Overview of Topics Stress-Strain Behavior in Concrete

EARLY AGE CONCRETE Plastic shrinkage shrinkage strain associated with early moisture loss Thermal shrinkage shrinkage strain associated with cooling LATER AGE CONCRETE Drying shrinkage -shrinkage strain associated with moisture loss in the hardened material Deformations occur under loading - Elastic - Viscoelastic

Dr. Kimberly Kurtis

School of Civil Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia

Elastic Behavior
Under loading, concrete
deforms in a non-linear, inelastic manner However, an estimate of E is useful for determining stresses induced when strain is produced is very small (e.g., by environmental effects)

Non-Linear Inelastic Behavior

Elastic Modulus
Initial Tangent Modulus/Dynamic Modulus - slope of the tangent to the curve at the origin (D) Tangent Modulus slope of a line drawn tangent to curve at any point (T) Secant Modulus slope of line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve, usually corresponding to 0.40 ultimate stress (S) Chord modulus slope of the line drawn between 2 points, one of which corresponds to 50 microstrain and the other generally occurs at 0.40 ultimate stress (C)

Stress Distribution
Concrete is highly heterogeneous Localized stress/strain can be quite different from nominal
applied stress/strain

Largest strains often occur at the interface -> microcracking

Stress Distribution
For Eagg>Epaste, (1) Tensile bond failure (2) Shear bond failure (3) Tensile matrix failure (4) Occasional aggregate failure ductility

Stress Distribution
Paste shows more Paste shows broader
high stress region

Due to stress
concentrations and heterogeneity of concrete

Elastic Modulus: Two Phase Models

Vc=vol concrete Ec=E concrete Ep=E cement paste Vp=vol paste Va=vol agg Ea=E agg

Elastic Modulus: Two Phase Models

Hirsch, Counto,
and H-S models give fairly good representations of E in most concrete Deviations from actual behavior are believed to be due to ITZ effects

K=bulk modulus G=shear modulus

Elastic Modulus: Three Phase Models

Elastic Modulus: Three Phase Models

Ec=E concrete Ep=E cement paste Ea=E agg Ei=E ITZ Vc=vol concrete Vp=vol paste Va=vol agg Vi=vol ITZ

K=bulk modulus G=shear modulus Need K,G for agg, paste, and ITZ tr= ratio of ITZ thickness to the equivalent radius of the nominally spherical inclusions

Estimations of E
ACI 318 gives equations to estimate E from compressive strength and unit weight: Ec = 33 wc1.5 fc0.5
Ec = elastic modulus of concrete, psi W = unit weight, pcf fc =28d compressive strength of standard cylinders

Estimations of E: High Strength Concrete

Valid to at least 6000 psi (perhaps to as high as 9000 psi) The unit weight is used to account for the presence and
density of the aggregate

Eagg is rarely known and this is a useful way to include its

effect in E

For normal weight concrete (145pcf), this reduces to

Ec = 57000 fc0.5

Estimations of E: High Strength

Ec = 33 wc1.5 fc0.5 may underestimate E for high strength concrete ACI 363 also gives an equation for high strength concrete: Ec = 40000fc0.5 + (1x106) For fc 3000-12000 psi With Ec expressed in psi

Estimations of E: High Strength

Best fit, Ec in psi: Ec=w2.55fc0.315

Measurements of E
ASTM C469 Measures E and Poissons ratio Measure fc Load to 0.40fc Measured by compression loading of 6x12 cylinders 30-40 psi/sec Measure longitudinal and lateral strains Take average of chord moduli of 2nd and 3rd curves

Measurement of E

Poissons Ratio
Poissons Ratio - ratio of lateral strain to axial strain Not typically required for design Measured by compression loading of 6x12 cylinders 30-40 psi/sec 0.15-0.20 typical no consistent relationship with mixture design or material properties however, it is generally higher in high strength concrete, saturated concrete (0.2-0.3 is typical), and dynamically loaded concrete

Dynamic E
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (initial tangent modulus) initial slope of stress-strain curve; corresponds to very small instantaneous strain; important for earthquake loading A measure of the vibration of a specimen in response to a small applied load No microcracking; No creep -> it is usually, 20-40% higher than chord modulus Can be estimated by: Ec = 0.83Ed

Dynamic E
Can be measured by sonic techniques, (e.g., resonant frequency method, ACI
215)

Because Ed is very sensitive to microcracking, measurements of changes in Ed

can be used to monitor damage by physical and chemical attack

For a long prism or rod composed of an isotropic, homogeneous, perfectly

elastic material, the resonant frequency of vibration, N, may be calculated from

N=
where m is the mass of the rod

m 2 k (E d )0.5 2L2

The equipment essentially is composed of a generator of mechanical vibrations and a sensor of mechanical vibrations. The generator consists of an oscillator which produces electrical audio-frequency voltages and an amplifier. A driver converts the amplified voltages into mechanical vibrations that are applied to the specimen. The pick up circuit consists of a sensor, amplifier, and indicator, but may also include an oscilloscope. A piezoelectric transducer acts as the sensor and converts the mechanical vibrations to an electrical AC voltage of the same frequency. These voltages are amplified and are read by a needle on an indicator. The resonant frequency is determined by measuring the frequency at which the needle experiences maximum deflection. An oscilloscope provides additional information and can be used to verify that the fundamental modes of the specimen has been reached.
va ria b le fre qu e nc y o s c illa t o r a m p lif ie r d riv e r t =3.5 " o s c illo s c o p e s p e c im e n L=1 6.0" p ic k- u p w=4 .5 "

k is the radius of gyration of the section about an axis perpendicular to the plane of bending (k=t/(12) 0.5 for a rectangular cross section of thickness, t), E is the dynamic modulus of elasticity d is the density of the material L is the length of the specimen

The relationship can be extended to heterogeneous materials when the sample dimensions are considered to be large in relation to the size of the variations in the material.

in d ic a t o r

a m p lif ie r

Resonant Frequency

Performed in the longitudinal and transverse directions From the fundamental transverse frequency n (Hz), the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be obtained from: Dynamic E = CWn2 where W is the weight of the specimen (lb.) and C=0.00245(L3T/bt3) (s2/in2) for a prism, where L is the specimen length (in) b and t are the specimen cross sectional measurements, t being in the direction in which the specimen is driven T is a correction factor related to K/L where K is the radius of gyration of the prism.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

ASTM C597 Measures time for an ultrasonic wave to pass through concrete Related to age, moisture condition, agg/cement ratio, type of aggregate, location of reinforcement, degree of cracking, presence of voids, homogeneity Can be used to assess changes in properties due to damage (such as fire) Estimation of strength and elastic modulus are more difficult. In a homogeneous, elastic and isotropic material the square of the wave velocity (V2)is related to E, but concrete does not fit those criteria

Direct

Semidirect

Indirect

From the fundamental longitudinal frequency n (Hz), the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be obtained from: Dynamic E =DW(n)2 Where, for a prism, D=0.01035(L/bt) (s2/in2) For 4.5x3.5x16 specimens, C=0.0472 s2/in2 D=0.0105 s2/in2

E in Flexure
Flexural modulus of elasticity measured by a center-point flexure test E = PL3/(48Iy) P = load L = span length I = moment of inertia y = midspan deflection

Factors Affecting E

Important property for rigid pavements

Aggregate
Aggregate acts to restrain matrix strains; Eagg is important dense agg, higher E More porous agg, lower E granite, basalt 10-20x106 psi sandstone, limestone 3-7x106 psi Lightweight aggregate 1-4 x106 psi

Aggregate
As MSA, shape, surface texture, gradation, and mineralogical composition all influence microcracking in the ITZ, these will each influence the slope of the stress-strain curve.

In lightweight concrete, E is more likely to be affected by aggregate choice than fc

HCP
Epaste is related to its porosity Values of 1-4 x 106 psi have been reported Epaste is related to w/c, air content, use of mineral admixtures,
and degree of cement hydration, degree of curing

Testing Parameters
When tested wet E is ~15% higher than when dry (remember that the fc was 15% lower when tested wet) Why? Drying of concrete has different effects on paste and ITZ

The properties of the ITZ can have a strong influence on E microcracking, increased porosity, and aligned, large
hydration products

On drying, paste will gain strength because of strengthening

of VDW bonds in the C-S-H

ITZ microcracking will progress on drying (one explanation)

Testing Parameters
Load Rate At faster load rates, less time for deformation, higher E For very slow load rates, also get creep effects, and E will be lower.