TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations

Material Balance Equations

To illustrate the simplest possible model we can have for analysis of reservoir behavior, we will start with derivation of so-called Material Balance Equations. This type of model excludes fluid flow inside the reservoir, and considers fluid and rock expansion/compression effects only, in addition, of course, to fluid injection and production. First, let us define the symbols used in the material balance equations: Symbols used in material balance equations

Bg
Bo

Formation volume factor for gas (res.vol./st.vol.) Formation volume factor for oil (res.vol./st.vol.) Formation volume factor for water (res.vol./st.vol.) Pore compressibility (pressure-1) Water compressibility (pressure-1)

Bw
Cr

Cw P Gi Gp m N Np

P2 P 1 Cumulative gas injected (st.vol.)

Cumulative gas produced (st.vol.) Initial gas cap size (res.vol. of gas cap)/(res.vol. of oil zone) Original oil in place (st.vol.) Cumulative oil produced (st.vol.) Pressure Cumulative producing gas-oil ratio (st.vol./st.vol) = G p / N p Solution gas-oil ratio (st.vol. gas/st.vol. oil) Gas saturation Oil saturation Water saturation Temperature Bulk volume (res.vol.) Pore volume (res.vol.) Cumulative aquifer influx (st.vol.) Cumulative water injected (st.vol.) Cumulative water produced (st.vol.) Density (mass/vol.) Porosity

P Rp
Rso
Sg

So Sw T Vb
Vp
We

Wi

Wp

Then, the Black Oil fluid phase behavior is illustrated by the following figures: Fluid phase behavior parameters (Black Oil)
Bo R so Bg Bw

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations Oil density: Water compressibility: Water volume change:

o =

o S + g SR s o
Bo

1 V C w = ( )( w ) T V w P B w 2 = Bw 1 e cw P Bw 1 (1 c w P)

Finally, we need to quantify the behavior of the pores during pressure change in the reservoir. The rock compressibility used in the following is the pore compressibility, and assumes that the bulk volume of the rock itself does not change. Pore volume behavior Rock compressibility: Porosity change:

1 Cr = ( )( ) T P

w 2 = w 1 e cr P w 1 (1 + cr P)

The material balance equations are based on simple mass balances of the fluids in the reservoir, and may in words be formulated as follows: Principle of material conservation

Amount of fluids present Amount of Amount of fluids remaining in the reservoir initially fluids produced = in the reservoir finally (st. vol.) (st. vol.) (st. vol.)
We will define our reservoir system in terms of a simple block diagram, with an initial reservoir stage before production/injection starts, and a final stage at which time we would like to determine pressure and/or production. Block diagram of reservoir
oil production: Np gas production: RpNp water production: Wp Initial stage (1) Final stage (2)

Gas

Gas

Oil

Oil

Water

Water

gas injection: Gi water injection: Wi aquifer influx: We

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations The two stages on the block diagram are reflected in the fluid phase behavior plots as follows: Initial and final fluid conditions
Bg Bw

2 | 1 |
Bo

2 |

1 |

P R so

2 |

1 |

2 |
P

1 |

Note: If a gas cap is present initially, then the initial pressure is equal to the bubble point pressure
Now, we will apply the above material balance equation to the three fluids involved, oil, gas and water: Equation 1: Oil material balance

Oil present Oil in the reservoir produced = initially (st. vol. ) (st. vol. )
or

Oil remaining in the reservoir finally (st. vol. )

N - Np = V p2 S o 2 /Bo 2
yielding

So 2 =
Equation 2: Water material balance

( N N p ) Bo 2 Vp2

Water present in the reservoir Water Water Aquifer produced + injected + influx = initially (st. vol.) (st. vol.) (st. vol.) (st. vol.)
or

Water remaining in the reservoir finally (st. vol.)

V p1 S w 1 /B w1 - Wp + Wi + We = Vp 2 S w 2 /Bw 2
yielding

B S 1 S w 2 = (1 + m)NBo 1 w 1 + Wi + We Wp w 2 1 Sw1 Bw1 Vp2

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations Equation 3: Gas material balance

Free gas Solution gas present in the present in the Gas Gas reservoir initially + reservoir initially produced + injected (st. vol. ) (st. vol. ) (st. vol.) (st. vol. ) Free gas Solution gas present in the present in the = + reservoir finally reservoir finally (st. vol. ) (st. vol. )
or

NRso1 + mN (
yielding

Vp 2 Bo1 ) N p R p + Gi = ( N N p ) Rso 2 + Sg 2 Bg1 Bg 2

B Bg 2 Sg 2 = N ( Rso1 Rso 2 ) + m( o1 ) N p ( R p Rso 2 ) + Gi ( ) Bg1 Vp 2

In addition to these three fluid balances, we have the following relationships for fluid saturations and pore volume change: Equation 4: Sum of saturations

S o + S w + S g = 1.0

Equation 5: Pore volume change

V p 2 =Vp 1( 1+cr P)

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations

By combining the 5 equations above, and grouping terms, we obtain the material balance relationships, as shown below:

THE COMPLETE BLACK OIL MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION:

F = N E o + mE g + E f ,w + (Wi + We )Bw 2 + Gi Bg 2
where production terms are

F = N p Bo 2 + R p Rso2 Bg 2 + W p Bw 2

) ]

oil and solution gas expansion terms are

E o = (Bo 2 B o 1) + (Rso1 Rso2 )B g 2

gas cap expansion terms are

Bg2 E g = B o 1 B 1 g1

and rock and water compression/expansion terms are

E f ,w = (1 + m)Bo 1

Cr + Cw S w 1 P 1 Sw1

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012

TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2012 Material Balance Equations MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR A CLOSED GAS RESERVOIR

The material balance equation for a closed gas reservoir is very simple. Applying the mass balance principle to a closed reservoir with 100% gas, we may derive the general eguation

GBg1 = (G G p ) Bg 2
G is gas initially in place, G p is cumulative gas production, and Bg is the formation-volume-factor for gas. Since Bg is given by the real gas law Z Bg = (constant ) (here temperature is assumed to be constant) P
where the above material balance equation may be rewritten as

Z Z G 1 = (G G p ) 2 P1 P2
or

G p P1 P2 ) = (1 G Z1 Z2 P2 P1 This equation represents a straight line relationship on a vs. G p . plot. The line passes through at Z2 Z1 P G p = 0 , and through G at 1 = 0 . By making a best-fit straight line to measured data, and extrapolate, we Z1 may get an estimate of G .

The straight-line relationship is very useful in estimating the initial volume of gas-in-place ( G ) from limited production history.

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Professor Jon Kleppe August 23, 2012