Pros And Cons Of Teamwork Teamwork becomes essential to every organization because it can increases efficiency and effectiveness

of an organization. Teamwork means cooperation of a group of people using their knowledge, experience, and skills to work together as a team toward the same goals. Talking about its negative and positive aspects, any research on teams that have been undertaken in organizations has generally given a positive feedback. Those organizations that have successfully implemented teams have found that communication has improved across the company, and there is a marked improvement in relationships and collaboration between departments, functions or teams. First of all, teamwork can get the jobs done in an organized manner, especially ones that individual cannot finish alone. Working as part of a team definitely pays off i.e. because when it comes to a team, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Secondly, better division of labor helps in achieving timely completion of jobs. One of the advantages of collaborative efforts in the workplace is the way that the work is divided. When more than one person is involved in accomplishing a certain task, particularly when it is a large project, it helps for everyone to have a small portion of the responsibility to ensure things get done versus loading one or two people with too much work to accomplish the task. It not only expands networking and contacts but also reduces costs (more specialized tasks and professionals). Moreover, when different people collaborate on a project, a greater sense of creative input is achieved. The collection of different ideas approaches to the project and brainstorms can spur innovative results that can in turn raise the visibility and quality of the products or services offered by company. Also encourages trust and participation among the stakeholders and engages them on tasks and goals accomplishment. Well stop there! Isnt this too good to be true? Yes, it is. There is a plethora of books and conference presentations talking about why teams fail. So lets look at negative experiences as well, even for those companies that have ultimately successfully implemented teamwork company-wide. The first stumbling block has been the conflict of opinion arising from different working styles. When people are grouped together to collaborate on a project, this can be a disadvantage because it upholds progress on accomplishing the job at hand, while team members instead muddle through conflicts caused by the different ways team members approach the work. Another drawback is that theres no individual appreciation and a sense of achievement which causes demotivation among workers. When you have a collaborative group, you may sometimes end up with too many people trying to lead the group, and not enough members that are willing to take a backseat and just do what it takes to get the job done. In my opinion team work is implemented by analyzing the situation and when an efficient team gets to work, the structure that has been put into place helps the group obtain productive results. In today's world, the importance of teamwork is always felt because of demand for efficiency and timely execution of work. It is, thus, very important for any business organization to work, not as a group of people with different motives and objectives, but as a group of people with one motive and objective, and a soul that reflects the image of success!

References:http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/management/9780749464400/01-setting-thescene/the_pros_and_cons_of_teamwork

What Is The Significance Of Textile Industry? What Is Its Role In Pakistan? The textile business is very popular and important since it's involved in the production of yarn that is integral to the whole procedure of making clothes. Its targeted to ensure that different sorts of garments materials like wool, cotton and more is properly used to manufacture completely different sorts of clothing. Also native hand weaving industries have assumed a greater significance in today's context which makes it so especially essential. More and more textile designers are currently venturing out into their own distinctive boutique projects that have given them an impetus on how to go about the whole procedure doing a lot of fine and prime work that makes the entire process very important. In Asian countries and in developing countries, textile industry has a greater share in boosting economy and its growth. This is not only through GDP (Gross Domestic Product) but also via exports, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and contribution to the value added industry. As the basic raw material for textile industry is cotton which heavily depends on agriculture so its important to take great care of crops because if crops are damaged due to natural catastrophe so the direct impact is on the textile industry. The textile industry is primarily labor intensive so companys tend to gain comparative advantage by moving manufacturing plants to developing countries and providing employment to unskilled labor. The textile and clothing sector is regarded as the engine of growth for many developing countries in Asia, since it accounts for around 45 percent of developed markets imports from the developing countries. Pakistans textile industry ranks amongst the top in the world. Pakistan is worlds fourth largest producer of cotton, the third largest consumer of the same, sixth largest importer of raw cotton and first class exporter of cotton yarn. This industrial sector in Pakistan has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy. In spite of the governments efforts to diversify exports as well as industrial base, the textile sector remains the back bone of industrial activity in the country. According to All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA), the current scenario of textile industry is that textile exports have declined by about 20% in past few years. The industry is bracing for more trouble ahead with continuing crises of electricity and gas, international market access, global economic recession, and adverse travel advisories. APTMA, Pakistan's spinning industry association established for the promotion and protection of the textile industry, says that the high cost of finance because of the nation's tight monetary policy has added to their continuing woes. Despite facing these troubles, Pakistan is strengthened to be self sufficient in raw materials, cheap labour, rich heritage and domestic market. It is due to these factors that more and more opportunities are availed by this sector and a trend of launching designer lawns and other fabric has created prominence for itself. Yet there is a lot more room for growth in improving weaker areas such as labor productivity, research and development, poor infrastructure. Though political instability is the greatest hurdle these days, but still textile industry has managed to maintain a remarkable position in the local as well as global market.

References:
http://pkeconomists.com/textile-industry-kicking-the-bucket

http://www.ubscure.com/Art/16015/24/The-Importance-Of-Textile-Industry.html

What Ingredients Can Be Found Inside Of A Pizza And How It Is Made? The real history of pizza starts in Italy. Or Greece. Perhaps Egypt? There are good arguments for each, depending on how we define pizza. Starting with the loose yet scientific definition of "some kind of flat bread with stuff on it," we know that pizza dates back to at least the 1st Century B.C. he word "pizza" is thought to have come from the Latin word pinsa, meaning flatbread (although there is much debate about the origin of the word).So what actually is inside a pizza? Pizza is eaten across the globe in almost every country with different flavours and toppings according to choice and origin. For a typical pizza, the ingredients required are dough, tomato sauce or rather a pizza sauce, cheese, meat and vegetables preferably olives, bell pepper and mushrooms. Not forgetting oregano which gives a pizza its unique taste. With the passage of time and with gaining more popularity, every country has made their own versions of pizza according to choice of locals. Considering Pakistan and other Asian countries where pizza is not just restricted to cheese topping or pepperoni but it is available in almost all of traditional flavours including Bar Be Que, Behari and vegetable pizzas too. Other than the core ingredients mentioned above some variations to the dough and meat were also acknowledged such as adding garlic flavour to the dough as well as sun dried tomatoes to enhance the taste. Meat is smoked, char grilled, processed and also cold according to the choice of consumer. Some experiments done to dough turned out to be successful such as using wheat flour instead of flour. Pizza is made with first kneading dough using flour, yeast which helps to raise the dough and bring in the elasticity which makes it chewy, warm water and some sugar, pinch of salt. When the dough is kneaded, it is then kept for resting and rising at a room temperature. Next is the pizza sauce which is made by chopped tomatoes and onions which are sauted and then seasoned with salt, pepper, vinegar, soy sauce and oregano. The basic cheeses used are mozzarellas and cheddar but more specific versions are ricotta, blue cheese, Gorgonzola etc. As far as baking is concerned, different methods are adopted, the traditional methods include wood fire oven where as more modified versions include electric oven and many locals here have also tried using stone oven and the results were really good. The process of making a pizza includes, spreading dough in round baking tray of one-fourth inch thickness, then pouring some sauce over it and spreading cheese along with vegetables and cooked meat. Lastly, it is baked for about 45 minutes depending upon the temperature usually the ideal temperature for baking is 200 degree Celsius. This yummy, scrumptious, mouthwatering, delicious, divine pizza has gained a lot of popularity in almost every community. Places such as America, England and other European countries are greatly dependent upon consumption of this dish. This fast food is almost preferred any time any where!

Compare and Contrast Essay Are Handmade Goods Better Than Factory Made Ones? The handmade movement is gaining momentum and is a really excellent, alternative way of buying compared to the impersonal, big-box culture that has been creeping over our society. I know this to be true, and I believe with the strength of conviction that the handmade movement is part of the answer to the problem of our disconnected society, I also know and believe that its important to look at society saving things closely, realistically, with wholeness and with balance. Those who opt for handmade items avoid the chaotic mall parking lots and chain store lines in favor of something more meaningful. They indulge themselves in the satisfaction of supporting an artist or crafter directly, honoring skill and craftsmanship, which are largely absent in the world of large-scale manufacturing. From the craftsmanships aspect, an intelligently run factory is geared to operating smoothly in a standardized, not customized way. Its priorities are automation of procedures and dimensional standardization of parts. A hand maker, on the other hand, is generally flexible and inefficient enough to do customized work in every place where it counts. The hand maker spends years to master all the techniques and skills necessary to produce a high quality product. Whilst, factory's craftsmanship is based in division and automation of labor: there is someone who is paid to do each step or make each part. The need to perform every operation to a high standard is not unlike an Olympic athletic performance: make one single mistake and you fall short of the goal. To aim so high is an exceedingly demanding, and noble, effort. For perfectly good reasons the concerns a factory and a hand maker bring to their work are markedly different. There is nothing wrong with a factory maker's desire to sell goods to the public but each user will treat the product with different degrees of care under different circumstances as well as at distinct geographical locations, so the product must be able to hold up against these unpredictable conditions. It is the factory's concern that these goods not come back to plague its warranty department with problems and repair work. To ensure this, their products are substantially overbuilt. Hand makers are concerned with making sensitive, responsive tools for users who are fairly certain to treat these with some care. These goods can therefore deliberately be made more delicate and fragile. The factory cannot afford to make fragile, commodities, for every increment of fragility a certain damages can be predicted. The hand maker, on the other hand, cannot afford to overbuild their goods: they would be the same as the factory version but at a higher price, and they would fail to have that extra dimension of responsiveness which makes them attractive to the buyer. Machines will do the same operation, repeatedly, to the identical level of precision; there are no bad days or sick days, and they don't get fatigued or depressed. Hand work, on the other hand, is forever shaped by fluctuating human factors of energy, attention, concentration and skill. For these reasons, most people believe that machines can produce faster, cleaner, more consistent and more desirable products for the consumer. The question arises, why spend the time wandering a craft fair or searching a hand-made craft website when you can just go to the store and probably pay less? Well, going to that craft fair means supporting a local artist and local industry, getting an item that is a limited edition, and finding a unique gift for someone instead one of a mass produced run of thousands. One has a wider variety of selection and a greater degree of satisfaction is also gained. References: http://www.esomogyi.com/handmade.html http://www.styleforum.net/t/198433/handmade-clothes-vs-factory-made http://bozell.com/thinking/marketing-research/return-to-handmade/ http://www.etsyrain.com/article/misplaced-truth-about-handmade

What Is Job Satisfaction? What Factors Are Involved In It? Job satisfaction is a concept derived from the workers perspective in the corporate world. Job satisfaction is the level of contentment a person feels regarding his or her job. This feeling is based on an individual's perception of satisfaction. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a person's ability to complete required tasks, the level of communication in an organization, and the way management treats employees. There are often two different levels of job satisfaction: affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction. Affective job satisfaction is a person's emotional feeling toward the job as a whole. Cognitive job satisfaction is how satisfied a person feels concerning an aspect of his or her job, such as pay, hours, or benefits. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, e.g. the quality of one's relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc.. Numerous research results show that there are many factors affecting the job satisfaction. There are particular demographic traits (age, education level, tenure, position, marital status, years in service, and hours worked per week) of employees that significantly affect their job satisfaction. Satisfying factors motivate workers while dissatisfying ones prevent. Motivating factors are achievement, recognition, the job conducted, responsibility, promotion and the factors related to the job itself for personal development. Motivating factors in the working environment result in the job satisfaction of the person while protective ones dissatisfy him/her. Maslow connects the creation of the existence of people's sense of satisfaction with the maintenance of the classified needs. These are: physiological needs (eating, drinking, resting, etc.), security needs (pension, health insurance, etc.), the need to love (good relations with the environment, friendship, fellowship, to love and to be loved), need to self-esteem (self-confidence, recognition, adoration, to be given importance, status, etc.) need of self-actualization (maximization of the latent[potential] power and capacity, development of abilities, etc.) . Insufficient education, inability to select qualified workers for the job, lack of communications, lack of job definitions, all affect job satisfaction negatively. It has been asserted that participating in the management, having the decision making power, independence on the job and the unit where the individual works, have positive impact upon the job satisfaction. The job itself (the work conducted), and achievement and recognition at work result in satisfaction while the management policy, relations with the managers and colleagues result in dissatisfaction. Factors related to the job itself such as using talents, creativity, responsibility, recognition have influence on the job satisfaction. Age is one of the factors affecting job satisfaction. Studies conducted in five different countries prove that the elder workers are more satisfied. Kose has also found a meaningful relation between the age and job satisfaction. There is a strong connection between feeling secure and saying one is satisfied with a job. People who state their job is secure have a much larger probability of reporting themselves happy with their work. The difference between the results that the individual desire and those s/he maintained will affect his/her satisfaction. There is a consistent relationship between the professional status and the job satisfaction. High levels of job satisfaction are observed in those professions which are deemed of good standing in the society. The workers usually compare their working conditions with the conditions of the society, under the variable of social conditions. If the social conditions are worse than the individual's working conditions, then this will result in satisfaction of the individual, as the workers deem themselves relatively in good position. References:https://www.boundless.com/management/organizational-behavior/drivers-

behavior/values-influence-on-behavior/
http://www.citehr.com/15086-factors-affecting-job-satisfaction.html#ixzz2NEYJFZzK http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol45/45-03-065.pdf

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing? Outsourcing occurs when a business secures (purchases) products and/or services from a third party, as opposed to producing them in-house. It is the process of assigning a companys business processes to an external agency in lieu of enhancing service quality, driving innovation or deriving benefits of lower labor costs. When outsourced to organizations located in other countries or to foreign subsidiaries, Outsourcing often takes the form of off shoring, also known as offshore outsourcing. Whether a business chooses to outsource on a temporary basis or permanently, the advantages are well worth the decision to do so. Most businesses, which set out to outsource temporarily end up making an ongoing commitment. One of the biggest advantages can be lower personnel costs. By outsourcing job duties to nonemployees, a business does not have to pay consistent wages or offer additional employee benefits. The company may pay lower taxes because independent contractors, the people who complete the outsourced projects, pay their own withholding, social security, and other taxes. Some businesses choose to take their outsourcing one step further by choosing a vendor, located in another part of the world. Doing so typically saves them more money because they end up paying a much lower wage than would be necessary in their home country. Many times, outsourcing speeds up production time. Since the third-party vendor will only be concentrating on one specific task, instead of numerous office duties, actual production time can be greatly increased. An excellent example of this is customer service. When a business outsources its customer service department, it does not have to hire and oversee thirty individual operators. Instead, it can hire one call center, which will perform all needed tasks.Recent studies show that information technology-related tasks are outsourced more than anything else. Other common department functions that are outsourced include: human relations, training, accounting and supply management. Outsourcing gives a business the flexibility to change third-party vendors whenever necessary. This process is not as time-consuming as the normal employee hiring process, because they are not screening individuals, they are considering established companies with proven track records. One of the biggest disadvantages of outsourcing is undesirable results. This is especially true when a company hires a third-party vendor to mass produce a product. In the event that the finished products do not meet quality standards, the manufacturing process must be repeated by a different vendor. Not only is this a waste of time and materials, it can also be very costly for the company who outsourced the project. They are essentially paying twice for the same job. In addition there is always the possibility that the company may lose sales, during this same period because of the lack of available product. The problem with this is a lack of communication. It can be very frustrating for a consumer who is calling in with a customer service issue. When this individual cannot understand the customer service representative they are speaking with, it just causes more frustration and does little to solve the problem. Outsourcing customer service jobs, to foreign countries, is on the rise. Many large corporations including credit card companies, shopping networks and computer manufacturers are making this change. The effects of outsourcing are subjective to the industry and the purpose for which the same was undertaken. However across industries outsourcing is primarily undertaken to enable companies to generate better revenue recognition and to provide them an added competitive differentiator. While done with the best of intentions, outsourcing has a telling effect on quality of products and services delivered as a consequence of this, either enhancing or lowering quality.While there could either be an increase or decrease in the turnaround time while outsourcing, it could also result in improved or decried customer service. Outsourcing, primarily undertaken to provide companies the competitive edge, can also result in easier management and better productivity based on how effectively the process in managed. References: http://www.flatworldsolutions.com/articles/pros-cons-outsourcing.php
http://www.articlesbase.com/management-articles/outsourcing-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing536182.html

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Asking For Components Just In Time? Just-in-time manufacturing was a concept introduced to the United States by the Ford motor company. It works on a demand-pull basis, contrary to hitherto used techniques which worked on a production-push basis. To elaborate further, under just-in-time manufacturing (colloquially referred to as JIT production systems), actual orders dictate what should be manufactured, so that the exact quantity is produced at the exact time it is required. Just-in-time production requires intricate planning, in terms of procurement policies and the manufacturing process, if its implementation is to be a success. While JIT has been implemented with success in many manufacturing firms, the principle may not prove to be equally successful in a strict inventory management context. Its a constant challenge to accurately predict customer demand levels, which tend to fluctuate throughout each business or consumption cycle. Businesses can run the risk of simply being unable to fulfill customer orders on time with a strict JIT inventory management system. However; a modified JIT inventory management system can benefit certain manufacturing or wholesale industries where customer demand is highly predictable. Adopting Just-In-Time Manufacturing Systems has certain advantages such as it keeps stock holding costs to a bare minimum. The release of storage space results in better utilization of space and thereby bears a favorable impact on the rent paid and on any insurance premiums that would otherwise need to be made. As under this technique, only essential stocks are obtained, less working capital is required, to finance procurement. Here, a minimum re-order level is set, and only once that mark is reached fresh stocks are ordered, making this a boon to inventory management too. Due to the afore-mentioned low level of stocks held, the organizations return on investment (referred to as ROI, in management parlance) would generally be high. Still a jit/jis procuration brings some disadvantages for all those involved along, which has to be taken into consideration before production is changed. For the company concerned a jit/jis production leads for example to a clearly higher amount of vulnerability towards crises if there is a disruption in the process of production. As final depots are missing even short-term production problems cannot be solved by stock levels, but already lead to a limitation of the ability of delivery towards the final customer. This makes the importance of a precise planning and controlling of all jit/jis production processes obvious.Through external material procuration from only on supplier the orderer has todepend totally on him and has to rely on his delivery in time and his reliability. In caseof traffic jams or other delivery difficulties this can easily cause a decline or even ahold up in production, as for example the American automobile manufacturer General motors had to experience because of the insolvency of his supplier Delphi. To prevent this danger and to reduce the dependency to suppliers companies with jit/jis production systems refer to more than one supplier for the same parts and consider in their planning at least little time or storage buffers. Still a risk for the companies remains, as because of the constant exchange of information with the suppliers company secrets may be revealed.Even from the external suppliers point of view a jit/jisdelivery involves risks which are not to neglect and certain requirements: the constant exchange of information is very elaborative for the external supplier, too, as it implies a faultless working itsystem. The dependency from the orderer and the aligned liability to crises because of the extreme differentiation is not to be underestimated. Usually an extreme flexibility and constant readiness to deliver is asked from him and leads in case of non-compliance to high conventional punishments.Other costs are for the external supplier perhaps relatively high, too, because of theguaranteed above-average quality standard of his products and the additional storage costs with various assemblies. The storage costs are in case of jit/jis procuration transferred from the large concerns to the often relatively small external suppliers, which always have to have a great number of single parts for the needed assemblies available. References:http://www.cce-gmbh.biz/attachments/File/205-207_Publication_20-Nov-2007_Herlay.pdf http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/just_in_time_manufacturing.htm

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lean Production? Lean manufacturing is when a company is trying to use less of everything in the production of their goods compared to the mass production. In other words it is a way to help companies reduce the amount of waste they use and achieve their targeted productivity by introduction some different tools and techniques. This includes using less human effort, less manufacturing space, and less investment tools to develop a new product. Lean production is closely associated with the Japanese production methods that are now widely adopted throughout much of the industrialized world. Although lean manufacturing is fast becoming the latest fad in the twenty first century, there are some pros and cons to the lean manufacturing techniques to consider before implementing them in your company. The overall objective of this production method is to produce quality output with fewer resourcesthat is less waste and duplication. Leans mean cutting out anything in the production process that adds complexity, cost and time, and does not add value to the customer. The seven main sources of waste in industry have been identified as excessive transportation of components and products, excessive stockholding, too much movement by working people e.g. to get supplies of components, waiting delays in the production process, overproduction i.e. producing ahead of demand, over-processing which includes making goods that are too complex as they could have been designed more simply and defects products that do not come up to quality standards. In order to overcome these wastes lean production is applicable and is of great advantage. Some advantages of lean production method are that it minimizes the overhead fixed cost to thirty percent. It also reduces operational costs, targets to boost restore and raise the competitiveness of a company. Lean manufacturing aims to eliminate most if not all forms of waste. Many experts claim that by implementing lean manufacturing techniques and strategies reduce the manufacturing time. As manufacturing lead time is lowered, it is the hope that the operational costs incurred from the use of energy will also be significantly reduced. Lean manufacturing not only helps companies maintain and increase their profits and earning but also helps them generate a little more savings as the costs are lower. On the other hand there are some disadvantages associated with this production method. In order to make lean manufacturing completely successful company must have the support of everyone from employees to upper management. This can sometimes be difficult to attain as some people do not take well to change. When trying to implement lean manufacturing one must have leaders within your company that can direct teams. These must be people with a good rapport and are well liked with employees as well as management. As is the case with all businesses, there are personality clashes and sometimes it is hard to get people to follow and take orders from their co-workers. Training for lean manufacturing is a constant ongoing process, and when first starting out it takes a lot of time and effort on everyone's part. You may find that employees get sick of all the "new stuff" and just want to go back to how things were, or you yourself might get tired of everything. Lean production is a prominent manufacturing philosophy that is based on customer-focused process improvements. The key idea is to increase value to customers while reducing the number of resources consumed and cycle times via waste elimination. As with any business management theory, there are a number of advantages and disadvantages that must be balance for each organisation.The advantages definitely outweigh the disadvantages when it comes to lean manufacturing techniques, but it really depends on how you want your company to run. Weigh out all the options before deciding what is best for your company. Experts have estimated that if lean manufacturing techniques are adopted correctly, it will help companies reduce the requirement for physical floor space by about five to thirty percent. References: Cambridge International AS and A Level Business Studies (2nd edition) by Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson
http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5418429_advantages-disadvantages-lean-production.html?oo=41647924 http://www.lean.org/whatslean/

How Can Total Quality Management, Continuous Improvement, Bench Marking And Business Process Reengineering Be Used For The Enhancement Of Work Efficiency?
Before determining how these terms can enhance work efficiency, it is important to define them. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach to quality that aims to involve all employees in the quality-improvement process. It is based on the principle that everyone within a business has a contribution to make to the overall quality of the finished product or service. Whereas Continuous Improvement that is a meaning of Japanese term Kaizen, has an idea that all workers have something to contribute to improving the way their business operates and the way the product is made. Benchmarking on the other hand involves management identifying the best firms in the industry and then comparing the performance standards including quality- of these businesses with those of their own business. Business process reengineering (BPR) is a management approach aiming at improvements by means of elevating efficiency and effectiveness of the processes and systems that exists within and across organizations. The process starts with the study of the processes and measuring the performance with respect to cost, quality, service, and speed etc. The key indicators for BPR include poor financial performance, external competition, and erosion of market share or emerging market opportunities. Total Quality Management is not a technique but a philosophy of quality being everyones responsibility.TQM aims to cut the costs of defective products by encouraging all staff to get it right first time and to achieve zero defects. This is in contrast to traditional inspected quality methods that considered quality control as being a cost centre of the business. Under TQM if quality is improved and guaranteed then reject costs should fall and he demand or the products rises over time. However TQM will only work effectively if everyone in the firm is committed to the idea. It cannot just be introduced into one section of a business if defective products coming from other sections are not reduced. The philosophy requires a commitment from senior management to allow the workforce authority and empowerment as TQM will not operate well in a rigid and authoritarian structure. Kaizen or continuous improvement involves setting standards and then continually improving those standards. To support the higher standards Kaizen also involves providing the training, materials and supervision that is needed for employees to achieve the higher standards and maintain their ability to meet those standards on an ongoing basis. Everyone is encouraged to come up with small improvement suggestions on a regular basis. This is not a once a month or once a year activity. It is continuous. Japanese companies, such as Toyota and Canon, a total of 60 to 70 suggestions per employee per year are written down, shared and implemented. In most cases these are not ideas for major changes. Kaizen is based on making little changes on a regular basis: always improving productivity, safety and effectiveness while reducing waste. Suggestions are not limited to a specific area such as production or marketing. Kaizen is based on making changes anywhere that improvements can be made. The Kaizen philosophy is to "do it better, make it better, and improve it even if it isn't broken, because if we don't, we can't compete with those who do." Benchmarking is a faster and cheaper way of solving problems than firms attempting to solve production or quality problems without external comparisons. The areas of greatest significance for customers are identified and action can be directed to improving these. It is a process that can assist firm to increase international competitiveness. Comparisons between firms in different industries, for example customer service departments in a retailer compared with a bank, can encourage a useful crossover of ideas. If the workforce is in the comparison exercise, then their participation can lead to better ideas for improvement and increased motivation. Business Process Reengineering (BRP) must be accompanied by strategic planning, which must address leveraging IT as a competitive tool, placing the customer at the center of the reengineering effort -- concentrate on reengineering fragmented processes that lead to delays or other negative impacts on customer service.BPR must be "owned" throughout the organization, not driven by a group of outside consultants. Case teams must be comprised of both managers as well as those will actually do the work. The IT group should be an integral part of the reengineering team from the start.BPR must be sponsored by top executives, who are not about to leave or retire.

References: Cambridge International AS and A Level Business Studies (2nd edition) by Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson
Read more at: http://www.graphicproducts.com/tutorials/kaizen/index.php#ixzz2NFuoiN2u

What Are The Secrets Of Time Management? There is no one secret to time management. In fact, there are three time management secrets. They are easy to learn and remember. The hard part is making yourself use them consistently. Do that, however, and you will master the time management secrets and you will get more done - in your business and in your life. There are three key elements of time management. You have to focus first on using your limited amount of time on the most important things. You have to use that time efficiently. And you have to actually do those things instead of just talking or thinking about them. Perhaps the most important of the time management secrets is to do the right things first. It's easy to lose focus and spend a lot of time on things that are urgent, but not important. The trick is to stay focused on the important things and not waste your limited amount of time on anything else. The 80/20 Rule, also known as Pareto's Principle, says that 20 percent of something always are responsible for 80 percent of the results. For example, twenty percent of the products will have eighty percent of the flaws. This article explains the rule in more detail and tells how you can use it to more effectively manage time and many different aspects of your life. You can save time by knowing when to step in and when to hang back if an employee has a problem. Managers need to let employees make their own mistakes so they can learn from them. We can train them and advise them, but actual experience is often the best teacher. A good manager, therefore, will hang back and resist the impulse to jump in every time an employee encounters difficulty. One time you can't hang back is the difficult employee. Many managers struggle with managing difficult employees. You may be tempted to not deal with them and hope the situation will get better on its own. It won't. These types of tasks will take less time if you address them immediately instead of waiting and then having to spend more time on them later. Even when you master the time management secret of only working on the important tasks, you still need to be efficient with your time if you want to get everything done. You Can't Really Multi-task. I used to be a major fan of multi-tasking, but I've become a convert to "chunking". The name isn't as exciting, but the results are impressive. Use Chunking Instead of Multi-tasking and you will get more done in less time. Many people try using to do lists to help them with time management. Still there somehow never seems to be enough hours in the day to get everything done. You have to use a to do list that helps you stick with your priorities. Here is the system that has worked for me. It can work for you too. One final key to using your time efficiently is to not take on more than you can handle. Many times, that means knowing when to say no to your boss. You know the importance of doing the right things first and you are good at using your time efficiently. But neither of those will do you any good without the third time management secret - you have to actually get things done. It is not enough to know what to do, to think about doing something, or to talk about doing it. You have to actually get things done. Don't let "analysis paralysis" keep you from getting things done. Planning is an important part of the job we do, but it is not an end goal. Dont let process get in the way of results. Do your planning, but don't lose sight of the need to get the job done. There are three time management secrets. Focus first on the most important things. Use time efficiently. And actually get things done. The more you use these, the more you will get done of what really matters. References: http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/04/12/time-management-secrets-anyone-canuse/ http://management.about.com/od/yourself/a/TimeManagementSecrets.htm

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What Does An Advertising Agency Do? What Advertising Campaigns Are Famous In Pakistan? The advertising agency is the second important component of the advertising spectrum. If the advertiser is the originator of the entire process, the advertising agency is the instrument through which advertising is conceived and planned by advertising specialists, working as a team to render advisory and creative services to advertisers in planning and preparing advertisements, and in placing and checking them, on a fee or commission basis. Traditionally, a media agency strategically plans where and when your advertising and marketing message should appear. The agency, ideally, helps you buy the space and puts your message on it. Today, media agencies have evolved beyond that definition and morphed into communications agencies meaning they do a lot more than just tell you where to put your message or when to put it. Today, because consumers have changed the way marketers plan their strategies, and have adapted so many new channels mostly due to the advances in digital agencies have to have multiple efficiencies, including strategic planning, buying clout, social media muscle, content development, mobile media versatility and more. Media agencies worldwide are fast acquiring, hiring, renting, even, content creation talents or agencies to become a complete solutions provider for their clients. Thats the nature of how todays consumers use and dependence on digital focused channels of communications have changed the way media planning agencies behave in the ecosystem. You cannot put your head in the sand (and theres lots of it around here) and stay in a silo. Media agencies first of all need to understand their clients business needs, understand the market dynamics and be able to focus the message to consumers via channels that best resonate with the target audience. Beyond that, media agencies bring efficiency to their clients across media planning and negotiation points as they have the specific expertise, volume leverage and theoretically deliver economies of scale and reduce per media booking transaction cost. None of us can deny the crucial importance of advertising in today's business environment is undoubtedly immense. No firm can sit back and watch their competitors take over the market. The right time to launch a product is an essential factor to decide the fate of a new launch. Marketing strategies govern the success of products and advertising forms the subset of a marketing plan. Some of the best advertising campaigns n Pakistan which are remembered till today and have caught great attention include Ufone telecommunication network, soap advertisements such as of Lux, Safe guard and many others. Some other famous campaigns include Habib Bank Limited, Dalda Cooking Oil-mobile, Jazz, Branded lawns including Nishat linen, Asim Jofa and many others. Today, media agencies will help you plan how you play in the social media space, they will help you market your brand on Search engine pages (SEM), they will put your message inside taxicabs, organize events, do mail-drops at door steps, send out emailers, write on the sky or the beach, blog, post on facebook, manage your website, put pretty girls with handouts in a shopping mall and almost any other way you can think of communicating. Effective, attractive and yet simple advertising campaign can do wonders for multinational as well local companies around the globe. The different comparative socio-cultural studies can be instrumental to rectify the fallacies in one advertising messages/ads. To be precise, the glory and downfall lies in the hands of advertising team.

Reference: http://www.bhavesads.com/advertisement/what-does-advertising-agency-do.php http://www.innovationsdigital.com/2011/07/what-does-a-media-agency-do/

Read more at : http://www.buzzle.com/articles/successful-advertising-campaigns.html

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What Causes Tornadoes? A tornado is a rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes are capable of 250 MPH wind speeds, cutting a swath of destruction in excess of one mile width and dozens of miles in length. If you see a dark, greenish sky or a wall cloud and hail, you might be getting a tornado. If you have something that sounds like a freight train, you definitely are. Tornado conditions are caused when different temperatures and humidity meet to form thunderclouds. In the United States, warm, wet winds from the Gulf of Mexico move northward in spring and summer, meeting colder, dry Canadian winds moving southward. The place where these two winds meet is called a dry line. High, dry air coming from the north piles on top of low-moving, moist Gulf air at a height of over 10,000 feet. The warm southern winds try to rise, but the cold northern air blocks them. This clash causes the warm, trapped air to rotate horizontally between the two air masses. At the same time, the sun heats the earth below, warming more air that continues to try and rise. Finally, the rising warm wind becomes strong enough to force itself up through the colder air layer. When this occurs, the cold air on top begins to sink, sending the rising warm wind spinning upward. The warm winds rotate faster and faster in a high column. When the updraft is strong, the column can rise to heights of 10 miles or more, twisting at speeds of up to 100 miles an hour. The rotating winds produce strong storm clouds about 70,000 feet high, sometimes spreading 10 miles wide. This storm system may stay intact for several hours, at which point its thunderclouds are known as super cells. These storm clouds can send down an inch of rain in a mere ten minutes or shower the ground with baseball-sized hailstones. Super cells can accumulate into huge clusters, forming a line almost 100 miles long, which can then develop into mesocyclones.

References:

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/what-causes-

tornadoes http://www.science20.com/news_articles/what_causes_tornadoes

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Why Do We Sleep?

While we may not often think about why we sleep, most of us acknowledge at some level that sleep makes us feel better. We feel more alert, more energetic, happier, and better able to function following a good night of sleep. However, the fact that sleep makes us feel better and that going without sleep makes us feel worse only begins to explain why sleep might be necessary. One way to think about the function of sleep is to compare it to another of our life-sustaining activities: eating. Hunger is a protective mechanism that has evolved to ensure that we consume the nutrients our bodies require to grow, repair tissues, and function properly. And although it is relatively easy to grasp the role that eating serves given that it involves physically consuming the substances our bodies needeating and sleeping are not as different as they might seem. Both eating and sleeping are regulated by powerful internal drives. Going without food produces the uncomfortable sensation of hunger, while going without sleep makes us feel overwhelmingly sleepy. And just as eating relieves hunger and ensures that we obtain the nutrients we need, sleeping relieves sleepiness and ensures that we obtain the sleep we need. Still, the question remains: Why do we need sleep at all? Is there a single primary function of sleep, or does sleep serve many functions? Scientists have explored the question of why we sleep from many different angles. They have examined, for example, what happens when humans or other animals are deprived of sleep. In other studies, they have looked at sleep patterns in a variety of organisms to see if similarities or differences among species might reveal something about sleep's functions. Yet, despite decades of research and many discoveries about other aspects of sleep, the question of why we sleep has been difficult to answer. The lack of a clear answer to this challenging question does not mean that this research has been a waste of time. In fact, we now know much more about the function of sleep, and scientists have developed several promising theories to explain why we sleep. In light of the evidence they have gathered, it seems likely that no single theory will ever be proven correct. Instead, we may find that sleep is explained by two or more of these explanations. The hope is that by better understanding why we sleep, we will learn to respect sleep's functions more and enjoy the health benefits it affords.

References: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120228-why-do-we-need-to-sleep http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v3/n12/full/nn1200_1225.html

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My Ideal Workplace Most of us are taught from an early age that if we work hard, get a good education and stay positive we will find the perfect job. However, no one tells us what that perfect job is. I know I have gone through phases of life whereas I wanted to be a doctor, a lawyer, a CEO and everyone once in a while I simply want to be a lottery winner. I have come to the realization that the perfect job is subjective and very much dependent upon the phase in your life. With that said, while the title of the job may change throughout ones life the ideal work environment is consistently determined by the motivational elements in each role. The idea of an ideal workplace is as unique as each person who is alive on Earth. Each of us has our own idea of what can and does make us achieve our goals. However, an employer can provide a conducive work environment that majority of us looks for. While everyone who is working dreams of an ideal workplace. To me, an ideal workplace is a place where every employee is Growing and able to Contribute meaningfully to the organization in a big way. However, this is the basic necessity for an organization to become an ideal workplace. The workplace must provide safety and security at all times. Fearful employees while working, produce adverse performance one cannot concentrate well. The workplace should be airy and must have good ventilation as a poorly ventilated place can make employees drowsy which is turn affect their performance. The workplace should provide each employee with a comfortable seat to sit, keeping in mind the general safety to reduce the chances of getting injured. There must be certain extramural activities for employees to boost their morale, and improve their relationship with another. When employees can relate well with each other, they can perform better. The organization should come with certain programs that help employees to stay healthy for as many days as possible in order to reduce absenteeism. With less absenteeism, work will be more manageable for a person and if there is a cafeteria, employees must be served healthy and hygienic food. It takes a very special kind of organization to create such an environment that is conducive yet challenging for the employees. Having a job is not enough, employees need to grow and thrive. The employer needs to discover the staffs abilities and create opportunities for employees to learn and progress. The organization to follow fair practices at work to show that company nurtures its employees with trusts to deliver the product or service.There should be no ego in looking for the best practices to create an ideal workplace. But then when we have Senior Management who thinks they know it all, the scope of improvement is limited.

References: http://www.jobdig.com/articles/460/Describe_Your_Ideal_Work_Environment.html http://www.jobsite.co.uk/worklife/your-ideal-work-place-28/

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How Does A Shark Hunt? Sharks ask anyone about dangerous fish and they always bring up sharks. The word strikes fear in the hearts of many men. In a few cases it is true, in most it is not. Sharks are unpredictable, scavengers, continuously on the hunt for food, when they take a bite, there is massive tissue loss from a crescent shaped wound. There is always severe primary shock. Shark attacks on swimmers are infrequent. Some researchers state the odds of getting attacked by a shark are the same as getting hit by lighting. All shark bites are created equal, it is only the size that varies. The rule of thumb concerning shark bites is "the bigger the shark the bigger the bite". A small 2 foot surf shark can make a bite the size of a hamburger. All sharks have common characteristics and range in size from 1 foot to over 25 feet long. They have an extremely large mouth, with multiple rows of sharp teeth and extremely powerful jaw muscles. When a shark bites, it hangs on with a characteristic shaking of the head, side to side, crushing bone and ripping soft tissue. A single bite may be immediately fatal. Pre-attack behavior by most sharks is moderately predictable. They start by swimming with an exaggerated motion, and their pectoral fins point down instead of out. Swimming in decreasing size circles around its intended prey. As a rule divers should believe an attack may be imminent if a shark assumes an unnatural posture. Sharks have attacked without any preattack behavior. Sharks will follow schools of fish and fishing boats. They most often feed at dusk and dawn, but will feed anytime. After dark, they have a tendency to move toward shore. Since most fish are more active at night sharks generally feed at night. They first locate their pray by smell or sound. They will investigate large objects in the water, but will not always attack. They rarely jump out of the water as the movies imply, but the Great White will more often than any other. Nearly all shark attacks occur between 8:00 AM and 6:00 PM and during the weekend, NOT because of the shark's daily activity cycles, but because these are the times of the day when people are in the water. Shark bites occur more frequently in murky water. They are attracted by lights, noise, or splashing, and smell. For these reasons surface swimming should be kept to a minimum, in shark waters. Research shows that bright colors attract sharks more than dark objects, so it is better for divers to wear dark colors. Blood in the water can attract sharks from long distances. They can sense blood in the water in concentrations as little as 4 parts per million. Bleeding into the water by a diver or swimmer may not go unnoticed. Most attacks occur in near shore waters, typically inshore of a sandbar or between sandbars where sharks feed and can become trapped at low tide. Areas with steep dropoffs are also likely attack sites. Sharks congregate there because their natural food items also congregate in these areas. Slash Shark Wounds There are three major kinds of unprovoked shark attacks. By far the most common are "hit and run" attacks. These typically occur in the surf zone with swimmers and surfers the normal targets. The victim seldom sees his attacker and the shark does not return after inflicting a single bite or slash wound. "Bump and Bite" attacks and "sneak" attacks, while less common, result in greater injuries and most fatalities. These types of attack usually involve divers or swimmers in somewhat deeper waters, but occur in near shore shallows in some areas of the world. "Bump and bite" attacks are characterized by the shark initially circling and often bumping the victim prior to the actual attack. "Sneak" attacks differ in having the strike occurs without warning. In both cases, unlike the pattern for "hit and run" attacks, repeat attacks are not uncommon and multiple or sustained bites are the norm. Injuries incurred during this type of attack are usually quite severe, frequently resulting in death. Most shark attacks involving sea disasters, e.g. plane and ship accidents, probably involve "bump and bite" and "sneak" attacks. References: http://www.livescience.com/4486-sharks-strange-trick-hunt-prey.html http://www.rescuediver.org/rescue-tech/sharks.htm

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