CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE The Code of Criminal Procedure is the main legislation on procedure for administration of substantive criminal

law in India. It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April, 1974. It provides the machinery for the investigation of crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the accused person and the determination of punishment of the guilty. Additionally, it also deals with public nuisance, prevention of offenses and maintenance of wife, child and parents. The Act consists of 484 sections, 2 schedules and 56 forms. The sections are divided into 38 chapters. History In medieval India, subsequent to the conquest by the Muslims, the Mohammedan Criminal Law came into prevalence. The British rulers passed the Regulating Act of 1773 under which a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta and later on at Madras and in Bombay. The Supreme Court was to apply British procedural law while deciding the cases of the Crowns subjects. After the Rebellion of 1857, the crown took over the administration in India. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1861 was passed by the British parliament. The 1861 code continued after independence and was amended in 1969. It was finally replaced in 1972. Cognizable and non-cognizable offences Cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer may arrest without court mandated warrant in accordance with the first schedule of the code. For non-cognizable cases the police officer may arrest only after being duly authorised by a warrant. Noncognizable offences are, generally, relatively less serious offences than cognizable ones. Summons case and warrant case Under Section 204 of the code, a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is to issue summons for the attendance of the accused if the case is a summons case. If the case appears to be a warrant case, he may issue a warrant or a summons as he sees fit. according to the section 2(w) those case are not warrant case are summon case and warrant case are those which lies to imprisonment of death, life and for more than two year according to section 2(x). Bailable and non-bailable According to Section 2(a), bailable offence are offences listed under the First Schedule as bailable or made bailable under any other law for the time being in force. All other offences are non-bailable. Territorial extent, scope and applicability

The Criminal Procedure Code extends to the whole of India except the States in India of Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament's power to legislate in respect of Jammu & Kashmir is curtailed by Article 370 of the Constitution of India. Provisions under Chapters VIII, X and XI of the code do not apply to the State of Nagaland and some tribal areas in Assam. However the concerned State Government may, by notification apply any or all of these provisions in these areas. Morever, the Supreme Court of India has also ruled that even in these areas, the authorities are to be governed by the substance of these rules Functionaries under the code 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bail There is no definition of the term "bail" under the code though the terms "bailable" and "non-bailable" have been defined. It has however been defined by the Black's Law Lexicon as security for the appearance of the accused person on giving which he is released pending trial or investigation[5] The First Schedule to the code refers to all offences under the Indian Penal Code and classifies them into bailable and non-bailable. There is no test or criteria for determining which offence is bailable and which is non-bailable. However, generally speaking, less serious offences are usually bailable while more serious ones are non-bailable. Summary trials Section 260 Clause 2 of the Code lists certain offences which may be summarily tried by any Chief Judicial Magistrate, any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate First Class. A First Class Magistrate must first be authorised by the respective High Court to that effect before he may try cases summarily under this Section. The offences that may be tried summarily under this Section are: 1. Offences not punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years. 2. Theft under Section 379, 380 and 381 of the Indian Penal Code provided that the value of the stolen property is below Rs. 2000. 3. Receiving or retaining stolen property under Section 411 of the penal code where the value of the stolen property is below Rs. 2000. 4. Assisting in the concealment or disposal of stolen property, under Section 414 of the penal code,the value of the stolen property being below Rs. 2000. 5. Lurking house-trespass (Section 454 of the Indian Penal Code) and house-breaking (Section 456 of the Penal Code) at night. Magistrates and judges of the Supreme Court and High Court Police Public prosecutors Defence Counsels Correctional services personnel

6. Insult with an intent to provoke a breach of peace under Section 504 and criminal intimidation under Section 506 of the penal code. 7. Abetting of any of the above mentioned offences. 8. Attempt to commit any of the above mentioned offences. 9. Offences with respect to which complaints may be made under Section 20 of Cattle Trespass Act, 1871. Apart from the above, a Second Class Magistrate may, if so empowered by the High Court, summarily try an offence punishable with fine or with imprisonment not exceeding six months or the abettment or attempt to commit such an offence. A summary trial tried by a magistrate without being empowered to do so is void. The procedure for a summoncase is to be followed, subject to special provisions made in this behalf. The maximum sentence that may be awarded by way of a summary trial is three months with or without fine. The Magistrate may give up the summary trial in favour of the regular trial if he finds it undesirable to try the case summarily. The judgment is to be delivered in abridged form. Judgment Judgment is the final reasoned decision of the Court as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Where the accused is found guilty, the judgment must also contain an order requiring the accused to undergo punishment or treatment. Every court must deliver the judgment in the language of that court as determined by the State Government. It must contain the points that lead to the determination of guilt or innocence. It usually commences with facts and must indicate careful analysis of evidence. It must also specify the offence under the penal code or such other specific law as well as the punishment sentenced. If acquitted the offence of which the accused is so acquitted must be specified along witha direction that the accused be set at liberty. Judgments in abridged form According to Section 355 of the Code, a Metropolitan Magistrate may deliver judgments in abridged form and should contain: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Serial number of the case Date of commission of the offence Name of the complainant (if any) Name of the accused person, his parentage and residence Offence complained of (or proved, as the case may be) Plea of the accused and his examination (if any) Final order Date of the order In cases where appeal lies from the final order, a brief statement of reasons for the decision.

Compensation and costs The functions of a civil court may be performed by a criminal court by virtue of Section 357, 358 and 359. This has been done to provide just, speedy and less expensive redress to the victim. The court is empowered to levy a fine from the offender. Such fine may, wholly or in part, be used for the purpose of compensating the victim. Post-conviction orders Having regads to the age, character and antecedents of the offender, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed, if the Court convicting the accused considers it expedient to release the offender, it may do so either on probation of good conduct or after due admonishment. This provision is contained in Section 360 of the Code. Thus the court may direct that the offender be released on his entering into a bond, with or without sureties. The offender is further required to keep peace and be of good behaviour as well as appear thereafter before the court when called upon during such period as the court may decide. This period should not exceed three years. The following conditions have to be satisfied:

There is no previous conviction proved against the offender. In case the person convicted is a woman of any age, or a man aged below twentyone years, the offence committed is not punishable with life imprisonment or death penalty. In case the person is a man above twenty-one years of age, the offence of which he is convicted is punishable with fine.

Alternatively, the offender may be released after due admonition, if the following conditions are satisfied:

There is no previous conviction proved against the offender. The offence of which the accused is convicted is any of the following:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Theft, Theft in a building, Dishonest misappropriation, Any offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code with no more than two years of imprisonment, 5. Any offence punishable only by fine. No Magistrate of Second Class may release an offender under in such manner without being empowered to do so. He may transfer the case to a Magistrate for consideration. Section 361 narrows down the discretion of the Court to sentence an offender without taking into consideration the provisions of Section 360 and similar provisions contained in the Probation of Offenders Act or any other law for treatment, training and rehabilitation of youthful offenders.[ It requires that when such provisions are applicable, the Court must record in writing, the reason for not allowing the benefit of the same to the offender.

Section 30 provides the Court of a Magistrate with the power to award imprisonment for additional terms over the substantive period awarded. Appeal The Code and the Constitution of India together provide for multiple ranges of appellate remedy. A person convicted by the High Court exercising original criminal jurisdiction may appeal before the Supreme Court. Where the High Court has, on appeal reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced him to death and imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, the accused may appeal to the Supreme Court. The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court against the direction of Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that the case involves substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. Judgments and orders arising from petty cases are not appealable unless the sentences are combined with other sentences. No appeal lies when the accused pleads guilty and is convicted on such plea by the High Court. If the conviction from a plea of guilt is by a Sessions Court, Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of First or Second Class, only the legality of the sentence may be brought into question in an appeal.