Mineral Water Plants

Send Enquiry We are well-equipped to undertake turnkey projects for establishing mineral water plants. Our integrated solutions fulfill complete requirements requiring for purifying water, bottling purified water and labeling. The mineral water plants are designed for minimum economically viable capacity. Also, our plants are available in different specifications and capacities.

Swimming Pool Water Treatment Plant

Send Enquiry We offer a wide range of cutting-edge technologies based swimming pool water treatment plants. Using latest engineering technology, we manufacture swimming pool water treatment plant, which ensure effective flow ability to provide highly-pure water filtration. All the treatment plants have modular designs that allow easy installation, maintenance as well as re-installation. These pool water treatment plants are designed to meet the requirements of swimming pools in clubs, housing societies, water parks, commercial swimming pools, sports complex, etc. Features : Completely safe water, no harm even after galloping Total destruction of micro organisms Chlorine as well as ozone based purification Powerful and faster disinfection Complete destruction of pollutants, micro-organisms, colour, etc.

Water & Ammusement Park

Send Enquiry We offer water treatment plants for water parks and amusement parks. Our plants have improved flow ability to provide rapid and high quality water filtration. These water and amusement parks water treatment plants have extra strength and excellent chemical as well as corrosion resistance. It also makes our plants highly functional for hotels, clubs, motels, etc. High on quality and

performance,

these

water

treatment

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ultra-pure

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Features & Advantages : Fast and easy servicing Almost no sound during operation Easy installation Energy efficient Complete standard and optional attachments Standard and custom designing

Air Pollution Control Systems

We design and develop a wide range of air pollution control systems. All the products are manufactured according to the international quality standards. Again, these systems are available in standard specifications as well as we can customize them according to the needs and specifications of the clients. We are providing a wide range of air pollution control system which includes cyclone dust collectors, multi cyclone dust collectors, bag fillers and wet scrubbers.

Cyclone Dust Collectors

Send Enquiry Our cyclone dust collection systems operate on the principle of cyclone and vortex motion. These systems are provided with a fully welded center cyclone to achieve higher efficiency. Since there are no moving parts in these systems, these systems are easy to clean and maintain. Working principle Centrifugal force acts on each and every particle to move them away from the cyclone axis towards the inner cyclone wall Movement in the radial direction is the result of two opposing forces The drag force of the air acts to carry the particles into the axis Separation takes place because of the predominant centrifugal force Power and air pass tangentially in to the cyclone at equal velocities Powder leaves the bottom of the cyclone via a locking device Clean air spirals upwards along the center axis of the cyclone and passes out at the top

Multicyclone Dust Collectors

Send Enquiry The dust collectors has some obvious advantages, such as high efficiency, if it is constructed properly, easily maintained as three are no moving parts, and, furthermore, it is easy to clean, if the construction is with a fully welded centre cyclone. The operation theory is based on a vortex motion where the centrifugal force is acting on each particle and therefore causes the particle to move away from the cyclone axis towards the inner cyclone wall. However, the movement in the radial direction is the result of two opposing forces where the centrifugal force acts to move the particle to the wall, while the drag force of the air acts to

carry the particles into the axis. As the centrifugal force is preciominant, a separation takes place. Power and air pass tangentially in to the cyclone at equal velocities. Power and air swirl in a spiral from down to the base of the cyclone separating the powder out to the cyclone wall. Powder leaves the bottom of the cyclone via a locking device. The clean air spirals upwards along the centre axis of the cyclone and passes out at the top The centrifugal force each particle is exposed to can be seen in this equation: C = m * Vt2 / r ( 16 ) Where: C = centrifugal force m = mass of particle Vc = tangential air velocity r = redial distance to the wall from any given point From this equation it can be concluded that the higher particle mass, the better efficiency. The shorter way the particle has to travel the better efficiency, and the closer the particle is to the wall the better efficiency, because the velocity is highest and the radial distance is short. However, time is required for the particles to travel to the cyclone wall, so a sufficient air residence time should be taken into consideration when designing a cyclone. From above equation it is evident that small cyclones ( diameter less than 1 m ) will have the highest efficiency, a fact generally accepted. However, the big tonnage dryers in the dairy industry nowadays would require many cyclones ( a cyclone battery ). As each cyclone has to have an outlet for powder in form of a rotary valve, pneumatic valve or flop valve, this means that there is a big risk of air leaks, which will reduce the cyclone efficiency. The small cyclones can also be connected to one central hopper, and only one valve is than necessary. This means however, that unless there is exactly the same pressure drop over each cyclone, air and powder will pass from one cyclone to another via the bottom outlet. This will result in decreased efficiency and increased powder loss. Cleaning the many small cyclones is a problem, as it is a time consuming job, and with the many corners there is a risk of a bacterial infection. For above reasons the cyclones have become bigger and are now constructed with diameters of 2.5-3 m, each handling 25,00030,000 kg of air/h. When designing a cyclone various key figures should be taken into account in order to obtain the highest efficiency. This is achieved if Cyclone diameter / exit duct diameter 3 Cyclone height / exit duct diameter 10 In order to know a cyclone's efficiency the following terms have to be defined: a) The critical particle diameter is defined as the particle size that will be com-pietely removed from the air flow ( 100% collection efficiency ). However, as there is no sharply defined point where a particle size is 100% separated or 100% lost the critical particle diameter is not very valuable. b) The cut size is defined as the size for which 50% collection is obtained and is a much better valve for stating the efficiency of cyclones. To determine a cyclones cut size, grade efficiency curves are worked out by systematically operating a cyclone with a uniform particle size dust. c) The overall cyclone efficiency is the one obtained when handling a product of definite size distribution. Knowing the grade efficiency curve of the product size distribution of the powder passing to the cyclones, the overall efficiency can be calculated, i.e. the powder loss can be predicted. Another method of learning the cyclone efficiency is by a simple powder loss measurement after the cyclone. A very small fraction of the out-going air is passed through a high-efficient mini cyclone or through micro dust filters. The amount of powder collected is directly proportional to the powder loss.

Bag Filters

Send Enquiry CIEPL pulsejet fabric bag filter systems are used for removing particulate materials from process and general ventilation air as well as to recover valuable products from several manufacturing processes. As a standard of the industry Bag Filter Systems have been used for diverse applications all over the world. Collectors add versatility and in-built efficiency to the conventional bag filter designs for dust collection and pollution control applications. Now you can select the most appropriate size and design to meet your specific requirements INLET CHOICES The bag house collector design / offers either top entry or hopper entry to meet the needs of your applications. For fine dust with low dust concentrations and with higher air-to-fabric ratios, top entry is more suitable. Top entry generates a down flow of air throughout the collector, due to which it aids the movement of particles towards the hopper. In case of course dust and high dust loads, hopper entry is preferred. Heavy particles naturally gravitate to the hopper. PULSE-JET CLEANING The filter bags in the collector are continuously cleaned with pulses of compressed air which are initiated by an electronic sequential timer. Small volumes of high pressure compressed air are directed from a reservoir tank through solenoid valves and nozzles. As the burst of air passes through the venturi at the top of each bag, it induces a larger volume of additional air into the clean face side of the bag, inflating the fabric bag and breaking the dust layer on the outer face of the bag. The fabric gets a secondary cleaning as the pulse bounces back up the bag. Pulse-jet cleaning provides an effective means of reconditioning the fabric without interrupting the normal airflow through the filter system. Since the pulse-jet collectors operate at higher filtering velocities than the corresponding fabric collectors which are cleaned either by mechanical shaking or low pressure reverse air. CONVENIENT BAG REMOVAL In most of the conventional bag filter systems filter bags are removed from the top side, which means first the top assembly, including venturies, etc., has to be opened or dismantled, and then each bag has to be lifted up. The operation requires several persons working for several days. Moreover, the user has to ensure that the height of the ceiling should be at least double the height of the bag filter system. Pulsejet filter from CLEAR IONS are designed in such a way that the bags can be removed from the side panels of the collector, without having to dismantle any part, which means that the bags can be removed by a single person in a matter of a few minutes. PRESSURE-DROP ACROSS THE COLLECTOR Since the bags are continously cleaned the pressure drop is very low and almost constant. Though the pressure drop will depend upon factors like air-to-fabric ratio, temperature of air, dust loading, finess of dust, etc., normally it will range between 75 to 150 mm WG. COMPRESSED AIR REQUIREMENT Bag filter collectors are designed for optimal use of compressed air for bag cleaning. The actual air consumption will depend upon various parameters of the final applications, such as dust loading, air-to-fabric ratio, type of filter media used, etc. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION The standard material used for the construction of Pulsejet Bag Filter is mild steel treated for rust prevention, double coated with red oxide primer and painted in color of your choice. Special materials of construction like SS/ PVC/ FRP lined can be used to meet the application requirements. SUPPORT STRUCTURE The system is built with self-supporting strong structure out of steel sections. The ground clearance under the hopper outlet flange, is kept around 1000 mm, though it can be designed to provide any clearance as per your requirements. FILTER MEDIA For general applications heavyweight "Non-woven, needled, felt media" is used for high collection efficiency and long life. Felts with special surface finishes to suit physical and chemical nature of the the dust to be handled and humidity and temperature of the air, are also to look upon. EXPLOSION VENTS Explosion vents, to prevent loss due to explosion accidents, are fitted as a standard. While requesting for a quote, please indicate the following: Air handling capacity required Volume of fluegases Dust loading capacity required Type and fineness of dust to be handled Inlet temprature of Dust / gases Layout plan showing smoke / Dust / Gases Generating machine Area allocated for Air pollution system control

Wet Scrubbers

Send Enquiry We offer wet scrubber pilot plants in various capacities for fumes, gases, particulate and oil mists. Wet scrubbers are installed on turnkey basis with all standards components like ducting, fans, pump, piping etc. We provide solutions to virtually all air emissions problem - particulates, fumes, gases, oil mists, etc. Our systems are excellent, low cost alternative to electrostatic precipitators.

Fume Extraction Systems

Send Enquiry We design, manufacture and commission fume extraction systems on turnkey basis. All the components are fabricated using corrosion-resistant materials. Performance of Fume Extraction plants is as per emission regulations. Scrubbing prevents the release of aggressive and harmful vapors into the environment. We individually design fume extraction plant to optimize particular applications. Our fume extraction plants can be used not only in encapsulated pre-treatment plants but also for lateral suction channels on pickling tanks. Advantages : Clean Working surrounding Ensures hygienic working atmosphere Low operation cost Stop corrosion of crane & roof structure Optimizing material use Reducing waste disposal cost Emission regulation compliance

Air Filteration System

Send Enquiry We offer premium quality air filtration systems, which are highly useful for factories, commercial establishments, apartments, condominiums or any place where good air quality is required. Our systems are either fixed installation or portable. The systems are

made with a heavy-duty metal/alloy cabinet according to the needs. All standard and optional attachments are provided with these air filtration systems. The systems are available in various capacities and other specifications, which can be customized. Advantages : Removes allergens from filtered air Catches particles even smaller than .1 micron in size Highly effective Delivers cleaner air Reusable filters Easy to vacuum or wash

Water Treatment Plants

We design, develop and engineer various types of water purifier systems and water treatment plants. In addition to it, we also manufacture standard and optional spare parts for our systems like RO plant, demineralization plant, iron removal plant and water softening plants. Our systems are manufactured using good quality raw materials and components ensuring durable and effective services. Some of our product range includes:

Reverse Osmosis Plant

Send Enquiry Reverse osmosis systems works as here under :The liquid has tendency to flow from low concentration to high concentration through a semi permeable membrane, in the Osmosis Process. In reverse osmosis the direction of flow is reversed by increasing the pressure at high concentration liquid side than the low concentration side, which results in the reversed flow of the liquid from high concentration to low concentration, through a semi permeable membrane, leaving behind dissolved minerals. The above semi permeable membrane for reverse osmosis application consists of a polymeric material, which is several thousand Angstroms thick, thin film. There are two major groups of polymeric materials, which can be used to produce satisfactory reverse osmosis membranes: cellulose acetate (CA) and polyamide (PA). The performance of membrane elements in reverse osmosis systems is affected by the feed water composition, temperature, pressure and permeate recovery ratio. The feed water, depending on its source, may contain suspended solids and dissolved matter, in varying concentrations. Suspended solids may consist of inorganic particles, colloids and biological debris such as microorganisms and algae. Dissolved matter may consist of highly soluble salts, such as chlorides, and sparingly soluble salts, such as carbonates, sulfates, sulfates, and silica. During the RO process, suspended particales may settle on the membrane surface, thus blocking feed channels and increasing friction losses (pressure drop across the system Sparingly soluble salts may also precipitate from the concentrate stream, create scale on the membrane surface, and result in lower water permeability trough the RO membranes. Threrefore, the feed water pretreatment, to improve its quality to the level, which would result in reliable operation of the RO membranes is must. The common indicators of suspended particles used in the RO industry are turbidity and Silt Density Index (SDI) The maximum limits for turbidity are 1 NTU and SDI of 4. In the continuous operation of an RO system with feed water, the average values of turbidly and SDI in the feed water should not exceed 0.5 NTU and 2.5 SDI units, respectively. The indicators of saturation levels of sparingly soluble salts in the concentrate stream are the Langley Saturation Index (LSI) and saturation rations. Negative values of LSI indicate the possibility of calcium carbonate precipitation. The saturation ratio is the ratio of the product of the actual concentration of the ions in the concentrate stream to the theoretical solubilitys of the salts at a give conditions of temperature and ionic strength. These ratios are applicable mainly to sparingly soluble sulfates of calcium, Barium and Strontium. Silica could also be

a potential scale forming constituent. Depending on the raw water quality, the pretreatment process mainly consists of removal of the followings:SUSPENDED SOLIDS OR TURBIDITY DISINFECTION REDUCTION OF ALKALINITY, BY PH ADJUSTMENT. ADDITION OF SCALE INHIBITOR OR SOFTENIG. RESIDUEL FREE CHLORINE REMOVAL. STERILIZATION. Seldom Chlorination may be used to oxidize iron and manganese in the well water before filtration of biological removal. RO system consists of the following basic components:Feed water supply unit. Pretreatment systems. High pressure pumping units Membrane element assembly unit. Instrumentation and Control System. Permeate treatment and storage unit. Cleaning unit. CIEPL has the ability to provide all the basic components, as illustrated, as above in accordance, with the individual end users requirement.

Iron Removal Filter

Send Enquiry Integrated with water treatment system, iron removal filters effectively remove high iron ions from the water. We have iron removal filters for industrial, commercial and residential applications. These filters also remove manganese and hydrogen sulfide content as well as other industrial contaminants. Our iron removal filters have catalytic filtration unit to dissolve ferrous iron salts and precipitate over the filter bed. The iron removal filters are made of mild steel, stainless steel and FRP. Application : Hotels Hospital P.H.E. Housing Flats Tea Garden Industry

Water Softneing Plants

Send Enquiry What makes water "hard"? Groundwater dissolves rocks and minerals releasing calcium and magnesium ions that cause water to be hard. These dissolved ions give hard water its characteristics. Problems caused by hard water Hard water interferes with all types of cleaning tasks. Cleaning problems arise when the cleaning agents do not fully remove dirt and grime. Over time, clothes washed in hard water may look dingy and feel harsh and scratchy. White clothing continually washed in hard water will gradually show a grayish tinge. Dishes and glassware washed in dishwashers using hard water may be spotted when dry. Hard water causes films on glass shower doors, walls and bathtubs. Hair washed in hard water may feel sticky and look dull. Regular soaps combine with dissolved calcium and magnesium to form soap curds or soap scum. Soap scum is difficult to remove from sinks and appliances. Household appliance performance may be affected by hard water use. When heated, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are removed from the water and produce a scale buildup in the hot water heater. A large scale buildup slows the heating process and requires more energy to heat water. Water heaters with large accumulations of mineral buildup will have shorter life spans. Scale deposits also corrode and plug plumbing fixtures and accumulate in other appliances affecting their performance. Water testing Before buying any water treatment equipment, you should know what impurities are found in the water supply. Types and amounts of impurities in your water can be determined by a certified laboratory. The results of the water test will help determine if softening is needed. The water testing may reveal if other water treatment is required. If you obtain water from a private water supply, water testing is your responsibility. Water testing should be done on a regular basis. If a problem is suspected, test more often. Community water supplies are monitored and treated to protect users from health threatening water impurities. Ask your supplier for a copy of the latest water test results. Hard water is considered a nuisance water problem. Hardness removal is not a necessity to protect your health. Water softening is popular because most people prefer softened water for bathing, cleaning and washing. Types of water softening equipment available Water softeners are classified in five different categories: Manual: There are several types of manual softeners. The operator opens and closes valves to control the frequency, rate and time length of backflushing or recharging. Semi-automatic: The operator initiates only the recharging cycle. A button is pushed when the softener needs recharging and the unit will control and complete the recharging process. Automatic: The automatic softener usually is equipped with a timer that automatically initiates the recharging cycle and every step in the process. The operator needs only to set the timer and add salt when needed. It is the most popular type of softener used.

Demineralizer Systems

Send Enquiry There are two basic kinds of demineralizer systems, separate-bed and mixed-bed. In a separate-bed system, cation resins and anion resins and anion resins are loaded into separate pressure vessels. During the service cycle, water passes through the cation bed first, where undesirable positive ions (cations) such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca+2), and magnesium (Mg+2) are exchanged for hydrogen (H+) ions. The water next passes through the anion bed, where a similar process removes undesirable negative ions (anions) such as chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4-2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-), replacing them with hydroxyl (OH-). Pure water is produced from the combination of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. In a mixed-bed system, also referred to as a polisher, the cation and anion resins are loaded into the same vessel. Where they are in contact with each other. This allows the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to combine instantaneously to produce water of the highest possible purity. In any demineralizer, the capacity of the resins to exchange ions is finite. As the capacity becomes stressed, ion leakage occurs in the effluent. This is called the breakthrough point. When the breakthrough point is detected, the bed is switched from a service cycle to a regeneration cycle. During the regeneration cycle, the beds are backwashed to flush out particulate matter, then chemically regenerated with acid and caustic. Finally, the beds are rinsed thoroughly to yield a service cycle ready condition. The breakthrough point of a demineralization bed is impacted by its ion exchange capacity, which is affected by water flow rate, ion contaminant concentration, and feed water composition. Regeneration of a bed is costly, due to the need for chemicals and rinse water, pretreatment, regeneration waste treatment, and labor. Thus the goal is to maintain the service cycle of the bed as long as possible, while ensuring that the system continues to deliver water of the required purity. Conductivity sensors are successfully employed on demineralizers to monitor the operation of the bed and to predict and signal the all-important breakthrough Point. In a cation bed, salt impurities are converted to an acid form, typically hydrochloric acid (HCl). When this happens, the conductivity of the water increases dramatically, because the hydrogen ion is far more conductive than the mineral ion it has replaced. CLEARION water demineralisers come in various capacities. The smaller capacity demineralisers are of portable type and there are 4 such models. The smallest, models are bench models and are essentlly cabinest made of FRP in which is housed to FRP Cylinder for cation & anion, Access to the inside of the cabinet is form behind where a sliding door is provided. Conductivity cell, metter & circuit box, a multiply valve manifold, are fitted inside the cabinet. The demineraliser is oprated by controlling then knobs of the value manifold. The conductivity metter indicates the condition of the plant, i.e. Whether the plant is producting demineralised water or it requires regeneration. A PVC regeneration tank is also provided. Larger unites are of Mild Steel Rubber lined construction. They are provided with distribution & collection systems. For diameters up to 600 mm strainer on plate type system is employed. For diameters up to 600 mm, header-letter type of system is employed. Up flow type of units are offered up to 600 mm diameter. For diameters above 600 mm the downflow type of unites are offereted. The Dermineraliaers employ educaters for injecting acid and alkali during regeneration. For cation, FRP tank is supplied and for anion a mild steel tank is provided. Wastewater from the units are led to sump made of concrete & suiotably lined which acid / alkali proof lining. Orifice board is provided to facilitate measurement of flows during regeneration.

INSTALLATION CLEAR-ION Fortable demineralisers are very easy to handle and install. Smaller models sent in knocked down condition in two separate cases. The frost case contains the tubular frame with a Panel Monte on it sent the six- value manifold secured on the panel. Hose connectors are also fixed on the value manifold and hose languets a regenerate tank conductivity cell, conductivity circuit box and motor. The connectors in the FPF cation and anion cylinders are remove prior to dispatch and placed in this case to avoid breakage during transit. The second case contains only the FRP cation and anion cylinders fitted with trainers and filled what respective resins. The resin are sent in regenerate condition and hence then the plant is assembled and put on to service, one should not demineralsied water. However it is advised that regeneration be carried out as per the procedure but lined in this manual.

Wastewater Treatment Plants

We offer integrated solutions in wastewater treatment to industries and commercial establishments. Most suitable waste water treatment plants are provided after developing through understanding of customers' needs. We provide solutions on turnkey basis right from conceptualization to commissioning. We are providing a variety of wastewater treatment plants which includes commercial wastewater treatment plants, industrial wastewater treatment plants and residential wastewater treatment plants. Our solutions related to wastewater treatment plants also include : Primary treatment like coagulation, flocculation and clarification Secondary treatment for aeration, clarification and disinfections Tertiary treatment for colour removal and reduction of TDS Recycling of water

Effluent Treatment Plants

Send Enquiry We design and develop plants to handle industrial and commercial effluents, which cause pollution or pose threat to the environment. These effluent treatment plants are designed completely in custom specifications according to the nature and type of effluents produced. We cater to the needs of industries like textile, electroplating, hospitals, automobile, etc. We do following treatments : Primary Treatment Primary treatment consists of removing contaminants by some physical mechanism: Screens remove debris which can clog the machinery. The wastewater flows into chambers where heavy solids such as sand and grit sink to the bottom; these solids are washed before being deposited in a sanitary landfill. It then goes to a primary settling tank where a significant portion of the organic solids settle to the bottom while fats, oils and grease rise to the top. Revolving primary clarifier simultaneously scrape the primary (untreated) solids from the bottom and skim the grease from the top. Secondary Treatment Secondary treatment usually employs a biological process whereby a large population of micro-organisms help convert the remaining organic material into other forms which can be easily separated into solids and a clear liquid. Tertiary Treatment ertiary treatment is only required when the final effluent must be so clean that 95% or more of the contaminants must be removed by wastewater treatment. Tertiary treatment may include: ithin a few hours, the cleansing action of hundreds of miles of flowing river has been replicated within the series of tanks. The reclaimed water has more than 95% of the impurities removed and can be deposited into a river or stream without any adverse environmental impacts. This "effluent" is often cleaner than the water of the stream. The entire process from the time wastewater reaches the treatment plant to the time it is cleaned and "reclaimed" takes less

than 12 hours.

Wasterwater Treatment Clarifiers

Send Enquiry Clarifier offered are used as part of a wastewater treatment system for solids settling. These are fabricated using carbon steel with epoxy lining on the inside and epoxy coating on the outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification, these clarifiers use gravity in conjunction with the projected settling area to settle solids. The clean water flows out through special laundering troughs, ensuing complete plant discharge. Completely assembled unit with standard and optional attachments Low installation costs Standard and custom designing Completely automatic Reduced floor space

Oil Skimmers

Send Enquiry We provide oil skimmers for all kind of oily waste problem. In addition, we also provide replacement parts for the existing oil skimmers. These oil skimmers improve the quality of discharge by reducing the amount free-floating oil, grease and other similar contaminants. Our oil skimmers improve water for reuse or further treatment while minimizing costs. Features : Automatic and versatile Maintenance free Ability to run for 24 hours a day Simple in design Prevents clogging Vary and depend on the viscosity of oil Collection capacity: up to 100 to 600 litres per day Energy demand: 0.5 HP / Hour

Sewage Treatment Plants

We offer complete solution for sewage water treatment on turnkey basis right from conceptualization to commissioning. The solutions are developed according to the pollution control guidelines enforced for commercial and industrial establishments. The systems are manufactured using stainless steel, mild steel and FRP, in accordance with international quality standards. Sewage treatment systems are available in various capacities, specifications and technologies.

Treatment Techniques

Send Enquiry The basic technology generally used for the treatment of Sewage is activated sludge process. This applies to both small and large processing plants and the difference lies in the arrangement and enhancement of the various sections of the process. The activated sludge process is a natural process and nature offers us a unique solution to treat sewage. Nature has provided a special balance in this process in that the micro organisms present when the food levels are high, will also consume the largest amount. This allows the quick breakdown of the BOD levels to more reasonable levels. Once these levels are reached, other microorganisms, which are heavier and less mobile, will reduce the BOD levels further, until the final acceptable standards are obtained The fact that the last organisms are large and heavy, allows us in practical terms to settle these organisms out very efficiently, producing a clear liquor. To balance the process, we can identify four major sections in a activated sewage plant system: Collection and anaerobic storage Aeration of the Sludge Setting of the sludge removing all solids Chlorination and phosphor removal to bring the final effluent up to the required standard. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Biological treatment is the process of utilizing naturally occurring living organisms to degrade, stabilize and destroy organic contaminants. These microorganisms use the waste as their source of energy and carbon. Biological treatment technologies are restricted to organic wastes, and therefore have limited application. It is appropriate at this point to review some principles of biological process. All living organisms require a source of energy and carbon to be able to develop and reproduce. Many organisms (autographic) get their carbon from inorganic compounds (such as CO2), while other organisms (heterotrophic) use organic compounds to get their carbon. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways are used by microorganisms to degrade organic waste. During aerobic respiration, the organism utilizes oxygen to break down complex organic compounds into simple in organic salts, carbon dioxide and water. These microorganisms require an electron acceptor (oxygen in the case of aerobic), nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), and other trace elements. One of the most important characteristics of the waste is its biodegradability. Microorganisms can either directly use the contaminated waste and gain energy and carbon from it; or, with the help of another substance they can co-metabolically break down the contaminated waste. The biodegradability of a waste can be measured in the laboratory through BOD (5) / COD tests. BOD (biological oxygen demand) is a test through which contaminants can be categorized according to their biodegradability. COD (chemical oxygen demand) is a measure of the oxygen required to oxidize all compounds in water, both organic and inorganic. CHEMICAL TREATMENT The technologies described in this section are chemical treatment technologies that are used for the cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. In general, chemical treatments alter the structure of the waste constitutions to render them less hazardous than their original form. The objectives in using chemicals and chemical reaction are to either immobilize, mobilize for extraction, or detoxify the contaminants. A chemical technology may achieve one or all of the above tasks. Before describing any of the treatments in detail, a few points must be emphasized. The feasibility of chemical treatment is dependent on site and waste characteristics. Therefore, a careful study of site hydrology and geology must be performed before choosing teleology. Many chemical treatments involve delivery of a fluid to the subsurface. Care must be taken to avoid the migration of treatment reagents since they can be toxic themselves. Chemical treatment can be applied to both organic and inorganic wastes. However, a detailed study of the waste must be done, so that the wrong reagents are not mixed with the waster resulting in increased toxicity.

SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR The Sequential Batch Reactor combines. The efficiency of activated sludge aeration with batch. Treatment to provide exceptional efficient quality even. Under extreme loadings. Benefits and Features Reduces main pollutants including ammonia by 95% Reduces phosphates by 99% Batching system eliminates peak surges Fully recyclable All components easily accessible The SBR uses an aeration process known as activated sludge but operates on a storage and batch treatment cycle Which ensures full treatment of all the effluent even under pack flow conditions. Crucl e sewage enters the primary Settlement Tank where gross solids settle out and the supernatant liquor. remaining near the surface can be drawn off. Substantial buffer storage volume is provided to cope with even the most extreme peak flow loadings and aerated by a powerful air bubble diffusers for a period of 4 to 6 hours. During this aeration cycle efficient Oxygen transfer cultures of bacteria (the active sludge) which feeds on the sewage liquor thereby removing most of the organic pollutants. After carnation, the bubble diffuser is switched off and three is a setting period of two hours during which the dense activated sludge sinks to the bottom leaving behind the clarified effluent, which is then discharged in to the drain. The SBR is an advanced biological aeration type treatment plant designed to produce a very high quality of final effluent in addition to overcoming several of the common problems Common problems, which normally occur, in other treatment plants are : Peak surges flow (i.e. Mornings and evenings) can force effluent through the

Plant before it has had sufficient treatment time. Fixed film, types, which have a media matrix, can suffer from media blockage because of excessive bacteria growth. Replacement / maintenance of the media material may be required at regular intervals. Mechanical / electrical components within the tanks are difficult to maintain and can be a safety risk. The liquor is not spread evenly over the available bacteria preventing an adequate Oxygen supply.

Saff Technology

Send Enquiry The SBR overcomes these problems by : Operating on a storage and batching system storing the effluent at peak times in the primary settlement tank and treating in a small batches throughout rest of the day thereby ensuring that each batch receives the full treatment time. There is no fixed media within the SBR to become blocked up it operates on the activated sludge, principal where by the bacteria float in suspension in the reactor and form an active mixed liquor. There are no moving parts or electrical components hence. The bacteria receives a high quality are supply and is completely mixed and aerated by the high volume.