System
(AS Revision)
Name:
Tutor:
The Respiratory
Clayesmore School
System
You should have revised the following work
before attempting these questions:
1.
2.
Clayesmore School
3.
Minute ventilation is defined as the volume of air inspired or expired in one minute.
Sketch a graph below to show the minute ventilation of a swimmer completing a 20minute submaximal swim. Show minute ventilation:
m
i n u t e
v e n t i la t i o
( L / m
i 1n 0) 0
r e
s t
t im
( m
in
s w i m
t e s )
[4]
4.
The figure below shows oxygen diffusing into the blood stream and being transported
in the blood to the working muscles.
O
O
il la
l i
l u
c a
l v e
t o
2
w o r k in g
m
u s c le s
v ia
e a
r y
Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a greater amount of
oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise.
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[4]
Clayesmore School
r t
5.
During exercise the mechanics of breathing allow for greater volumes of air to be
inhaled per breath.
Describe how the mechanisms of neural control cause changes to the mechanics of
breathing during exercise.
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6.
7.
Explain the effects of altitude on the respiratory system and how these effects impact
on the performance of an endurance athlete performing at altitude.
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[5]
8.
Use the information in the table below to help explain the difficulties that an endurance
performer might experience when performing at altitude without a period of
acclimatisation.
Altitude
(height in metres)
Atmospheric pressure
(mmHg)
Sea level
760
159.2
2,000
596
124.9
4,000
462
96.9
[5]
9.
Clayesmore School
10. During prolonged aerobic activity a performer needs to exchange greater amounts of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(i)
(ii)
Explain how the performer is able to exchange greater volumes of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood during exercise.
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[4]
11.
Evaluate critically the impact of long term aerobic training and lifestyle choices on the
efficiency of the respiratory system.
[10]
12.
(a)
With reference to the mechanics of breathing describe how the cyclist is able to
inspire great amounts of oxygen during the training ride.
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[4]
(b)
Describe how carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood into the alveoli during the
training ride.
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[4]
Clayesmore School
(c)
Give reasons why the cyclists performance would decrease when performing at
altitude.
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[4]
13.
How is carbon dioxide diffused from the muscle tissue into the blood during
exercise?
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[4]
(ii)
Identify ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic
performance.
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[2]
(iii)
Why does an increase in carbon dioxide during exercise increase heart rate?
How does this happen?
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[3]
(iv)
Describe how the mechanics of breathing alter during exercise to expire greater
volumes of carbon dioxide.
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[4]
1.
4 marks max:
Definition: (sub max 1)
1.
3.
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4.
5.
(Sub-max 2)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
4 marks max
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.
4 marks max
Prior
1.
2.
During
3.
4.
Recovery
5.
6.
M
i n u t e
v e n t i l a 6 t i0 o
( L / m
i n )
4
5
3
2
1
R
e s t
S
T
I M
( m
i n
i m
t e s )
[4]
Clayesmore School
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4.
4 marks in total
1
5.
5 marks: 1 mark per point. Neural control and inspiration must be visited for
max. No requirement to visit expiration.
Neural control - sub max 3
1
(chemo.)
Chemoreceptors detect decrease in O2 or ppO2 or pH or increase in CO2 or
ppCO2 or carbonic acid or acidity or lactic acid
Accept concentration for ppO2
(prioprio.)
Proprioceptors detect movement or motor activity
Do not accept detect activity
(baro.)
Baroreceptors detect increase in pressure
(thermo.)
Thermoreceptors or temperature receptors detect increase in blood temperature
(RCC)
Messages are sent to the respiratory control centre (RCC) or to the inspiratory
centre (in the medulla oblongata)
Do not accept expiratory Centre or ECC
Inspiration
6
(nerve stimulation)
Increased stimulation of external intercostals (EIM) via intercostal nerve or
diaphragm via phrenic nerve
(SCM et al)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) or scalenes or pectoralis minor contract
Do not accept additional muscles recruited - on own
10
(air in)
More air into lunqs / increased depth of breathing (from rest)
ONLY AWARD IF LINKED WITH MECHANICS OF INSPIRATION (points 6-9)
Do not accept O2 or CO2 or individual gases
Expiration
11
(SRs)
Stretch receptors (in the lungs) stimulate the expiratory centre
Accept Hering-Bruer reflex operates
Do not accept RCC for expiratory centre
12
(active)
Expiration becomes active (rather than passive)
13
(additional muscles)
(these are): internal intercostals / obliaues / transverse abdominus / rectus
abdominus
Do not accept abdominals
14
15
(air out)
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15
6.
5 marks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
More oxygen being used in the muscle cell/decrease in the partial pressure of
oxygen in the muscle
6.
7.
8.
7.
5 marks
Effects of Altitude: Sub max 4 for points 1 9
1.
2.
Partial pressure of oxygen or of ppO2 in the (atmospheric) air or the alveoli is low
or reduced or less (than at sea level)
3.
4.
5.
Less oxygen combines with haemoglobin / haemoglobin not fully saturated (at
lungs) / less oxygen is transported / less oxygen in the blood
Do not accept Less HbO2
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6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
8.
% of oxygen within the air remains the same at sea level and altitude;
at altitude the diffusion gradient between the alveoli and blood is reduced/pp
oxygen in lungs at altitude is lower than pp oxygen in lungs at sea level;
at altitude not as much oxygen moves from alveoli into the blood;
9.
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19
(CO)
Smoking produces (high levels of) carbon monoxide
Do not accept cigarettes contain carbon monoxide
(gas ex)
less efficient gaseous exchange / decreased diffusion gradient of O2 or between
O2 in alveoli and O2 in blood
Do not accept build up of tar in alveoli = less gaseous
exchange
(affinity)
haemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than O2 / carbon monoxide has a
greater affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen
Accept Hb for haemoglobin
(less O2)
Less O2 is transported in the blood / Less O2 is absorbed or carried (by the
haemoglobin) / haemoglobin is not fully saturated with O2 / PO2 (PPO2)
decreases in the blood
Do not accept less room for O2 in Hb
[5]
10.
(ii)
(i)
4 marks max:
1.
2.
Diaphragm contracts/flattens
3.
4.
5.
6.
4 marks max:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
11.
L2
5-7 marks
L1
0-4 marks
A comprehensive answer:
detailed knowledge & understanding;
effective analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion;
clear and consistent practical application of knowledge;
accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary;
high standard of written communication.
A competent answer:
satisfactory knowledge & understanding;
analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion attempted with some
success;
some success in practical application of knowledge;
technical and specialist vocabulary used with some accuracy;
written communication is generally fluent with few errors.
A limited answer:
basic knowledge & understanding;
little or no attempt to analyse/evaluate critically and/or discuss;
little or no attempt at practical application of knowledge;
technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success;
written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of
which may be intrusive.
Improvements to the efficiency of the respiratory system (will be seen after a few
weeks of aerobic training.)
2.
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4.
5.
8.
9.
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
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Altitude Training
20.
21.
22.
23.
Asthma
24.
25.
26.
Smoking
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
tar coats the airways and inhibits gaseous exchange/tar builds up in lungs
34.
12.
(a)
Diaphragm contracts/flattens
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(b)
(c)
[12]
13.
(i)
4 marks from:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
(ii)
Sub max 2
1.
2.
3.
Forms carbaminohaemoglobin
4.
5.
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(iii)
Sub max 3
6.
(iv)
10
11
SA node is stimulated
12
4 marks from:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.