Arrangement of atoms in metals a) In pure metals, the atoms are all same size.

b) They are arranged in layers as shown in the figure below.

c) When pure metals are hit with hammer, it will slide over each other easily. d) It will change the shape of metals, but the atoms will still in same size. e) They also ductile and malleable as they can be hammered to form any shapes.

Arrangement of Atoms in Alloys

1) Alloys have more than one kind of atoms. These atoms are in different sizes. 2) They are mixed when both metals are in molten state. 3) The layers of atoms of alloys cannot slide over each other because the movement of atoms get jammed up, so they cannot move. 4) They are not ductile and malleable. 5) Ways to arrange the different atoms in alloy: a) Homogeneous alloys in which different atoms are distributed uniformly throughout b) Heterogeneous alloys, different atoms are not distributed uniformly.

Example of alloys Alloys Copper-nickel Brass Bronze Pewter Solder Soft steel Magnaleum Parent metal Cu: 75% Cu: 70% Cu: 90% Sn: 97% Pb: 70% Fe: 99.8% Al: 70% Other metals Ni :25% Zn: 30% Sn: 10% An and Cu: 3% Sn: 30% C: 0.2% Mg: 30% Special properties Hard, shining and lasting Does not corrode easily Very hard and strong Hard and shining Low melting point Malleable and ductile Hard but light Main uses Coins Ship boilers Ship propellers Decoration items and gifs Soldering wires Cables, nails, chains Aircraft structures

Bronze
Copper and nickel Alnico

Polymers @ Meaning of polymer 1) Some macromolecules are formed when a large number of small molecules join together to form a longer or bigger molecules. The small molecules are called monomers. 2) Polymers are large molecules made up of identical repeating subunits of monomers which are joined together by covalent bond. 3) The process called polymerisation

4) There are two main groups of polymers: a) Synthetic polymer b) Natural polymers

Natural polymers Example of natural polymers: a) b) c) d) Rubber Fats in cell Carbohydrate in cells Protein in cells

Natural rubber Polymer a) The monomer called isoprene

Fat Polymer a) Combination of a glycerol molecule with carboxylic acid molecules

Carbohydrate Polymer a) Made up of small sugar molecules joined together. b) Starch and cellulose are polymers so the monomer is glucose .

Protein Polymer

a) The monomers are amino acids b) The simplest amino acids is glycine and alanine

Synthetic Polymer Examples of synthetic polymer: a) b) c) d) e) Polythene Perspex Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) Polystylene Nylon Monomer chloroethene Use Drain pipes, insulation or electric wiring, water-proof clothes, shoes Plastic bags, cups, wrappers Film for packaging, bottles Lenses, window glass Curtain rails, hinges, fibres for clothes, parachutes Fibres for clothes, video tape, plastic bottles Foam drinking cups, insulation furniture As coating non-stick pot Characteristics Tough and flexible

Polymer PVC

Polythene Polypropene Perspex Nylon(polyamide)

Ethylne Propene Methyl 2-methyl propenoate Carboxylic acid

Not easily torn Strong and light Light, strong and stable to sunlight Strong, long-lasting, easy to wash Keep in shape after washing Strong and light Non-reeactive

Terylene(polyester)

Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid Styrene Tefrafluoroethene

Polystyrene Teflon

Synthetic rubber Example of synthetic polymer a) SBR rubber or styrene-butadiene - Made by combining one art of styrene with three parts of butadiene - Polymerisation process called copolymerisation. b) Neoprene - Its monomer called chloroprene - The polymerisation process called additional polymerisation Environmental Pollution from synthetic Polymers Land Pollution a) Disposal of synthetic polymer such as polystyrene and plastic bottles everywhere since they are cheap b) They are non biodegradable so they cannot be broken down c) Plastic materials will be carried to the river and pollute the water Air Pollution a) Burning plastic will cause air pollution b) When PVC burnt, it gives off corrosive gases, and can lead to the acid rain c) Some plastic materials contain carbon and nitrogen. When they are burnt, highly poisonous such as hydrogen cyanide

Greenhouse Effects a) The carbon dioxide gas is given off during burning of polymer rubbish b) Green house can cause: Unpredictable changes in the weather Disruption in agriculture Disruption of crop yieldsReducing Pollution Of Plastics

1) Recycling plastics - Recycling can create new products from disposed plastics - A pile of empty soda bottles can be turns to synthetic wood 2) Using biodegradable plastics - By mixing plastic with biodegradable materials, plastics can be decomposed 3) Disintegrate plastics by pyrolysis - Plastics can be disintegrate by heating at a temperature between 400-800 C. This will prevent toxic gases from escaping to the atmosphere.

Glass and Ceramics 1) Sand is mixed with limestone can be melted into a thick and hot liquid 2) When sand is heated to about 1600, it flows like a thick liquid 3) If this liquid cools, it forms clear, solid material is called glass

Type Fuse silica glass

Composition SiO2: 99%

Use Laboratory glass apparatus, mirrors

Soda-lime glass

SiO2: 75% Na2O: 15% CaO: 10%

Windows, mirrors, bottles

Borosilicate

SiO2(60-80)% B2O3: (10-25)% Na2O: (3)% Al2O3: (1)%

Used as cooking glassware, laboratory apparatus

Optical glass

SiO2: 100%

Lenses in cameras

Lead-crystal glass

SiO2: 55% PbO: 30% K2O: :10% Na2O:3% A;2O3: 2%

Bowls, vases and decorative glasses

Properties - Very high melting point 1700 - Transparent to ultraviolet and infrared light - Not easily cracked -Melting point: 700C - Easily broken when temperature changes too fast - Transmit visible but absorb UV radiation -Low thermal expansion - transparent to visible and infrared light - can withstand high temperature Low thermal expansion - transparent to wide range of wavelengths -Melting point: 600% - High density - High index of refraction

General properties of glass a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Transparent or translucent Hard Brittle Non reactive to chemicals Good heat insulators Good electric insulators Easy to clean Not porous

General Uses Of Glass Use Scientific equipments Household equipment Industrial equipment Building materials Example Test tube, beakers, burettes Glass, bowls, lamps Bulb, glass tubes, optical fibres, television Window panes, mirror

Ceramics Meaning of ceramics a) Made from clays such as kaolin, contains silicates such as aluminium and silicates b) Ceramics are hardened at high temperature

Composition of ceramics a) The main composition of kaolin is aluminosilate ( Al2O3, 2SiO2, 2H2O) b) This compound contain aluminium, silicon and oxygen c) Silicone is added to kaolin when making porcelain

General uses of Ceramics a) b) c) d) e) f) Store food Protect food from moisture Roofing tiles Bricks Sewer pipes Used as insulators in light fixtures and in electric equipment

General properties of ceramics a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Hard and strong Brittle Cannot be compressed Resist moisture Do not conduct electricity Do not conduct heat Can withstand with very high temperature

Composite Materials Meaning of composite materials Composite materials are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different substances Components Steel bars and concrete Uses Used in construction industry such as houses, buildings Yttrium oxide,(Y2O3), Usd in superconductors to barium carbonate( BaCO3), make magnets and copper(II) oxide (CuO) electronic chips Silica SiO2, sodium Used in optic fibres carbonate Na2CO3, calcium oxide, CaO Polyester resin glass Sports equipment such as tennis, boat hulls, model chair Glass and silver chloride or Photochromic glass used silver bromide to make spectacles

Composite Materials Reinforced concrete

Superconductor

Optic fibres

Composite of glass fibres

Photochromic glass

Composite Materials Reinforced concrete

Original Components Concrete

Properties of original components -Low tensile strength, good compression strength - Good tensile strength -Non conductor(electric) -Extremely high resistance to electricity Not transparent

Properties of composite materials Very strong, Good compression, do not rust

Steel

Superconductor

Yttrium oxide, barium carbonate, copper(II) oxide

Fibre optic

Fibre glass

Silica, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide -Polyester resins -Glass - glass - Silver chloride or silver bromide

Very good conductor, almost no resistance to electricity at low temperature Transparent

Photochromic glass

-Inflammable, soft, light, weak -brittle but strong -Transparent but not sensitive to the intensity of light rays -Sensitive to the intensity of light rays

Strong and light but not brittle and not easily burnt Transparent, and sensitive of light rays

References

1) Module Teaching& Learning Chemistry Form 4 ( Wan Noor Afifah Wan Yusoff) 2) Nexus SPM Chemistry ( Toh Kim Kau)