Weve been frozen out, said Collins, who docks near the Golden Gate Bridge.

This system has given it all to the big guys. More and more wild-caught fish species and fishing territories in the United States are managed under catch shares, which work by providing harvesting or access rights to fishermen. These rights C worth tens of billions of dollars in the United States alone C are translated into a percentage, or share, that can then be divided, traded, sold, bought or leveraged for financing, just like any asset. Catch shares have been backed by an alliance of conservative, free-market advocates and environmental groups, some of which have financed scientific studies promoting the merits of the system, the Center for Investigative Reporting has found. Thousands of jobs have been lost in regions across the United States where catch-share management plans have been implemented, researchers have noted. There are 15 catch-share systems in the United States, stretching from the North Pacifics frigid gray waters along the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands down to the Gulf of Mexico. More than 3,700 vessels are no longer active in the 10 defined fishing areas that have operated under catch shares since before 2010. That could account for as many as 18,000 lost jobs, according to estimates from researchers who track the fishing industry. Nowhere is that more apparent than in the surf clam fishing fleet of the mid-Atlantic. The region was the first to implement catch shares more than 20 years ago.Spice up the ambiance of your home with canvas oil paintings for sale. Since then, the surf clam fleet has declined by more than 60 percent. Theres been a lot of consolidation, said Carolyn Creed, a Rutgers University anthropologist who has studied catch shares in the mid-Atlantic region. Its not the frontier like it used to be. Everything is clean and so businesslike. Catch shares are part of a larger government-regulated movement that over the past few decades has been turning the countrys natural resources into marketable commodities to be traded, leased and carefully controlled C including the rights to pollute the air, trade and bank endangered species, and sell and distribute water.A solar lamp is a portable light fixture composed of an LED lamp. Canada, the Netherlands and Iceland were the first countries to experiment with the idea of privatizing fisheries in the 1970s. New Zealand made it national policy in the mid-1980s. These fisheries are defined as regions where certain species of fish are harvested.Large collection of quality tungsten ring at discounted prices. Today, fishery experts estimate there are about 150 major fisheries worldwide managed under a

form of rights-based management, including catch shares, which accounts for roughly 10 percent of the worlds commercial marine harvest. Some of the nations largest ocean territories are managed under catch shares, including Alaskas pollock, halibut and sablefish fisheries. Proponents such as the Environmental Defense Fund argue that if a fisherman or seafood company owns a percentage stake, it will take better care of it. They contend it brings economic efficiency to a system in which too many boats are chasing after too few fish. But its more than that, promoters say. Because the system brings financial rewards to those who stay in the system, those who remain have more of a stake in seeing the system thrive. In traditional fisheries management, there are perverse incentives that actually penalize conservation, said Tom Lalley, a former spokesman for the Environmental Defense Fund, referring to traditional derby fishing, in which boats catch as much they can in a certain period of time. Catch shares require catch limits, however, and critics of the management tool question whether any positive environmental results are actually the result of effective catch limits C not privatization. Catch limits work, said Lee Crockett, director of federal fisheries policy with the Pew Environment Group. He pointed to the success of the mid-Atlantic flounder fishery, which crashed during the 1980s and 1990s.We can be conducted with the local designated IC card producers. The fishery, now considered healthy, was rebuilt using an overall catch limit, which included size limits and gear restrictions. Awarding shares in the Pacific actually has benefited trawlers that contributed to the demise of some fish species such as canary and yelloweye rockfish, records and interviews show. When the catch-share system was implemented in 2011, all shares went to fishermen and fishing companies that exclusively used trawling boats.What better way to commemorate a birthday, graduation, wedding or other special event than a handcrafted, personalized bobbleheads gift? A decade before, government regulators and environmental groups blamed trawlers for overfishing and environmental destruction that prompted the entire fishery to be shut down.