UNIT 5: DNA, Genetics DAYSHEET 60: Protein Synthesis Part II Name _____________________________________ Catalyst: Write a summary sentence for

each of the paragraphs below

Biology I Date: __________

How Does Genotype Determine Phenotype?

1.

The answer to this question is an important idea in biology; so important, in fact, it is called the central dogma of biology. The central dogma of biology states that genes on our DNA have the instructions for building proteins, which determine our physical traits. It works something like this

2.

When your body needs to manufacture a particular protein it first signals the cell to turn that gene on. The piece of DNA that contains that gene unwinds. Second, the process of transcription begins. Transcription takes place in the nucleus. In transcription, one side of the DNA is used as a template (model) to create a strand of mRNA. The mRNA is an exact copy of the DNA, except that instead of the base T (thymine), the RNA copy contains the base U (uracil). The RNA is also single-stranded, and contains the sugar ribose, instead of deoxyribose.

3.

Once the mRNA copy is complete, it leaves the nucleus and heads to the ribosome. At the ribosome, the process of translation begins. During translation, the mRNA is translated using tRNA (transfer RNA), a t-shaped molecule that lines up with mRNA on one side, and carries the correct amino acid on the other side. As the mRNA copy is read, the amino acids are hooked together into a chain. When the chain is complete, a protein is created!

The protein can now head to wherever in the cell or body it is needed to do its job!!

Activity 1: Think Pair Share Directions: Imagine you are a construction worker in charge of constructing a building. What questions would you need answered in order to make the building?

Activity 2: Review Notes

What is the central dogma of biology? ______ _________ _______

Stop-and-Jot: In 10 WORDS describe the central dogma of biology:

What is RNA? (ribonucleic acid)

__________ - stranded Made of ________________ Each nucleotide has 3 parts: ______________, ____________, _______ Has the bases ___, ___, ___, and ___ Fill in the table below: DNA RNA

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

Double - stranded Deoxyribose sugar Thymine

 What is the first step to making a protein

_______________________ A segment of DNA unwinds, and an _________ copy is made

Stop-and-Jot: Why do we need to make an mRNA copy of the DNA?

For each of the genes (pieces of DNA) of below, make an mRNA copy: DNA: T A T A T G C G A T C mRNA:_________________________

DNA: C C T T T A A G C T T mRNA:_________________________

What does transcription look like?

Codon = Every ___ bases (letters) on the mRNA, which code for 1 amino acid

Divide the mRNA strand below into codons: mRNA: A U C G C C A A U U T G

 What is the second step to making a protein?

The second step is ___________________ This step takes place at the ____________ In this step, the mRNA copy is translated using ______ (transfer RNA) tRNA is shaped like a ____ One side has an anticodon that lines up with the _________ on the mRNA The other side carries an _______________

What does transcription look like? In the picture below, label the mRNA, the tRNA, and the amino acids:

 Can we read the code?

Scientists have figured out which mRNA _________ code for which ______________

STEP 1: Transcribe the DNA into mRNA STEP 2: Divide the mRNA into codons STEP 3: Use the decoder to determine which amino acids are in your protein STEP 4: Use the chart below to discover what trait your protein makes Trait
Brown eyes Free earlobes Dimples Round nose Freckles

Example 1: DNA: T A C G G G C T C A C T mRNA:_____________________________ protein:_____________________________

trait:_____________________________

Example 2: DNA: T A C C C C A T A A C T mRNA:_____________________________ protein:_____________________________

trait:_____________________________

Protein
Met Lys - Lys Met Pro - Glu Met Lys - Glu Met Gly - Tyr Met Arg - Arg

Example 3: DNA: T A C T T T T T T A C T mRNA:_____________________________ protein:_____________________________

trait:_____________________________

Activity 3: Summary

Activity 4: Practice Code Breaking

Activity 5: Codon Bingo

HW60: Intro to Biotechnology

Biology I