Electricity is a flow of electric charge along a wire. The more charge that are passing along the wire the larger the current
BASIC OF ELECTRICITY
Electric Current = flow of electron along a conductor that forced by generator/ battery, to a consuming device then back to the source
BASIC OF ELECTRICITY
2 Types of electric current = AC and DC Alternating Current (AC) = varies periodically in value and directions more economical - ability to change the voltage levels by using transformers Direct Current (DC) = has a constant flow in one direction low-voltage applications, eg: batteries which can only produced DC.
TERMINOLOGY OF ELECTRICITY
Ampere (A) - a unit of the rate of flow of electric current, eg := 1 ampere represents a current flow of one coulomb of charge per second
Volt (V) - electrical force that causes free electrons to flow along a conductor
TERMINOLOGY OF ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law
V=IxR
where V is the applied voltage, measured in volts I is the current, measured in amperes R is the resistance, measured in ohms
CONDUCTOR = A material where electric current flows Copper and aluminium are commonly used
i.e. a WATT is one ampere flowing under an electromotive force of one volt
Relationship : W = I2 R (watts ampere2 x ohms)
TRANSFORMER
Distribution need for long distance transmission efficiency, and yet customer safety, reconciled by use of transformer Transformer comprises primary input and secondary input windings around a common metal loop, and the respective number of windings determines whether the voltage is stepped up or down.
4. Supply
Generation station
Pylons Step-up transformer Transmission
Lines : Overhead/ underground
Step-down transformer
Supplier
Lines : Overhead/ underground
Service cable
Consumer Consumer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers The process which involves the generation of electricity Electricity is generated in power stations by using a form of energy sources such as; water (hydroelectric), steam, gas, solar, nuclear and battery.
Most power-station alternators are driven by steam, generated by heat of fossil-fuel combustion, nuclear reaction, solar geothermal or hydroelectric
mechanical energy RESERVOIR
Electricity produced
types of SOURCES
Sources can be divided into 2 groups: Renewable replace in a reasonable period of time by natural process that we can use over and over again e.g hydro, wind, solar, wave, tidal, biomass, geothermal
Non-Renewable - an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time e.g coal, natural gas, oil, uranium
TYPES OF SOURCES
reservoir
transformer
Switch room
Water passage
water
valve
turbine
Turbine room
ADVANTAGES
Economics
some plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years ago Operating labor cost is usually low since plants are automated sale of electricity from the dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 7 years of full generation
ADVANTAGES
Related activities provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions fish farm with relatively constant water supply
boats may be used to improve transportation.
DISADVANTAGES
Environmental damage
can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems changes the downstream river environment many native and migratory birds have become increasingly endangered
DISADVANTAGES
Sediment build up and dam failure. enemy bombardment during wartime, sabotage and terrorism the Banqiao Dam failure in China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and millions homeless Population relocation relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost
In hydroelectric schemes, they are turned by water pressure from the reservoir. The power station is constructed at the bottom of the reservoir. A water passage will connect the reservoir with the turbine room. This is where the water will run down.
The flowing (or falling) water from the reservoir will push against the turbine blades, causing the rotor to spin. (contd)
Then, the turbine will turning the copper inside the generator and generating an electric current Next, the electric current will be transferred to the transformer at the switch room. The power then is pooled into the National Grid, a countrywide network cables.
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Transformers
Substations
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
The voltage is stepped up or down by using transformers The use of high voltage enables a large amount of energy to be transmitted through smaller diameter cables.
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
transferred through the Transmission System to substations where voltage is lowered to 33kV or 11kV.
The Distribution System begins after this point.
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Transmission system is a system of high voltage network which interconnects main generating stations with major load substation The system enables bulk transfer of power between these transmission points. In Peninsular Malaysia it is known as National Grid.
The voltages at which bulk power transfer takes place in the National Grid are: i) 132kV ii) 275kV iii) 400kV
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Transmission system is a system of high voltage network which interconnects main generating stations with major load substation The system enables bulk transfer of power between these transmission points
Power generated by large power stations are transmitted a transmission system called grid In Malaysia, the whole power transmission is through the National Grid System (refer related figure)
Benefits: i. Enable bulk transfer over long distances ii. Standardize electrical frequency and voltage to customers iii. Permitted transfer of electricity throughout the country iv. Infrastructure spin off
Disadvantages Requires high capital cost for infrastructure, generating stations, substations, equipment, etc. Requires high degree of management & maintenance Requires a long time to complete the whole grid (& connection to other countries)
National Grid, Malaysia is the primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia Operated and owned by TNB. More than 420 substations in Peninsular Malaysia are linked together by the extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132, 275 and 500 kilovolts (kV).
Power generated by Tenaga Nasional and independent power producers is carried by the National Grid towards customers connected to the various distribution networks.
Peninsular Malaysia
IPP YTL Power Generation LOCATION Paka, Terengganu Pasir Gudang, Johor Lumut, Perak Alor Gajah, Melaka Tanjung Gemuk, Port Dickson Tanjung Keling, Melaka Kuala Langat, Selangor CAPACITY (MW) 808 404
Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. Powertek Sdn Bhd. Port Dickson Sdn. Bhd.
334
720
26 May 1999
1 July 1993
Kota Bharu
Ipoh
OVERHEAD LINE
Length (circuit-km)
500kV 275kV 132kV 66kV
CABLE
Length (circuit-km)
275kV 132kV 66kV
(723)
49 674 -
TRANSFORMERS
Transformation Capacity (MVA)
500kV 275kV 132kV 66kV
(69,381)
4,500 26,213 38,258 410
SUBSTATIONS
Number of Substations (TNB)
500kV 275kV 132kV 66kV
(375)
4 67 299 5
Transmission System
TURBINE
Water, steam etc
GENERATING STATIONS
11 kV 22 kV 33 kV
TRANSMISSION
AROUND TOWN & RESIDENTIAL AREA Underground distribution to individual premises is at 415 volts and 240 volts.
HOUSE - Overhead
distribution to individual houses is at 240 volts.
TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS
1. PYLON
2. TRANSFORMER 3. TRANSMISSION LINES 4. SUBSTATIONS
crossarm Horizontal element that protrudes on each side of the pylon; it supports the bundles by means of suspension insulator strings.
suspension insulator string Insulators that are assembled in a vertical or oblique chain; the overhead line conductors hang from it. bundle Conductor cables that are kept a constant distance apart by spacers; they are used to transport current. K-frame Part of the pylon that rests on the waist; it has two branches that end at the beam gantry. node Point at which several legs and bars come together. panel Part of the pylon between two horizontal members. horizontal member Horizontal bar that connects the main legs to strengthen them. main leg The main tower legs of the pylon body; they support mainly vertical weights. base width Space between the foundation axes of the main legs. pylon foot Lower part of the pylon that is usually underground; the legs are anchored to it. pylon body Part of the pylon support between the top and the foot.
diagonal Diagonal bar that connects two main legs or a horizontal member and a main leg.
waist Demarcation bar between the pylon top and body that is held tightly between them. pylon window Space bounded by the inner side of the arms of the K-frame and the beam gantry. pylon top Upper portion of the pylon where the insulator strings and bundles are attached.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from one circuit to another purely by magnetic coupling. Relative motion of the parts of the transformer is not required for transfer of energy. Transformers are often used to convert between high and low voltages, to change impedance, and to provide electrical isolation between circuits.
TRANSFORMER 132kV/33kV
TRANSFORMER 33kV/11kV
Electrical transformers are used to "transform" voltage from one level to another, usually from a higher voltage to a lower voltage. They do this by applying the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current levels
In this way, electrical transformers are a passive device which transforms alternating current (otherwise known as "AC") electric energy from one circuit into another through electromagnetic induction.
TRANSMISSION LINES
A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electric currents, magnetic fields, acoustic waves, or electromagnetic waves. Examples of transmission lines include wires, optical fibers and coaxial cables.
coaxial cables.
SUBSTATION
A substation is the part of an electricity transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from low to high and vice versa using transformers.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage whilst decreasing the current, while a stepdown transformer will decrease the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution.
TRANSMISSION OPERATION
TNB remains a major player in electricity generation and distribute the electric to premises and range of business activities The electricity is supplied from generator station or power station. The current of electricity from the power station will transmits to PMU through Tower Line which carried up the voltage of 132kv .
From the substation, electricity will be reduced to 33kV in the transformer. Electricity will then be supplied to consumers (Factories, Businesses, Houses, etc) by Distribution through overhead lines and underground cables
Trunking
Then, from the Transformer the flow of the electricity entered into PMU through Trunking or underground cables.
The current from Transformer which through the Trunking will be control by Control Panel in PMU.
From the Vacuum Circuit Breaker 33kv, the current will go out to electric pole (over head) 33kV, then send to PPU near the PMU.
Pencawang Pembahagi Utama
OPERATION
The electricity will be transmitted directly to PPU after the electricity is distributed at PMU.
The purpose: to reduce the voltage and for the next distribution processes.
The 33kV currents will go thought and transformed by the transformer. Controlled by Transformer Control Panel 33kV / 11kV. Transformer will reduce the 33kV current to 11kV current. The current will be transferred to VCB for distributed to the substation.
TRANSFORMER 33 kV
CONTROL PANEL
CHARGER BOX
BATTERIES
TNB SUB-STATION
OPERATION
After the distribution process in PPU completed, the current will be delivered to nearest sub- station.
TRANSFORMER
Then, the total current 415V transferred through by Out Going Unit to FeederPillar. This current will be distributed for customers.
FEEDER PILLAR
When the current have in Feeder Pillar. Amount of current will be reduce again to distributed for the costumer.
415V = 240V The method using to transfer the total current 240V for single phase system by over head. For three phase system, the current electric will be sent to the buildings from the Feeder Pillar. Normally three phase system have the big current. it is about 415V. It is always use for the building which it need more current electric.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Distribution System is the process of transmission of electricity from major load centers to consumers Power is further distributed to load centers/substations where voltages are further reduced (by using transformers) before reaching factories, homes etc. Generally, the distribution voltages in Malaysia are 33kV, 11kV and 415/240 Volts.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The electricity distributed to varies power plant from the main power plant with the step-down volts before it will be supplied System commonly used are grid system.
Supplier
SUPPLY SYSTEM
SUPPLY SYSTEM
TNB Supply System
Voltage 3 phase (50Hz) Main transmission network: 275kV, 132kV, 66kV Distribution network: 33kV, 22kV (for limited area), 11kV, 6.6kV(limited area), 415V, 240V(single phase) Low voltage system (415/240V): 3 phase 4 lines (415V) / single phase 2 lines (240V) This system is a combination of overhead lines and underground cables
Distribution Transmission
Power Plant
Step-up Transformers
Overhead Pole Step-down Transformers
Supply
Step-down Transformers
Consumer
SUPPLY SYSTEM
The high current produced enables the voltage to be transformed up to 132, 240, 400 and 500kV.
SUPPLY SYSTEM
Diagrammatic Installation of Single Phase For Single Unit Dwelling Supply to domestic buildings can be of 2 form: -Overhead cables -Underground (about 0.5m below ground) Domestic buildings are supplied with the single phase supply - contains a live phase and a neutral in one cable and terminating at the meter board
Substation
Power circuit
Internal Meter Distribution Board (DB)
SUPPLY SYSTEM
Distributor will step-down the voltage of the power to be supplied to the consumer, and it is transmitted with overhead and underground lines
Step-down transformers
Service cable
consumer consumer
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
CONSUMER SUPPLY SYSTEM
33 kV
11 kV 400 V
AC, 3-phase supply with 4-wire cable AC, 3-phase supply with 3-wire cable DC or AC, single-phase supply with 2-wire cable
240V
normal supply from the supply authority such as TNB - May be taken at high voltage (11kV) or low voltage(415v) - Depending on the maximum demand of the installation and/or technical requirement standby supply provided by diesel generator set - required by Jabatan Bomba to provide the necessary power to certain equipment in the building i.e lifts, fire fighting system, emergency lighting etc. in the event of normal supply failure
b)
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
CONSUMER SUPPLY SYSTEM
3-phase supply system provides 73% more power than single-phase, for additional of wire
3 phase wiring. Note the 3 wires (red, yellow and blue) and the 3 fuses.
METERING
Watt-hour meter a meter for measuring recording the quantity of electrical power consumed with respect to time Meter circuit consists of 2 coils:
METERING
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
3 types of distribution for large & high-rise buildings
i) Radial distribution
ii) Ring-main distribution
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
RADIAL system
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
RADIAL system
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
RING Main system
In the case of a large development scheme having several buildings around the perimeter of site , a ring main circuit is provided. The ring main circuit would be taken around the site into each building The ring main distribution system has the following advantages : i) Each building and individual sections may be isolated without switching off the entire installation ii) The current flow in either direction can reduce voltage drop
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
For buildings five storey and above, it is normally preferable to pass conductors vertically through the building The supply to each floor is connected to the rising mains by means of tap-off subsidiary units
Rising main
distribution
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
Domestic supply is AC, single-phase, 240 volts, i.e. each house tapped-off the 3-phase street supply in rotation Consumer board serve individual circuits for e.g. cooker, ring circuits for general power, and lighting Fuse inserted to protect each stage in distribution hierarchy, deliberate weak link. Always on live side of circuit, sometimes on neutral also. Earth ensures circuit fuses e.g. if appliance casing becomes live. Switches at least on live side, or on neutral also, i.e. double-pole.
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
a) 3-phase supply along street from neighbourhood transformer, with single-phase tap-off to houses
b) Consumer unit
The consumer's power supply control unit, conveniently summarised as a consumer unit, is a rationalisation of several circuit boxes containing a switch and fuse for isolation of individual circuits.
The unit is located as close as possible to the meter, but on the inside of the building for convenient access. A two-pole main switch usually rated at 100 A controls the supply to several outgoing circuits or 'ways'. Each way is rated in amperes, the value depending on the circuit purpose.
Consumer unit
Circuit protection is by semi-enclosed rewirable fuse, cartridge fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB). Up to 16 ways are available for domestic use and a typical example is shown in the following figure. Within the unit are a phase or live bar between fuses and isolator and an unfused neutral bar connected to the isolator.
An unswitched earthing terminal is also provided.
Consumer unit
A panel for distributing power to other panels or to motors and other heavy power consuming loads
Intake - domestic
Most domestic supplies are buried underground and contain a phase and neutral in one cable, terminating at the meter cupboard. In more remote areas the supply may be overhead. The termination and metering services cables to buildings is determined by the electricity authoritys supply arrangements.
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
LARGER BUILDINGS
11kV possibly maintained to large buildings own transformer; thence, 415/240 volts to meters and main distribution board 3-phase busbars in distribution board; 3-phase individual supplies tapped-off to plant; 3-phase rising busbars to local distribution boards for power and lighting
Single-phase power and light circuit tapped-off boards; typically conduited under floors or over ceilings, with tap-offs to sockets and lights respectively Fluorescent light circuits sometimes continued at 3phase, in which case cables well separated to avoid 415-volt shock danger
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
LARGER BUILDINGS
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
LARGER BUILDINGS - BUSBARS
Busbar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminium that conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus.
The size of the busbar is important in determining the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried.
Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm but electrical substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (1,000 mm) or more as busbars.
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
LARGER BUILDINGS - BUSBARS
Bus conductors of rectangular cross section Assembled in a sheetmetal trough
Consists 4 metal strips, live240V (R, W and B) and neutral line Used for separating the 3phase supply into singleline / lower current Found in main switchboard to connect the main switch to fused switches
SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
LARGER BUILDINGS RISING BUSBARS
Used in high-rise building
Used to distribute 415V 3-phase electricity from main distribution board to all floors
Copper vertical busbars which run up in electricity cable riser Vertical duct / trunking to the height of the building
To prevent the spread of fire and smoke, fire barriers are incorporated with the busbar chamber at each compartment floor level.
Figure 12: 3-phase busbars riser