The nervous system

SUBMITTED BY: Vandolph . Bernardo Jonathan Mellona Catherine Manansala Catherine Dela cruz Camille Libunao SUBMITTED TO: Mrs. Josefina Calizon THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Definition: The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates the voluntary and involuntary actions of the animal and transmits signals between different parts of its body.

Functions: 1. It receives information about your environment and other parts of the body. 2. It interprets all information 3. It makes your body respond or react. Nerve cells Also called neurons. Are like electric wires scattered all over the walls, posts, and ceilings of your house. Have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells. A Typical Neuron Structure

Parts of Neuron 1. Dendrites - (from Greek dndron, "tree") are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. 2. Axon - (from Greek, axis) also known as a nerve fibre; is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

3. Myelin sheath the fatty covering material of an axon, the covered axon is considered to be myelinated. If no cover non-myelinated. 4. Synapse - is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. 5. Cell Body Or Soma contains all the organelles inside a neuron. Classifications of Neurons 1. Sensory /apparent pick up information from our body parts or the environment or transmits the information to our spinal cord or brain. 2. Motor/efferent carry messages or impulses from your brain to your spinal cord and other body parts, causing them to react. 3. Interneurons/Associative carry information between other neurons. The Nervous System And Its Divisions There are three divisions that makes up the nervous system it includes: 1. The Central Nervous System 2. The Peripheral Nervous System 3. The Autonomic Nervous System The Central Nervous System Functions; Integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animalsthat is, all multicellular animals except radially symmetric animals such as sponges and jellyfish. It contains the majority of the nervous system and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord which is the continuation of the brain. Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by membranes called the meninges. Parts of the Central Nervous System 1. Brain - is the part of the central nervous system that is present in the head and protected by the skull, dorsally and laterally. The box that houses the brain within the skull is called the cranium. It has three main regions the fore brain, the mid brain and the hind brain. The three regions have different parts that have specific functions.

The Brain

Parts of the brain Fore Brain- It is made up of cerebrum, hypothalamus and thalamus. Cerebrum- It is the largest part of the brain and is made up of two hemispheres called the cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres are joined together by a thick band of fibres called the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is made up of four distinct lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Thalamus- It is an area which coordinates the sensory impulses from the various sense organs eyes, ears and skin and then relays it to the cerebrum. Hypothalamus It receives the taste and smell impulses, coordinates messages from the autonomous nervous system, controls the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and peristalsis. It also forms an axis with the pituitary which is the main link between the nervous and the endocrine systems. It also has centres that control mood and emotions. Midbrain It is a small portion of the brain that serves as a relay centre for sensory information from the ears to the cerebrum. It also controls the reflex movements of the head, neck and eye muscles. It provides a passage for the different neurons going in and coming out of the cerebrum. Hind Brain- It consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

Cerebellum- is like cerebrum. It consists of outer grey cortex and inner white medulla. It is responsible for maintaining the balance while walking, swimming, riding, etc. It is also responsible for precision and fine control of the voluntary movements. Pons- literally means bridge. It serves as a relay station between the lower cerebellum and spinal cord and higher parts of the brain like the cerebrum and mid brain. Medulla Oblongata- It is a small region of the brain. It is hidden as it is well protected because of its importance. It has the cardiovascular centre and the breathing centre. It also controls activities such as sneezing, coughing, swallowing, salivation and vomiting.

2. Spinal Cord- It is a collection of nervous tissue running along the back bone. It is, in fact, protected by the vertebral column. It is a continuation of the brain. The functions of the spinal cord are: Coordinating simple spinal reflexes Coordinating autonomic reflexes like the contraction of the bladder Conducting messages from muscles and skin to the brain Conducting messages from brain to the trunk and limbs Parts of Spinal Cord

The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of nerves that connect the different parts of the body (peripheral tissues) to the central nervous system. As mentioned earlier, there are three types of nerves based on their composition: sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) mixed.

The Autonomic Nervous System classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions. The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration,pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal. Types 1. Parasympathetic- Promotes a "rest and digest" response, promotes calming of the nerves return to regular function, and enhances digestion. The parasympathetic nerves dilate blood vessels leading to the GI tract, increasing blood flow. This is important following the consumption of food, due to the greater metabolic demands placed on the body by the gut. The parasympathetic nervous system can also constrict the bronchiolar diameter when the need for oxygen has diminished. During accommodation, the parasympathetic nervous system causes constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle to the lens, allowing for closer vision. 2. Sympathetic- Promotes a "fight or flight" response, corresponds with arousal and energy generation, and inhibits digestion. Diverts blood flow away from the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and skin via vasoconstriction. Blood flow to skeletal muscles and the lungs is enhanced (by as much as 1200% in the case of skeletal muscles). Dilates bronchioles of the lung, which allows for greater alveolar oxygen exchange. Illustration of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Nervous System of a Frog Frog has a highly developed nervous system and the nervous system of a frog is divisible into Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Central Nervous System of a Frog Frog central nervous system of a frog is made up of two organs, the brain and spinal cord. Brain is contained in a bony structure known as brain box or cranium and protects it from the external shocks. Brain of frog consists of a pair of occipital condyles. The frog's brain is divisible into three parts namely: Fore-brain: It consists of olfactory lobes, a pair of cerebral hemispheres, and unpaired diencephalon. Olfactory lobe of frog's brain controls the sense of smell. Mid-brain: The mid-brain o fthe frog is consists of a pair of optic lobes. Optic lobes are invloved in the frog's vision. Hind-brain: Hind-brain o fthe frog consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum helps to maintain the balance and equilibrium of the frog. The medulla oblongata passes out via the foramen magnum and continues into the spinal cord of the frog up to the tip of its trunk, which is contained in the vertebral column. Medulla oblongata helps in the regulation of

respiration, digestion, and other automatic functions. Cerebellum also controls the muscular coordination and posture. Peripheral Nervous System of a Frog Peripheral nervous system of a frog comprises of cranial and spinal nerves. Ten pair of cranial nerves are present in the frog (as compared to twelve pairs present in human) and it arises from the brain and innervate to the different parts of body. Cranial nerves are involved in passing the information from outside to the brain. Spinal nerves of frog appear as white in color and are thread-like structures that emerge between the vertebrae and are located along the dorsal wall of body cavity. Spinal nerves functions in passing information from the extremities to brain through spinal cord. Frog contains 10 pairs of spinal nerves (as compared to 30 pairs present in humans) that rise from the spinal cord and gets distributed to the different parts of body. Autonomic Nervous System of a Frog Autonomic nervous system of a frog is made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic chains of ganglia.