captum: to take, seize active Indicative Pres. capi capis capit Impf. translation capimus capitis capiunt I take passive capior caperis capitur capibar capibris capibtur capiar capiris capitur capta sum capta es capta est capta eram capta ers capta erat capimur capimin capiuntur capibmur capibmin capibantur capimur capimin capientur captae sumus captae estis captae sunt captae ermus captae ertis captae erant captae erimus captae eritis captae erunt capimur capimin capiantur capermur capermin caperentur captae smus captae stis captae sint translation I am taken

93

capibam capbmus I was taking capibs capibtis capibat capibant capiam capimus capis capitis capiet capient cp cpist cpit cpimus cpistis cprunt I will take

I was being taken

Fut.

I will be taken

Perf.

I have taken

I have been taken was taken I had been taken

Plpf.

cperam cpermus cpers cpertis cperat cperant

I had taken

Fut. Pf. cper cperimus cperis cperitis cperit cperint Subjunctive Pres. capiam capis capiat Impf. caperem capers caperet cperim cpers cperit cpissem cpisss cpisset capmus capitis capiant

I will have taken capta er capta eris capta erit same as capiar capiris capitur caperer caperris capertur capta sim capta ss capta sit

I will have been taken

same as indicative

capermus capertis caperent cpermus cpertis cperint cpissmus cpisstis cpissent capite take! taking going to take

Perf.

Plpf.

capta essem captae essmus capta esss captae esstis capta esset captae essent

Imperative cape

Participle Pres. capins (gen. capientis) Perf. Fut. captrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. capere Perf. cpisse Fut. captrum esse

captus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um

having been taken going to be taken to be taken to have been taken

to take cap to have taken captum esse to be going to taken

94

Synopsis: Fourth Conjugation

sci, scre, scv, sctum: to know

active Indicative Pres. sci scs scit Impf.

translation scmus sctis sciunt I know

passive scior scris scitur scibar scibris scibtur sciar sciris scitur scta sum scta es scta est scta eram scta ers scta erat scta er scta eris scta erit sciar sciris scitur screr scrris scrtur scta sim scta ss scta sit scmur scmin sciuntur scibmur scibmin scibantur scimur scimin scientur sctae sumus sctae estis sctae sunt sctae ermus sctae ertis sctae erant sctae erimus sctae eritis sctae erunt scimur scimin sciantur scrmur scrmin screntur sctae smus sctae stis sctae sint

translation I am known

scibam scibmus scibs scibtis scibat scibant sciam scis sciet scimus scitis scient

I was knowing

I was being known

Fut.

I will know

I will be known

Perf.

scvi scvimus scvist scvistis scvit scvrunt

I have known

I have been known

Plpf.

scveram scvermus I had known scvers scvertis scverat scverant I will have known

I had been known

Fut. Pf. scver scverimus scveris scveritis scverit scverint Subjunctive Pres. sciam scis sciat Impf. screm scrs scret scverim scvers scverit scvissem scvisss scvisset scimus scitis sciant scrmus scrtis scrent

I will have been known

same as indicative

same as

Perf.

scvermus scvertis scverint scvissmus scvisstis scvissent scte know! knowing

Plpf.

scta essem sctae essmus scta esss sctae esstis scta esset sctae essent

Imperative sc

Participle Pres. scins (gen. scientis) Perf. Fut. sctrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. scre Perf. scvisse Fut. sctrum esse

going to know

sctus, -a, -um sciendus, -a, -um

having been known going to be known to be known to have been known

to know scr to have known sctum esse to be going to know

Synopsis: sum and possum

Sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be Indicative Pres. sum es es Impf. eram ers erat er eris erit fu fuist fuit translation sumus estis estis ermus ertis erant erimus eritis erunt fuimus fuistis furunt I am possum potes potes poteram poters poterat poter poteris poterit potu potuist potuit potueram potuers potuerat possumus potestis potestis potermus potertis poterant poterimus poteritis poterunt potuimus potuistis poturunt potuermus potuertis potuerant potuerimus potueritis potuerint possmus posstis possint possmus posstis possent potuermus potuertis potuerint potuissmus potuisstis potuissent possum, posse, potu, -- : to be able, can translation I am able, can

95

I was

I was able, could

Fut.

I will be

I will be able

Perf.

I have been, I was I had been

I have been able, I was able, could I had been able

Plpf.

fueram fuermus fuers fuertis fuerat fuerant fuerimus fueritis fuerint smus stis sint essmus esstis essent

Fut. Pf. fuer fueris fuerit Subjunctive sim Pres. s s sit Impf. essem esss esset

I will have been potuer potueris potuerit same as indicative possim posss possit possem posss posset potuerim potuers potuerit potuissem potuisss potuisset xxx to be posse to have been potuisse to be going to be ----

I will have been able

same as indicative

Perf.

fuerim fuermus fuers fuertis fuerit fuerint fuissem fuissmus fuisss fuisstis fuisset fuissent

Plpf.

Imperative xxx Infinitive Pres. esse Perf. fuisse Fut. futrum esse*
* alternative = fore

to be able to have been heard

sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 165 adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, 3 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 40 dsum, -esse, -fu: be lacking, lack, fail, 6 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 2 intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, engage in, 1 subsum, -esse, -fu: be near, close at hand, 1

96

Synopsis: e, re
e, re, i(v), itrum: to go

Indicative Pres.

active e s it bam b s bat b bis bit i st iit ieram iers ierat ier ieris ierit mus tis eunt bmus btis bant bimus bitis bunt iimus stis irunt iermus iertis ierant ierimus ieritis ierint emus etis eant rmus rtis rent ierimus ieritis ierunt ssmus sstis ssent te

translation I go

Impf.

I was going

Fut.

I will go

Perf.

I went, have gone

Plpf.

I had gone

Fut. Pf.

I will have gone

Subjunctive Pres. eam es eat Impf. rem r s ret ierim ieris ierit ssem sss sset

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative Participle Pres. Perf. Fut. Infinitive Pres. Perf. Fut.

ins (euntis) --itrus, -a, -um re sse trum esse

going going to go to go to have gone to be going to go

Compound verbs ade, -re, i(v), itus: approach, encounter, 2 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 4 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 4 ine, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3 introe, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 obe, -re, -v, -tum: go to meet, oppose 1 prde, -re, -i, -itum: advance, go forth, 1 rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1 sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 1 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 6

Synopsis: vol, velle, volu

vol, velle, volu: to wish, want active Indicative Pres. vol v s vult Impf. volbam volbs volbat volam vols volet volu voluist voluit volueram voluers voluerat translation volumus vultis1 volunt2 volbmus volbtis volbant volmus voltis volent voluimus voluistis volurunt I wish irregular present tense
1

97

p. 14, 46

p. 28

I was wishing

Fut.

I will wish

Perf.

I have wished

Plpf.

voluermus I had wished voluertis voluerant voluerimus I will have wished volueritis voluerint velimus velitis velint4 vellmus velltis vellent5 voluermus voluertis voluerint voluissmus voluisstis voluissent xxxx wish! wishing same as indicative irregular present tense (not volam)
3

Fut. Pf. voluer volueris voluerit Subjunctive Pres. velim velis velit3 Impf. vellem vells vellet voluerim voluers voluerit voluissem voluisss voluisset

p.52

p. 28, 42, 58, 60

irregular imperfect tense (irreg. velle)

5

p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative xxxx

Participle Pres. volns (gen. volentis) Perf. xxxx Fut. xxxx Infinitive Pres. velle Perf. voluisse Fut. xxxx

to wish to have wished

irregular infinitive

98

Synopsis: Deponent Verb

sequ, sequ, sectus-a-um sum: to follow

deponent Indicative Pres. sequor sequeris sequitur Impf. sequbar sequbris sequbtur sequar sequris sequtur secta sum secta es secta est

translation sequimur sequimin sequuntur sequbmur sequbmin sequbantur sequmur sequmin sequentur sectae sumus sectae estis sectae sunt I follow

I was following

Fut.

I will follow

Perf.

I have followed

Plpf.

secta eram sectae ermus secta ers sectae ertis secta erat sectae erant sectae erimus sectae eritis sectae erunt sequmur sequmin sequantur sequermur sequermin sequerentur sectae smus sectae stis sectae sint

I had followed

Fut.. Pf. secta er secta eris secta erit Subjunctive Pres. sequar sequris sequtur Impf. sequerer sequerris sequertur secta sim secta ss secta sit

I will have followed

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

secta essem sectae essmus secta esss sectae esstis secta esset sectae essent sequitor follow! following having followed going to follow to follow to have followed to be going to follow

Imperative sequere

Participle Pres. sequns (gen. sequentis) Perf. sectus, -a, -um Fut. sectrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. sequ Perf. sectum esse Fut. sectrum esse

sequendus,-a -um going to be followed

Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse

I. Terminology:

99

If-then clauses are called conditionals or conditional sentences. All conditionals have two parts which we will call by the Greek terms in the grammar notes to avoid confusion: (1) the protasis (premise, if-clause, conditional clause) and (2) the apodosis (result, then-clause, consequent). In order to identify a type of condition (note the names in boldface below), we must identify the tense and mood of the verbs in the protasis and apodosis. If we encounter verbs and moods that do no fit the modeled conditional sentences below, we call such sentences mixed conditions. II. Rules in Indirect Discourse (1) Translate subjunctives in the tense in which you find them. a. Very often readers modify the translate naturally to fit the context. b. Identification of the type of condition occurs after, not before or during, translation. (2) Verbs in the apodosis (if-clause)just as all subordinate verbs become subjunctive. a. In primary sequence, subjunctive verbs in direct discourse remain the same in indirect. b. In secondary sequence, almost all verbs become imperfect subjunctive, which makes it rather difficult for readers to determine the tenses and types of conditions. c. the protasis of contrafactuals do not change in primary or secondary sequence. III. Types of Conditional Sentences (see also pp. 59 and 61) Indicative Conditions Simple Present: If you believe, you are wrong. dc s credis, errs. dix s credis, errs. dc s creds, errbis. dix s creds, errbis. dc s credbs/credidist, errvist. dix s credbs/credidist, errvist. d c dix d c dix d c dix s haec creds, t errre s haec creders, t errre s haec creds, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders/credideris, t errvisse. s haec creders/credidisss, t errvisse.

Future More Vivid: If you (will have) believe(d), you will be wrong.

Simple Past: If you believed, you were wrong.

Subjunctive Conditions Fut. Less Vivid: If you should believe, you would be wrong. dc s creds, errs. dix s creds, errs. dc s creders, errrs. dix s creders, errrs. dc s credisss, errvisss. dix s credisss, errvisss. d c dix d c dix d c dix s haec creds, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse. s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse.

Present Contrafactual: If you were believing, you would be wrong.

Past Contrafactual: If you had believed, you would have been wrong.

100 Caesar Book I Alphabetized Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)

The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur five or more times arranged in an alphabetized vocabulary list. The number at the left of the dictionary entries indicates the numer of occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually. Digital flashcards are available online.

, ab: (away) from, 102 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9 ac: and, and also, and even, 29 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8 acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18 ad: to, toward; near, at 109 addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7 Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43 ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 16 agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12 amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11 annus, - m.: year, 7 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 12 appell (1): call, call by name, 5 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13 Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6 Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12 atque: and, and also, and even, 46 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36 autem: however, moreover, 8 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5 bellum, -, n.: war, 32 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6 C.: Gaius, 7 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8 carrus, - m.: wagon, cart, 7 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11 cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7 coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5 colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13 committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5 commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5 concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6 confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 6 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6 copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 28 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37 debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5 decimus, a, um: tenth, 5 dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 37 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7 di: a long time, long, 9 ditior: a long time, long, 9 Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20 domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15 dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 5 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 11 dum: while, as long as, until, 5 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10 duo, duae, duo: two, 12 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 10 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10

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Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17 equus, - m.: horse, 8 et: and, also, even, 196 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 6 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13 explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6 frter, -tris m.: brother, 11 frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7 frmentum, - n.: grain, 13 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 22 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38 iam: now, already, soon, 8 ibi: there, in that place, 7 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 19 impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 5 imperium, - n.: command, power, 9 imper (1): command, order, bid, 9 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16 instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17 intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286 ita: so, thus, 17 itaque: and so, 5 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8 iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 33 iterum: again, a second time, 5 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11 L.: Lucius, 7 Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7 lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 23 legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19 lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6 licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 6 locus, - m.: place, region, location, 33 M.: Marcus, 7 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34 maior, maius: greater, 7 mand (1): order, command, commit, 6 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5 maxim: exceedingly especially, 5 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17 mlle pl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28 minor, minus: less, smaller, 18 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26 modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5 nam: for, 6 n: lest, that not, no, not, 31 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50 nihil: nothing, 8 nisi: if not, unless 5 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9 nox, noctis, f.: night, 6 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8 numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 17 nunti (1): announce, report, 6 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8 occup (1): seize, occupy, 11

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omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7 omnis, omne: every, all, 70 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9 oppidum, - n.: town, 14 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8 Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5 par (1): prepare, make ready, 5 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26 passus, -s: pace, 13 pater, patris, m.: father, 6 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 5 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8 per: through, across (acc) 33 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 10 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8 perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6 pls (plris): more, 7 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6 populus, - m.: people, nation, 47 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12 potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 5 prmus -a -um: first, 15 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 9 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11 propter: on account of, because of, 12 proptere: on this account, therefore, 15 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6 pugn (1): to fight, 10 put (1): to think, imagine, 7 quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8 qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 5 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

que: and, 114 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20 reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10 revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6 Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 20 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11 rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5 rog (1): to ask; tell, 5 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55 saepe: often, 5 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5 satis: enough, sufficient, 8 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 167 sed: but, moreover, however, 21 sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 sine: without (abl.), 12 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6 socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 8 sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 10 statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5 stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 79 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4 super (1): surpass, overcome, 9 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7 tamen: however, nevertheless, 9 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13 tertius, -a, -um: third, 11

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Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16 trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9 trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7 trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 15 trs, tria: three, 7 tum: then, at that time, 5 ubi: where, when, 11 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 nus, -a, -um: one, 23 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 27 tor, ut, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5 Valrius, - m.: Valerius, 5 vel: or, eitheror, 7 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10