MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Static Indeterminacy

Cases in which internal forces and reactions cannot be determined from statics are said to be statically indeterminate. We have more unknowns than equations We introduce other relationships: deformations

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2-1

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Static Indeterminacy

A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever it is held by more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium. Superposition Method: Redundant reactions are replaced with unknown loads which along with the other loads produce deformations. Statics: RA + RB = PK + PD One equation, 2 unknowns Statically indeterminate Deformations due to actual loads and redundant reactions are determined separately and then added or superposed.

= L +R = 0

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2-2

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 2.04

Determine the reactions at A and B assuming a close fit at both supports before the loads are applied. SOLUTION: a) Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release the bar from that support, and solve the L at B due to the applied loads. b) Solve for the R at B due to the redundant reaction at B. Require that L + R = 0 Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads and the reaction found at B.

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2-3

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 2.04

P4 P3

SOLUTION: Solve L at B due to the applied loads with the redundant constraint released -> internal forces
3 P 1 = 0 P2 = P 3 = 600 10 N
P2

P4 = 900 103 N

A1 = A2 = 400 10 6 m 2 Pi Li 1.125 109 L = = E i Ai Ei

A3 = A4 = 250 10 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m

Solve R at B due to the redundant constraint,

P 1 = P2 = RB A1 = 400 10 6 m 2 L1 = L2 = 0.300 m A2 = 250 10 6 m 2

Pi Li 1.95 103 RB = R = E i Ai Ei
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2-4

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 2.04

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to the redundant reaction be compatible,
= L +R = 0
1.125 109 1.95 103 RB = =0 E E RB = 577 103 N = 577 kN

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

Fy = 0 = R A 300 kN 600 kN + 577 kN R A = 323 kN
R A = 323 kN RB = 577 kN

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2-5

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Thermal Stresses
If the temperature increased by T the rod elongates by T which is proportional to the temperature change and the length of the rod. T=(T )L : coeficient of thermal expansion [1/C] Thermal strain: T= T

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Thermal Stresses

A temperature change results in thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by the supports. Treat the additional support as redundant and apply the principle of superposition. P represents the redundant action at B PL T = ( T )L ; P = AE The thermal deformation and the deformation from the redundant support must be compatible.
= T + P = 0

(T )L +

ANIMATION
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

PL =0 AE P = AE (T ) P = = E (T ) A
2-7

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Poissons Ratio

For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

x =

x
E

y =z = 0

The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied by a contraction in the other directions. Assuming that the material is isotropic (no directional dependence),

y = z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as

y lateral strain = = = z axial strain x x x =

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

x
E

; y = z =

x
E
2-8

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Fiber optic to measure tendon force

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Fiber optic to measure tendon forces

Fiber compression theory
(Decrease in light transmission)

Ft
Ft =[0.08/(0.00025)] Fc = 320 Fc PMMA: Compression Strength = 70 131 MPa If c = 70 MPa => t 70 [MPa] (320)= 11.2 GPa Maximum stress measured in the Achilles Tendon during running using a buckle transducer = 0.11 GPa [Komi 1990] 11.2 /0.11 200 !!!

8 cm

Fc
/2= 0.25 mm

The Achilles tendon has to be loaded 200 times the peak load measured during running to compress the fiber

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Generalized Hookes Law

Multi-axial loading: normal components resulting from components may be determined from the principle of superposition. This requires: 1) strain is linearly related to stress 2) deformations are small With these restrictions:

x = + y = z =

x y z x
E E +

y z
E +

x y
E E

z
E

Generalized Hooks law

ANIMATION
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 11

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Strain

A cubic element subjected to shear stress will deform into a rhomboid. The shear strain is the change in angle between the sides. [rad] represents the shearing strain
xy = f ( xy )

A plot of - is similar to plots of -. For small strains: = G xy xy

yz = G yz zx = G zx

Hook Law for -

G [Pa] is Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

xy [rad] angle corresponding to the x and y directions

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 12

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 2.10

62 mm 200 mm 50 mm

SOLUTION: Determine the angular deformation or shearing strain of the block. Apply Hookes law to find the corresponding shearing stress.

A block of material with modulus of rigidity G = 630 GPa is bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. The lower plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected to a horizontal force P. The upper plate moves 1mm under the action of the P; determine a) the average shearing strain, and b) P.

Use the definition of shearing stress to find the force P.

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2 - 13

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
1mm

Determine the angular deformation or shearing strain.

xy tan xy =
1mm 50mm

50 mm

xy = 0.020 rad

Apply Hookes law to find the shearing stress.

xy = G xy = (630MPa )(0.020 rad ) = 12.6 MPa

Use the definition of shearing stress to find the force P.

P = xy A = (12.6 MPa )(200mm )(62mm ) = 156.2kN

P = 156.2kN

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2 - 14

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Saint-Venants Principle

Loads transmitted through rigid plates result in uniform distribution of stress and strain. Concentrated loads cause large stresses in the vicinity of the load application point. and distributions become uniform relatively close the load application points. Saint-Venants Principle: distribution may be assumed independent of the mode of load application except in the immediate vicinity of load application point.
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 15

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress Concentration: Hole

Discontinuities of cross section may result in high localized or concentrated stresses.

K=

max ave

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2 - 16

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentration: Hole

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress Concentration: Fillet

K=

max ave

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU

2 - 18

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 2.12

SOLUTION: Determine the geometric ratios and find the stress concentration factor K Determine the largest axial load P that can be safely supported by a flat steel bar consisting of two portions, both 10 mm thick, and respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, connected by fillets of radius r = 8 mm. Assume an all 165 MPa. Find the allowable-average normal stress ave using the material allowable normal stress all and K.

K=

max ave

Apply the definition of normal stress to find the allowable load.

Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 19

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Determine the geometric ratios and find K
D 60 mm = = 1.50 d 40 mm K = 1.82 8 mm r = = 0.20 d 40 mm

Find the average normal stress ave using the material allowable normal stress all and K. NOTE: max all
ave = max
K = 165 MPa = 90.7 MPa 1.82

Apply the definition to find the allowable P.

P = A ave = (40 mm )(10 mm )(90.7 MPa )

P = 36.3 kN
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 20