Certificate of approval THE SYNTHETIC AND ART SILK MIIL`S RESARCH ASOSIATION

SASMIRA`S INSTITUTE OF MAN-MADE TEXTILE`S

Sasmira marg , Worli . Mumbai 400025

This is certify that the project work entitled Is bonafied of

WATER POLLUTION BY TEXTILE INDUSTRIES By Avnish R. Singh Guided by S.B Pawar

In partial fulfilment for the award of

Diploma in man-made textile chemistry

Enrolment No. 2008153

Signature of Principal/H.O.D.

Signature of Guidance

ACKONOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to take this opportunity in expressing my sincere thanks to SASMIRA`S Staff. thanks for their encouragement and inspiration that they had shown thought this project. I express my deed serve of gratitude to my revered guide Mr. S.B Pawar His guidance thought out the preparation of this had led me to complete this project successfully. I also to the very of thanks entire staff of SASMIRA library. Specially to Mr. despande and Mr. saraf ,who have deterred me from helping in Collecting the information and data require for my project and we finely Thank over parents and friends for giving finely Co-operation. Finely, once again I want express my deed hearted thank for to my most Respected guidance Mr. S.B Pawar For giving moral support throughout this project And also I want give heartily to all my well wishes for seeing me throughout this project.

AVNISH R. SINGH D.M.T.C.5th Sem.

BATCH JULY 2010-2011 ENROLLMENT NO. 2008153

INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
The relationship of man with the environment is necessarily symbiotic. The equilibrium but the two must be maintained all costs during last few centuries. However man relation with his environment has drastically changes due to a vast increase in his expectations & activities. Acquisition of knowledge in science & technology & its application in meeting ever increasing demand of man has not left any part of biosphere. Untouched making his own survived precarious. For example hundred million of tones mineral are being, fuels & other toxic material are being dug out from the interim of earth every year a throw out on the earths surface or atmosphere in one or other. Another fact is that is this planet has becomes over populated. With increasing population / more & more on the limited source of energy & material. The capacity of environment to support the increasing demand of man is limited. The environment perform three basic function in relation to man. They are follows: 1. It provide living space & other amenities that make life qualitatively rich for man. 2. The environment is the source agriculture, mineral, water & other resource that are consumed directly or indirectly. 3. The environment is a sink where all the waste produced by man assimilated. The capacity of the environment to perform these function is not limited. It is therefore important that undue stress is not imposed on the environment. The rare of exploitation of the sources. Do not exceed nature capacity to reproduced them or that the amount of domestic & industrial effluents does not exceed the assuasive capacity

of the nature. Rapid population growth unplanned towns and random growth of industries are the common future of any developing of country. While slums noise discharges of improperly threats effluent is in big cities. Soil contamination & river & sub soil water pollution due to the fertilizer & pesticides are common in the village. Today fortunately there is growing awareness to damage man causing to the very source of his existence on this planet. The cellos reduces the need to make his activity environment friendly to check and ensure that further damage to nature is prevented various legal and administrative measures are being introduced to ensure compliance. The basic aim of legislation with the acceptable levels i.e. they must free from pollution.

1.2 WATER POLLUTION:Water pollution can be defined as any biological, chemical or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired used. Water is one of the prime necessities of life and development in each and every part of the world. It is estimated that man can survive for twenty days without food, but start struggling for life in that absence of water just after one day. In mans body 70% is water, blood. Cells & bones contains 18%, 75% & 22% water respectively. The availability of water supply adequate in terms of bath quality and quantity is essential to human existence. In early days people used to recognise the importance of water from quantity view points. Recognition of the importance of water quality developed more slowly rapid industrial development coupled with chemical alteration on one side put a country forward from point of economic growth but on the other pose major thread to the water quality & water pollution. The term water pollution in general can be defined as alteration in physical chemical or biological properties of water or discharge of any liquid, gaseous or solid substance into water as many or is likely to create nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health of safety or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture or other legitimate usage animal life and health. Water pollution occurs due to the presence of dissolute inorganic materials, organic material such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other substance found in

domestic and industrial waters and physical factors such as turbidity, colours, temperatures of effluents, associated radio activity etc. Alkalis, acids, inorganic salts and other chemicals formed during processing head to inorganic pollution. Besides being the cause of corrosion of metals, these chemicals are toxic to aquatic life and the organisms responsible for self purification of stream into which the liquid effluents are thrown. Industries like paper and pulp, tanneries, textiles and coke-ovens, among many other, discharge these chemicals. Inorganic chemicals such as ammonia hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides. Salts of metal like Cr, Ni, Cl, Ag, etc. Are usually found in metal-plating liquid works, alkali producing units, polyvinyl chloride coke-oven and fertilizer industries. Pharmaceutical industries also produce large quantities of free acid and neutralised chemicals during different unit process. Chromates, phosphates, ammonia and urea are typical chemicals found in effluents from fertilizer industries. Pollution due to mercury in chloral-alkali industries has forced the latter to switch from mercury to diaphragm cells inspire of the many operation difficulties of the latter. Organic pollution is due to the presence of high molecular weight compounds such as sugars, oils and fats and proteins obtained from distillery, canning sugar other foodprocessing industries. They impart a high BOD load to the liquid waste. There organic compound are readily degraded in aqueous medium by soil and micro-organism present in the sewage. During this process dissolved oxygen in the stream is used up. When the dissolved oxygen is reduced blow ascertain limit, aquatic life is affected adversely. Oil spillage from tankers and ships leads to the pollution of beaches. Some from pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals industries and coke-ovens contain phenols which are toxic to fish, microorganism and other aquatic life. Liquid effluents from industries manufacturing drugs,

dyestuffs, pesticides and detergents can also be toxic. Usage of anionic detergents which are not biodegradable leads to a lot of foaming and frothing. Turbidity of waste water is caused by the presence of colloidal matter which does not settle readily. This consists of fine clay particles, milk wastes, sewage, free peroxide formed from iron and other metal salts, ceramic industries or paper pulp industries. Turbidity can inhibit the penetration of light, limiting photo synthesis by micro-organism and thereby

adversely affecting oxygenation of the water. Colour pollution is caused by liquid effluents from pickling, paper, and pulp, dye, stuff, tuning, and textile industries. Colour in the liquid effluent also cut of the sun light required for photo-synthesis. Use of photo synthetic detergents and effluent from industries such as paper and pulp containing lignin and lignosulphonates, give rise to foam that are quite stable due to the presence of surfactance. These foams have the capacity to carry suspended solids as well as pathogenic bacteria. Besides, stable foam make the treatment of liquid wastes highly in effective. Another form of physical pollution is thermal pollution. This is due to high temp. of liquid waste from application such as power station. When the hot liquid is discharge into river. The textile industry uses high volume of water throughout its operation, from the washing of fibre to bleaching, dying and washing on finished products. On average, approximately 200 litres of water are require to produce 1 kg of textile. The large volume of wastewater generated also contain a wide variety of chemicals, used throughout processing. These can cause damage if not properly treated before being discharged into the environment. Of all the steps involved in textiles processing creates the highest volume of wastewater.

The aquatic toxicity of textile industry wastewater varies considerably among production facilities. The sources of aquatic toxicity can include salt, surfactant, ionic metals and their metal complexes, toxic organic chemicals, biocides and toxic anions. Most textile dyes have low aquatic toxicity. On the other hand, surfactant and related compounds, such as detergents emulsifiers and dispersants are used in almost each textile process and can be an important contributor to effluent aquatic toxicity, BOD and forming.The temp. of the water increases, thereby decreasing the equilibrium content of dissolved oxygen even normally the temp. of water bodies in India is fairly high. Any additional rise in temp. of the water reduce its oxygen content further with the organic load from industrial and swage discharge and increased biological activity due to high temp. oxygen content is likely to gets reduced below the critical level. It is most desirable that industrial liquid effluents are pre-treated or rid of undesirable chemicals before being thrown on the land and in rivers, seas or public sewers if discharged into public sewers they can corrode reduce biological activity due to the presence of toxic materials.

2. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION: 1. Sources of organic pollution are:a) Domestic sewage or sullage from human settlements towns, cities. b) Trade waste from dairy, food, agro industries, distilleries, paper & pulp industries, refineries. c) Run off from agriculture land.

2. Sources of bacterial pollution are:a) Domestic sewage b) Dairy & agriculture waste.

3. Sources of inorganic & mineral pollution are:a) Trade waste from mining and mineral based industries. b) Metallurgical industries. c) Chemical fertilizer industries.

4. Sources of mechanical & physical pollution are:a) Domestic sewage, dairy wastes and agriculture run off. b) Soil erosion. c) Thermal power plants. d) Industrial wastes in general.

THE RAW WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR INLAND SURFACE WATER USED AS DRINKING WATER SOURCE AND FOR BATHING GHAT RECOMMENDED BY WHO & ISO ARE:

PARAMETER
pH Total dissolved solid Iron Nitrogen as NO3 Fluoride BOD COD Phenolic substances Cyanide Chromium Lead Arsenic Chlorides

WHO
6-9 1500mg/lit(upper limit) 50mg/lit (upper limit) 45mg/lit 1.5mg/lit 6mg/lit 10mg/lit 0.002mg/lit 0.2mg/lit 0.05mg/lit 0.05mg/lit 0.5mg/lit Not given

ISO
6-9 Not given Not given Not given 1.5mg/lit 3mg/lit Not given 0.001mg/lit 0.1mg/lit 0.05mg/lit 0.10mg/lit 0.02mg/lit 600mg/lit

It is necessary to evolve river water and marine wastes quality standards for all categories of uses of streams. It is important to note that no such standards are as laid so far. As mentioned in the second approach it is important to fix tolerance limits at the discharge level.

3. CAUSE OF WATER POLLUTION 1. SCALE FORMATION:

Calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium, hydroxide and silica form scales. These compounds are not much soluble and solubility decreases and temperature rises. Scale formed by calcium carbonate are relatively soft. Magnesium hydroxide forms sludge rather than scales. Silica forms hard, glassy scales particularly at high pressures. Silica is combination with Al, Fe, Mg, & Na forms scale and are known as mechanical carry over. Suspended particles, turbidity, sediment forms both scales and sludge. Therefore it is necessary to filter the water before feeding it into boilers. Scales formation reduces the heat transfer and may lead to risk of overheating. Tube failures and energy losses.

2. CORROSIONS:
pH of water, the dissolved gases and some salts poses problem of corrosion in boiler. Lower pH induces (acidity) corrosion and that is why the water is made slightly alkaline before it is fed into boiler. Dissolved oxygen (DO) CO2 are the chief constituents which accelerates corrosion. This type of corrosion further increases under acidic conditions. Condensate water is more corrosive due to the presence of DO CO2 Gaseous impurities such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, SO2 also increases corrosion. Magnesium chloride and sulphate among the salts corrode the boiler. MgCl2 is very corrosive and effect are cyclic is nature, due to the liberation of HCL on decomposition. Corrosion leads to pelting or perforations, loss of mechanical strength

resulting in cracks also.

OIL FILM:
Oil should not be allowed to enter the boiler as traces of oil also becomes very dangerous. Oils form heat insulating film on the metallic surface and interfere in heat transfer. Wherever a film is formed, there, over heating takes place (at the place only ) which leads to building of the pipes and many times the pipe burst.

REFFERENCE

1. Industrial safety and following control hand book. 2. Pollution in textile industries by- prof. K.B krishnkumar. 3. C. Parvathi, T. Maruthavanan & C. Prakash (the Indian textile journal, nov. 2009.) 4. Ram asrey colourage july 2005. 5. Prof. Mrs anita nishkam (colourage july 2005) 6. Edward menezes (colourage 2010) 7. Mr. Parthiban and S. Satish kumar (colourage july 2005) 8. Reverse osmosis (textile treatment 1999) 9. Fisher G. Wool (textile treatment 1998) 10. Broglio P. And odobez G. Revista de la (industrial textile 1999) 11. Crespi M. revista de la (industrial textile 1999) 12. Koffer A. tut (textile usages techniques 1999) 13. Dutta P.K. ravi kumar M.H.V. (asian textile journal 2001) 14. Chergey. Tong z (textile journal 2001) 15. Fangusc, polymorpha, kurozumi N (colourage july 2001) 16. Slater K. international journal (clothing science of technologie 1999) 17. Perkins W.S (textile chemistry and colourist and American dyestuff reporter 1999) 18. Sanghi R. (asian textile journal 2002) 19. Lukarovav and gantchev V.(man-made textile in india 2002) 20. Bau ghran G.L. & perkins W.S (AATCC review 2002) 21. Arslan alaton I., kornmuller A. And jekel, (environment engineering 2002)