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International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering

& Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

Energy and Exergy analysis of Maisotsenko Cycle for Evaporative Cooling


Hardik M. Patel1*, V.K.Matawala2
2

PG Student at Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch-392001, Gujarat, India. Associate Professor at Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch-392001, Gujarat, India. *Corresponding author Email: hardik.10888@gmail.com

Abstract Direct evaporative cooling is associated with the increased humidity though it gives a fair drop in temperature. On the other hand, humidity is controlled by the indirect evaporative cooling but the temperature drop is not sufficient. Opportunities for energy saving will be provided if this newly formed system is utilized properly. After reviewing the various literatures in the field of evaporative cooling, scope of Maisotsenko cycle in various applications is discussed. This study presents energy and exergy analysis of the novel evaporative air cooling system based on Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle). Keywords: - maisotsenko cycle (m-cycle), evaporative cooling, entropy, exergy.

1. INTRODUCTION
The conventional evaporative cooling system (e.g. water cooler) is used for the cooling purposes in the dry and hot regions. This type of system gives the sufficient cooling, but the increased humidity of the air gives the feeling of discomfort. The other way to overcome the problem of increased humidity is use of indirect evaporative cooling system. This system though handles the humidity properly, but the cooling obtained with the said system is less. On the other hand, vapour compression refrigeration systems consume more electricity and some of the systems carry the potential to pollute the environment. Also cost of such systems is on the higher side. In this context, a new system which uses the advantageous aspect of both the evaporative cooling system and minimises the drawbacks has been put forward by Valeriy Maisotsenko. He developed a new thermodynamic cycle known as Maisotsenko Cycle. It is also called as the M-cycle which uses the simple cross flow heat exchanger and indirect evaporative coolers, but with a much different airflow [1]. A simple concept of an evaporative cooling has been utilized by Maisotsenko Cycle (also called M-cycle). A wet channel and a dry channel are used to get the desired effect. Water is treated as cooling fluid. Water stream is sent through the wet channel where it gets evaporated giving out the cooling effect. But here owing to the evaporation, humidity is added into the air which is about to be introduced as a product air. Such air prohibits the attainment of the comfortable living condition as the increased humidity causes the feeling of dump and suffocation. In this process of M-cycle at wet channel, the energy in the air does not change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. Heat in the air is used to evaporate water; no heat is added or removed making it an adiabatic process. This cycle as developed based on Russian patents N571669, 979796, 2046257 and U.S. patents N4350570, 4842052, 4971245, 4976113,

4977753, and 5453223 is considered a potential system. Accordingly Hakan Caliskan et. Al., [1] Thermodynamic performance assessment of a novel air cooling cycle: Maisotsenko cycle [2011], Maisotsenko cycles wet-bulb and dew point effectiveness, COP and primary energy ratio rates are calculated. Accordingly Chandrakant Wani, Satyashree Ghodke, Chaitanya Shrivastava [2] A Review on Potential of Maisotsenko Cycle in Energy Saving Applications Using Evaporative Cooling [2012] Regarding the Maisotsenko Cycle, evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, cooling pads concludes that M-cycle cools down the product air without any rise in humidity. This principle of M-cycle can find a very vital role in many applications of cooling. This includes air conditioning, water cooler, some turbines, heat exchangers, etc. Performance of the ordinary heat exchanger can be compared with M-cycle operated systems which will give the better results for the same energy input. On the other hand it can be said that M-cycle operated devices will consume the less amount of energy for producing the same results by ordinary heat exchangers, Changhong Zhan, [3] Numerical study of a M-cycle cross-flow heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling[2011] concludes that the effectiveness of a cross-flow heat exchanger goes up by 16.7% if it is operated by using M-cycle for indirect evaporative cooler. Accordingly B. Riangvilaikul, et. al., [4] An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system in Energy and Buildings (2010) B. Riangvilaikul and S. Kumar carried the experiments to investigate the effect of an indirect evaporative cooling in which they used the concept of dew point cooling. The working principle of their study resemble with that of Maisotsenko cycle. Dew point evaporative cooling is utilized to deliver the good performance of a heat exchange mechanism in various

International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

operating conditions. The dew point cooling can alone be deployed to attain the comfort condition for living.

2 THEORETICAL ASPECTS
The following technical description of the Maisotsenko Cycle is meant for engineers and scientists who have a thorough understanding of thermodynamics. A basic description and an engineering conceptual description are also available for other readers. 2.1 Steps to Understanding the M-Cycle: 1. Review evaporative cooling. 2. Review the indirect evaporative process. 3. Learn the Maisotsenko Cycle. 2.1.1 Direct evaporative cooling:-Evaporative coolers have been used to lower the temperature of air by using the latent heat of evaporation; changing water to vapor. In this process, the energy in the air does not change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. Heat in the air is used to evaporate water; no heat is added or removed making it an adiabatic process (Fan heat gain or pump energy is ignored in this evaluation.) This also assumes the water entering the system is to be evaporated at the wet bulb temperature of the entering air, and that there is no excess water. Therefore the water has a negligible effect on the adiabatic process [5].

working air over the opposite wet side of a plate. The wet side absorbs heat from the dry side by evaporating water and therefore cooling the dry side with the latent heat of vaporizing water into the air.

Fig.3 cross section of indirect evaporative cooling

Fig.4 Psychrometric chart of indirect evaporative cooling

2.1.3 Indirect evaporator cooling with M-Cycle:Fig.1. cross section of direct evaporative cooling To explain how the original Maisotsenko Cycle works thermodynamically, we have started with a simple adiabatic model shown in Figures 5 and 6. This shows the cross section of plates with wet sides together and dry sides together. In this example the incoming air I passes over the dry side of the plates and then turns as the air II passes over the wet side of the plates and then exhausted out as air III. As the air passes over the dry side of the plate, it is cooled by the water evaporating on the wet side or the latent heat of vaporization absorbs the heat form the plate. The air stream in the dry channels is cooled by the same air stream in the wet channels reducing its wet bulb temperature. The enthalpy at the point where the air turns from the dry channel to the wet channel II is at the dew point temperature of the incoming air hdew point. This precooled air that turns to enter the wet channels is at the dew point temperature of the entering air stream.

Fig.2 Psychrometric chart of direct evaporative cooling 2.1.2 Indirect evaporating cooling:-Thermodynamically an indirect evaporative air cooler passes primary or product air over the dry side of a plate and secondary or

International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

Fig.5 Cross section of indirect evaporator using M-cycle

guidelines have been developed for direct evaporative cooling systems. Indirect evaporative coolers can be used over a slightly broader range. Evaporative air conditioning systems can also be used over a broader range of outdoor conditions in factories, industries and commercial buildings, where the comfort criteria is not so rigid (temperatures as high as 30C in the conditioned space are acceptable). Evaporative air conditioning systems are highly suitable in applications requiring large amounts of ventilation and/or high humidity in the conditioned space such as textile mills, foundries, dry cleaning plants etc. 2.1.5 M-cycle utility:Evaporative cooling can be combined with a conventional refrigeration based air conditioning systems leading to substantial savings in energy consumption, if the outside conditions are favorable. Again, a number of possibilities exist. For example, the outdoor air can be first cooled in an evaporative cooler and then mixed with the recirculating air from the conditioned space and then cooled further in the conventional refrigerant or chilled water coil.

3 ANALYSIS
Energy and exergy analysis are now more essential for system design and analysis, and here applied to air cooling system based on the Maisotsenko cycle. After the data collection [1], energy analysis is applied to the system to obtain the energetic values, including the effectiveness. Then, exergy analysis is performed to nd the exergetic values with important components like exergy destruction and loss of the system for the various reference (dead state) temperatures. The reference state may be arbitrarily selected while the reference temperature is often taken to be equal to the surrounding temperature, while the reference pressure is taken as the atmospheric pressure, e.g., 100 kPa. In this study, the reference temperatures are considered to be 0C, 5C, 10C, 15C, 20C, and 23.88C. Also consider 23.88C as the environment temperature to use. Furthermore, the reference pressure is taken to be 82.9 kPa. 3.1 Assumptions 1. Heat transfer and mass transfer processes take place in steady state conditions. 2. The model fabricated has an enclosure which is assumed to the system boundary. 3. Wet surface is completely saturated and the water vapor is uniformly distributed uniformly along the wet channel. 4. Temperature gradient of channel cross section is set to zero. Cross flow heat exchange process is assumed to be the best mode for heat transfer. 5. Temperature across the wall surface is uniform. The temperature difference between the wet and dry side is ignored 6. Air is considered to be an incompressible fluid. 7. Principles of mass and energy conservation are employed for the analysis of the system.

Fig.6 Psychrometric chart of indirect evaporator using Mcycle 2.1.4 Applicability of evaporative cooling systems:-As mentioned before, evaporative cooling systems are ideal in hot and dry places, i.e., in places where the dry bulb temperature is high and the coincident wet bulb temperature is low. However, there are no clear-cut rules as to where these systems can or cannot be used. Evaporative cooling can provide some measure of comfort in any location. However, in many locations where the humidity levels are very high, stand-alone evaporative cooling systems cannot be used for providing thermal comfort especially in residences, office buildings etc. A more recent guideline suggests that evaporative cooling can be used in locations where the summer design wet bulb temperatures are less than about 24C. It is generally observed that evaporative coolers can compete with conventional systems when the noon relative humidity during July is less than 40%, hence should definitely be considered as a viable alternative, whereas these systems can be used in places where the noon relative humidity is higher than 40% but the design WBT is lower than 24C, with a greater sacrifice of comfort. It should be mentioned that both these

International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

3.2 data

Mass flow rate of dry air ,mda=0.074833[kg/s] Mass flow rate of water ,mw=0.000898[kg/s] Specific heat of dry air, cpda=1.003[kj/kg/k] Specific heat of water, cpw=1.872[kj/kg/k] Supply inlet temperature, TSI=23.88[oC] Supply outlet temperature, TSO=13[oC] Reference pressure, p0=82.9[kpa] Exhaust pressure, p=83.08[kpa] Supply pressure, psupply=83.17[kpa] Moll fraction of supply inlet air, WSI=0.019296 Moll fraction of supply outlet air, W0=0.022512 Humidity ratio of supply air, HSI=0.012[Kg(w)/Kg(da)]

eda = Cpda*T0[(TSI/T0) - 1 - ln(TSI/T0)] + Ra*T0*ln[P/P0] + Ra*T0*ln[1 + wo] (3)

ew =(hfTSI -hgT0)-T0( SfTSI -SgT0 )+(P-Psat(TSI) )VfTSI +RwvT0ln (4) where, = P0/Psupply

Exout = mda *et et=(Cpda - WSI*Cpw) *T0 *[TSO/T0-1-ln[TSO/T0]] +(1+WSI)Ra*T0*ln(P/P0) + Ra*T0*[(1+WSI)*ln[(1+W0)/(1+WSI)]+WSI* ln[WSI/W0]] (5) Exloss = Qcooling[1 (T0/TSI)] Exdest = Exin - Exout - Exloss S=Exdest/T0 (6)

Gas constant, Ra=0.287[kj/kg/k] Gas constant for water vapour,


Rwv=0.4615[kj/kg/k]

The exergy efficiency is defined as: = Exout /Exin The exergetic COP (COPex) of the Maisotsenko cycle is defined as: COPex = COP [1 (T0/TSI)] (7)

Enthalpy of inlet air , hftsi=100[kj/kg] Enthalpy of saturated water vapour,


hgto=2544.46[kj/kg]

Entropy of inlet air, Sftsi=0.35[kj/kg.k] Entropy of saturated water, Sgto=8.5812[kj/kg/k] Saturated water pressure, Psattsi=2.9837[kpa] Specific volume rate of water Vftsi=0.001003[m3/kg]

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


The novel air cooler based on the Maisotsenko cycle was comprehensively analyzed using energy and exergy as thermodynamic tools. The effects of varying reference temperatures on the exergy components were investigated. Energy analysis of the system was performed rst and energy analysis results of the Maisotsenko cycle are shown in Table 1. Exergy analyses of the system based on six different reference temperatures were then performed. Exergy analysis results of the Maisotsenko cycle with sustainability index at various reference temperatures are shown in Table 2. In this regard, exergy input rate, exergy output rate, exergy loss rate, exergy destruction rate, exergy efciency, exergetic COP, specic total ow exergy rate, specic total ow exergy rate of dry air, specic total ow exergy rate of water, entropy generation rate, primary exergy ratio and sustainability index were given in the Table 2. Table.1 Energy Analysis of M-Cycle

Cooling load, Qcooling=0.636[kw] Blower work, Wblower = 0.276 [kw]


3.3 Exergy analysis The exergy balance of the Maisotsenko cycle for the control volume can be obtained by Exin = Exout + E xdest + E xloss (1) where E_xin , E_xout , E xdest and E_xloss are the exergy input rate, exergy output rate, exergy destruction rate and exergy loss rate, respectively.

Exin =Exinda + Exinw


(2)

Where Exinda is the exergy input rate of dry air and Exinw is the exergy input rate of water which are calculated as follows:

Exinda = mda*eda Exinw = mw*ew

International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

Table.2 Exergy Analysis of M-Cycle

Fig.9. Exergy out rate of cycle at different reference temperatures

Fig.10. Exergy destruction rate of M-cycle at different reference temperatures

Fig.7. Exergy input rate of M cycle at different reference temperatures

Fig.11. Exergy efciency of M-cycle at different reference temperatures

Fig.8. Exergy loss rate of M cycle at different reference temperatures

Fig.12. Entropy generation of M-cycle at different reference temperatures

International Conference on Innovations in Automation and Mechatronics Engineering 2013 (ICIAME2013), 21-23 February 2013 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120, State: Gujarat, INDIA

Fig.13. Variations of exergetic COP of M-cycle for different reference temperatures. Exergy input includes exergy input of dry air and exergy input of water. Inputs of the system occur from water and ambient air to cool a refrigerant. So, exergetic comparisons of the exergy input of dry air and exergy input of water are shown in Fig. 7. As shown in this gure, the exergy input rate of water is less than exergy input rate of dry air since the mass ow rate of water is essentially less than mass ow rate of dry air. Exergy efciency and entropy generation rates at different reference temperatures are presented in Fig. 8 and Fig.9. As is seen in Fig. 8 and Fig.9, exergy efciency is inversely proportional to the reference temperature till the supply outlet temperature (T_SO=13C) point. After this point, exergy efciency is direct proportional to the reference temperature. Exergy efciency decreases, while the reference temperature increases from 0Cto13C. After the 13C reference temperature, exergy efciency increases with the reference temperature rising. Furthermore, entropy generation decreases with the reference temperature increasing. But, reference temperature is not the only reason to this decreasing. The variations of exergetic COP of Maisotsenko cycle for different reference temperatures are shown in Fig. 13. COPex is inversely proportional to the reference temperature. Energetic rates are generally higher than exergetic rates. This gure was shown to understand the comparison clearly.

Exergy input of the cycle occurs from dry air and water. The minimum exergy loss rate is found for 23.88C reference temperature. Because when the reference temperature is equal to the environment temperature, exergy loss rate is always zero. Also, maximum exergy loss rate (0.0511 kW) is found for 0C reference temperature which is also known technical dead state temperature. Energy Saving Application:- Evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, cooling pads concludes that M-cycle cools down the product air without any rise in humidity. This principle of M-cycle can find a very vital role in many applications of cooling. It may be directly or indirectly.This includes air conditioning, water cooler, some turbines, heat exchangers, etc. REFERENCES

[1] Hakan Caliskan, Arif Hepbasli, Ibrahim Dincer,


Valeriy Maisotsenko., Thermodynamic performance assessment of a novel air cooling cycle: Maisotsenko cyclein International Journal of Refrigeration (2011) 1-11. [2] Chandrakant Wani , Satyashree Ghodke, Chaitanya Shrivastava A Review on Potential of Maisotsenko Cycle in Energy Saving Applications Using Evaporative Cooling(2012). [3] Changhong Zhan, Xudong Zhao, Stefan Smith, S.B.Riffat, Numerical study of a M-cycle crossflow heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling, Building and Environment 46 (2011) 657668. [4] B. Riangvilaikul, S.Kumar , An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system in Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 637644. [5] Refrigeration and air conditioning, Version 1, ME, IIT, Kharagpur, chapter-31, Evaporative air condition system, (2008) pages 608-616. [6] An article: Four Timely Benefits of Indirect-Direct Evaporative Cooling. [7] Maisotsenko-Cycle Enhanced Cooling Towers an article by Gas Technology Institute. [8] http://www.idalex.com/technology/how_it_works__ engineering_perspective.htm [9] http://www.coolerado.com/news/life-below-the-wetbulb maisotsenko-cycle [10] A.Bejan, Entropy generation minimization, crc press, NY [11] Arora C.P., refrigeration and air conditioning, 3rd edition, Evaporative cooling, (2010) ,chapter19, pages 651-653.

CONCLUSION Energetic COP of the cycle is higher than exergetic COP. Energetic COP of the cycle is calculated to be 2.78, while, maximum and minimum exergetic COPs of the cycle are obtained to be 0.3737 and 0 for reference temperatures of 0C and 23.88C, respectively. Because, energetic COP is affected with supply inlet temperature of the Maisotsenko cycle and reference temperature.

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