Charpy-Impact Test
Practical Report
Abstract
This report seeks to show and explain the results of an experiment that was conducted. In the experiment two different types of metals specimens were tested at different temperatures. The aim was to determine their brittle to ductile transition temperatures. The two types of materials being tested were Aluminium and Mild Steel. The test used to conduct the experiment was the Charpy Impact test according to ASTM 23. The Charpy test calculates a materials ability to absorb energy. This ability is linked to ductility. The specimens as expected proved to be more ductile at high temperatures and less ductile at low temperatures.
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Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... iv 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Aim ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Historical Background .................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 3.0 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 2 Experimental Set-up .................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Apparatus ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Method ......................................................................................................................................... 5 4.0 Discussion and Interpretation of Results .................................................................................... 8
4.1 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1.1 Steel (EN 3) ............................................................................................................................. 8 4.1.2 Aluminium .............................................................................................................................. 8 4.2 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................................................... 9 4.2.1 Mild Steel ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.2.2 Aluminium .............................................................................................................................. 9 4.2.3 Aluminium vs. Mild Steel ..................................................................................................... 10 5.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 11
References............................................................................................................................................. 12
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 Brittle-Ductile Transition Behaivour .............................................................. 2 Figure 2 U and V notched Specimen Dimensions ...................................................... 3 Figure 3 Types of Fractures ....................................................................................... 4 Figure 4 Charpy Impact Tester ................................................................................... 5 Figure 5 Experimental Set Up Apparatus ................................................................... 6 Figure 6 Notch Position and Dimensions ................................................................... 6 Figure 7 Initial and impact position ............................................................................. 7 Figure 8 Mild Steel Brittle-Ductile Transition .............................................................. 8 Figure 9 Aluminium Brittle-Ductile Transition ............................................................. 9 Figure 10 Mild Steel Specimens ................................................................................. 9 Figure 11 Aluminium Specimens .............................................................................. 10
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List of Tables
Table 1 Notch Dimensions ......................................................................................... 3 Table 2 EN 3 Impact Test Results .............................................................................. 8 Table 3 Aluminium Test Results ................................................................................. 8
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aim
The aim of the test is determine or measure toughness of materials, the impact loading and multi axial stress states through energy differences. The objective is to indicate or show how the material or specimen being tested will respond to a suddenly applied shock or stress. All this is achieved by measuring the energy absorbed in breaking the piece. This is a destructive mechanical test that uses a pendulum hammer [1].
There are two different types of the Charpy impact test. First type uses a V-notch specimen, where the specimen is notched with a 2mm deep 45 angle with the notches bottom radius at 0.25mm as shown in Figure 6. The second type is uses a U-notch specimen, where the specimen is notched as shown in Figure 2 and Table 1 below.
A highly ductile specimen facture is expected to neck down to a point as shown in Figure 3(a) below. A brittle fracture is expected to break without any plastic deformation as shown in Figure 3(c) below. A moderate ductile fracture is expected to produce a rough plastic deformation as shown in Figure 3(b) below.
Figure 3 Types of Fractures
Ductile materials are materials that have the property of Ductility. Ductility is a measure of a materials ability to be stretched or drawn [4]. In relation to toughness, tough materials are materials that can withstand an impact without breaking and ductile materials are materials that will bend or distort without breaking when impacted since toughness is the energy required to fracture a given volume of material [4]. Brittleness on the other hand is the tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon the application of a relatively small amount of force, impact, or shock which is the opposite of toughness [1].
3.2 Method
i. The aluminium and mild steel specimens were cooled to temperatures of -50 by being placed inside a glass beaker as shown in Figure 5 below with ethanol and having liquid nitrogen poured inside the beaker.
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After the temperature of the specimens was tested with the thermocouple shown in Figure 5 and found to be -50 the specimen would be immediately moved by a tong to the impact tester where it would be tested.
iii. iv.
The machine was then set up to be ready for the test by zeroing its scale and moving the pendulum hummer to its starting position. Each specimen was placed on the testing machines anvil and counter bearings using tongs due to the low temperatures. It was then centred, with the notch facing away from the hammer as shown in Figure 6 below.
Figure 6 Notch Position and Dimensions
v.
The pendulum was then released and it hit the specimen on the un-notched side through the counter bearings with one blow as shown in Figure 7 below.
The energy value displayed on the scale was recorded. The pendulum was then set up to its initial position again for the next test. This procedure was repeated for all the specimens at their different temperatures (-50 to 50). To raise the temperature of the other specimens to the higher temperatures boiling hot water was used or poured to the ethanol, liquid nitrogen mixture. Before each test enough time was allowed for the whole specimen to be at the desired temperature. The fractured surface would then be examined after each test. All in all 10 tests were conducted, 5 for the aluminium specimens and 5 for the mild steel specimens.
Figure 8 Mild Steel Mild Steel Brittle-Ductile Transition Brittle to Ductile Transition 16 52.1, 15 14 12
-60
-40
Temperature()
4.1.2 Aluminium Table 3 Aluminium Test Results Temperature() Energy(kgf.m) -48.9 3 -24.4 2.8 -0.5 2.8 27.4 2.8 49.5 3
-48.9, 3
49.5, 3
4.2.2 Aluminium The aluminium specimen shown in FIGURE below showed almost no brittle to ductile transition during its five tests as shown in Table 3 above. In fact there was
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very little change in its ability to absorb impact energy throughout the tests and this behaviour was not expected. All materials are expected to behave differently under different temperatures. This lack of change shows that aluminiums toughness remains the same regardless of the temperature. Due to lack of time and experimental constraints it was impossible test the aluminium at temperatures way higher than 50 and lower than -50, but from the results in Table 3 one can see that extrapolation would yield the same results. According to the results in Table 3 aluminium will fail at the same impact load regardless of the temperature. When looking at Figure 9 our expectation was not met as the experiment failed to yield results that can help determine aluminiums brittle to ductile transition temperature. 4.2.3 Aluminium vs. Mild Steel Mild steel proved to be tougher than aluminium at high temperatures but more brittle at lower temperatures. This leads to a recommendation that one should use mild steel at high temperatures over aluminium if that person is looking for a tougher material. At temperatures below 0 this is the other way, a person should use aluminium over mild steel if toughness is of the main design factors as from the experiment conducted it was proven that aluminium is tougher than steel at such temperatures.
Figure 11 Aluminium Specimens
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5.0 Conclusion
The aim of the experiment was met and the results were satisfactory even though they were partly in line with what was expected. All materials are expected to show a significant change in ductility at different temperatures but during this experiment aluminium proved this theory incorrect. The aluminium absorbed the same amount of energy throughout the experiment even though it was tested at different temperatures. With mild steel the experiment went as expected as there was a change in the materials ability to absorb energy. Mild steel proved to be more ductile at high temperatures and thus absorbed more energy whilst it was brittle at low temperature and thus absorbed less energy. The other finding was that mild steels ability to absorb energy only changes when it is above 0. This means it remains brittle at temperatures below 0 and thus absorbs the same amount of energy.
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References
*1+ BUSINESSDICTIONARY.COM, BUSINESSDICTIONARY.COM, *Online+. Available: http://www.businessdictionaty.com/definition/Charpy-impact-test.html.. *2+ L. Tth, H. Rossmanith, D. Franois and A. Pineau, Historical Background and the Development of the Charpy Test, Elsevier Science Ltd.: 320., Oxford, 2002. *3+ *Online+. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?vtpGhqQvftAo. *4+ K. G. Budinski and M. K. Budinski, Engineering Materials: Proprties and Selection, New Jersey: Pearson, 2010, p. 64. *5+ T. F. Kilduff and J. A. Jacobs, in Engineering Materials Technology, New York, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. *6+ *Online+. Available: http://www.wmtr.com/content/charpy.html.