Omf007004 GSM Cell Design Issue1.0

Course Name
N-0
GSM Cell Design
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
Course Name
N-1
Objectives
z
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe key point of site design Outline main factor for antenna installation Complete daily maintenance tasks Backup and restore
Page1
Course Name
N-2
Contents
1. Cell Planning Process 2. Cell Planning Detailed Flow
Page2
Course Name
N-3
Building up Mobile Network
Projection Execution Network Objective
Radio Network Planning
Radio Network Optimization
Page3
z z
Network objective: covered area, number of users, service type and QOS. Network planning: based on the requirement for building up the network to determine the scale and scheme of the network, as a result, to guide the construction of the project.
Course Name
N-4
Cell Planning Process

Traffic, Coverage, Quality, etc
Information Collection Radio Network Optimization
Coverage & Capacity Plan
Radio Network Analysis and Estimation
Parameter Planning Frequency Planning
Site Selection&Survey System Simulation
Page4
The main aim of radio network planning is to provide a cost-effective solution for the radio network in terms of coverage, capacity and quality. The network planning process and design criteria vary from region to region depending upon the dominating factor, which could be capacity or coverage.
Course Name
N-5
Information Collection
z
The objective of information collection is to provide the basic information to RNP, meet the requirements of network estimation and simulation input.
Information Collection
Radio Network Optimization Radio Network Analysis and Estimation
Parameter Planning
Site Selection&Survey System Simulation Frequency Planning
Page5
zThe process of radio network planning starts with collection of the input parameters such as the network requirements of coverage, capacity and quality. These inputs are then used to make the theoretical coverage and capacity plans.
Definition of coverage would include defining the coverage areas, service probability and related signal strength.
z zDefinition of capacity would include the subscriber and traffic profile in the region and whole area, availability of the frequency bands, frequency planning methods, and other information such as guard band and frequency band division.
The radio planner also needs information on the radio access system and the antenna system performance associated with it.
z
Course Name
N-6

z
The Radio Network Analysis and Estimation process results in theoretical coverage and capacity plans.
The average cell capacity requirement per service area is estimated for each phase of network design, to identify the cut-over phase
The objective of coverage planning is to find the minimum number of sites for producing the required coverage.
Radio planners often have to experiment with both coverage and capacity, as the capacity requirements may have to increase the number of sites, resulting in a more effective frequency usage and minimal interference.
Radio Network Optimization Information Collection
Parameter Planning
Page6
Course Name
N-7
Site Selection&Survey and System Simulation

z
The sites where the radio equipment will be placed are visited. This is a critical step because it is necessary to assess the real environment to determine whether it is a suitable site location result from simulation step. Besides, radio measurements are performed in order to verify the coverage and interference prediction. Use network planning software to simulate, verify and adjust the estimate result of Traffic and Coverage Analysis. Ensure the objective of coverage and capacity and a certain grade of service (GOS).
Information Collection Radio Network Optimization Radio Network Analysis and Estimation
HUWEI uses GENEX U-Net as a radio planning tool.
Parameter Planning

Frequency Planning
Page7
Course Name
N-8
Frequency Planning
z
After site survey and selection, assignment of the frequency for each cell is done in a manner that causes minimal interference and maintains the desired quality. Frequency allocation is based on the carrier to interference (C/I) ratio. The frequency need to be finetuned based on drive test results and network management statistics.
Radio Network Optimization Information Collection Radio Network Analysis and Estimation
Parameter Planning
Frequency Planning
Page8
Course Name
N-9
Parameter Planning
z
Parameter plans are drawn up for each of the cells. There is a parameter set for each cell that is used for network launch and expansion. This set may include cell service area definitions, channel configurations, handover and power control, adjacent cells definitions, and network-specific parameters.
Information Collection Radio Network Optimization Radio Network Analysis and Estimation
Parameter Planning
Page9
Course Name
N-10
Contents
1. Cell Planning Process 2. Cell Planning Detailed Flow
Page10
Course Name
N-11
Cell Planning Detailed Flow

Pre-planning
Coverage planning Capacity planning Information collection, confirmation Radio network analysis and estimation
Yes Select recommended model ? Propagation model No CW test and model rectification Test electromagnetic background Optional
Adjust sites
No
Original site selection
Base station survey and layout
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Frequency planning Optimization flow Design cell parameter
Page11
Course Name
N-12

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page12
Course Name
N-13
Information collection
z
The following information is required in order to support network planning:

Cost limitation Various maps Types of coverage area Types of service Types of terminal and their proportion Coverage and capability requests of different services Available frequencies Grade of service (GOS) Population distribution System growth capability Income level distribution the usage statistics of telephone
Page13
Course Name
N-14
Coverage & Capacity Target Confirmation

z z z z z z z z z z z z
Definition of coverage areas Specific division of the service quality in coverage areas Traffic volume in busy hours Grade of service (GoS) at Um interface Prediction of network capacity and subscriber growth rate Available frequency bands and restrictions on them Restrictions on base station address and the number of carriers Penetration loss in cars or indoor environment Antenna and transmission environment analysis Performance and sensitivity of base stations Rules on base station naming and numbering Information of the base stations in the existing network
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page14
Course Name
N-15
Performance Target Confirmation

Number 1 KPI index TCH congestion ratio SDCCH congestion ratio Call drop ratio Handover success ratio Call setup time Coverage probability Meaning TCH seizure failures/attempted TCH seizures 100% SDCCH seizures and all busy times/SDCCH seizure requests 100% TCH call drop times/TCH occupation success times 100% Handover success times/handover attempted times 100% Average call setup times The percentage of the received level greater than -90 dBm Test method OMC Reference value < 2%
OMC
< 1%
OMC
< 2%
4 5 6 Note:
OMC Drive test Drive test
> 92% < 10s > 90%
The KPI indexes vary slightly with operators.
Page15
Course Name
N-16

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page16
Course Name
N-17

z
Through network estimation, to perform a quantitative analysis and know the construction scale. Thus, the construction period and cost budget can be worked out. Capacity Planning
Radius of cell and scale of base station
Scenario division and transmit model Coverage Capacity QoS Traffic model Penetration loss
Output
Coverage Planning
Page17
Through the network estimation, you can get the radius of cell and scale of base station. Thus, to guide later site reconnaissance and emulation work. For the GSM BSS system, a complete radio network consists the following: estimations of BTS,BSC and transmitting link needs.For the engineers of the radio network planning, they perform the BTS estimation and provide the result. Then, other related departments perform estimation of BSC and transmitting link needs.
Course Name
N-18
Coverage Analysis and Estimation

Area type
Dense population,
z
Description
Developed economy
z
Big city
Large traffic
z
Dense high buildings and mansions distributed in center areas

z
Flourishing shopping centers

z
Relatively dense population

z
Types of coverage area
Middle-sized city
Relatively developed economy

z
Relatively large traffic

z
Dense buildings distributed in center areas

z
Active and promising shopping centers

z
Relative large population

z
Promising economic development

z
Small town
Moderate traffic
z
Relative dense buildings distributed in center areas

z
A certain scale of shopping centers but with great potentiality

z
Scattered population
z
Countryside
Developing economy
z
Low traffic
z
Page18
The signal propagation models are applied in accordance with the propagation environments in areas of different types. The signal propagation models decide the design principles, network structures, grade of services and frequency reuse modes for the radio networks in coverage areas. In order to decide the cell coverage area, you can the radio coverage areas into the following four types: Big city Middle-sized city Small town Countryside Generally, it is recommended to apply omni base stations in the countries plains and the areas with restricted landforms. In big cities, middle-sized cities, and along expressways, it is recommended to apply directional base stations.
z z z z z
Course Name
N-19

Factor Mobile station sensitivity Fast fading protection Slow fading protection Noise (environmental noise and interfering noise) protection Value -102 dBm 4 dB (3 dB for countryside) 8 dB (6 dB for countryside) 5 dB
Define the edge strength
Remark: To ensure the indoor coverage in big and middle-sized cities, you can consider 15dB for the average penetration loss of buildings and consider 5dB to the protection margin. Generally, the propagation loss of GSM 1800MHz signals is 8 dB greater than that of the GSM 900MHz signals in average. Radio links have two directions, namely, uplink direction and downlink direction, and the coverage area is defined by the direction in which the signals are poor, so you must consider the uplink and downlink balance. Therefore, if you intend to plan an ideal network, you must make a good power control budget so that the uplink and downlink can be as balance as possible.
z
Page19
Course Name
N-20

Construction stage Areas Significant national tourism areas, expressways, national highways, and the areas along busy railways. Other major roads, railways and sea-routes Coverage target Full coverage. Early stage
The coverage probability must be greater than 90%. With the development of the network construction, the number of subscribers increase larger and they require services of higher grade, so the quality of indoor coverage of the areas in the left column must be greatly enhanced.
Definition of coverage probability
Development stage
Key areas, such as government offices, press centers, airport lounges, waiting rooms of train stations, subways, commercial office buildings of high ranks, entertainment centers, and large shopping malls.
Remarks: Generally, a call must be ensured to access the network at 90% of the places and 99% of the time within the coverage area. For the outdoor environment in big cities, the two ratios must be greater. For the areas in countryside, the two ratios can be lower. For transport arteries, different standards are applied, and the coverage probability can be defined in accordance with the types of the arteries.
z z z
Page20
Course Name
N-21
Traffic Analysis and Estimation

z z
Traffic prediction Cell channel allocation
Voice Channel Allocation
TCH
Control Channel Allocation
SDCCH CCCH (AGCH,PCH)
z z
Location area allocation Method of expanding network capacity
Page21
About the traffic analysis, we will discuss it in detail in the topicCapacity Planning.
Course Name
N-22

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page22
Course Name
N-23
Original Site Selection Overview

z
Select and plan the radio network area on the map based on the available site resource of operator, coverage requirement, network analysis and network estimation result.
Network estimation result Available site resource Digital map Local administrative map
Output
Base station topology
Set the theoretic site as the center and R/4 as the radius to search. Besides, there are some restriction on the height. It is recommended to mark the to-be surveyed on the paper map.
Page23
Course Name
N-24
Cell Definition
z
In GSM, a cell can be defined as the area covered by one sector, i.e. one antenna system.
Uncovered Area
Theoretical
Ideal
Practical
Page24
Course Name
N-25
Cell Classification
Indoor Cell Urban Suburban Rural human-made structures natural terrains Outdoor Cell
Page25
Coverage in a cell is dependent upon the area covered by the signal. The distance traveled by the signal is dependent upon radio propagation characteristics in the given area. Radio propagation varies from region to region and should be studied carefully, before predictions for both coverage and capacity are made. The requirement from the radio planners is generally a network design that covers 100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to have 'holes' only in no-traffic zones. The whole land area is divided into three major classes - urban, suburban and rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains. The cells that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, micro-cellular or pico-cellular
Course Name
N-26
Cell Classification on Scale

z
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
Micro-cell Pico-cell Macro-cell
Pico Cell
Pico-cells are usually used for indoor coverage.
Page26
Course Name
N-27
Macro Cell Network

z z
Cost performance solution Suitable for covering large area
Large cell range High antenna position

2..20 km
z z
Cell ranges 2 ~ 20km Used with low traffic volume
Typically rural area Road coverage
Page27
Course Name
N-28
Micro Cell Network

z z z
Capacity oriented network Suitable for high traffic area Mostly used with beamed cell
Cost performance solution Usage of available sites equipment
0,5 .. 2km
Typical application
Medium town Suburb
Typical coverage range: 0.5 ~ 2km
Page28
Course Name
N-29
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell 5-50Km Early 80s
Macro Cell 1-5Km Mid-end 80s
Micro Cell 100m-1Km Mid 90s
Pico Cell 10m-100m Mid-end 90s
Macro Cell
Layered Network
Page29
Course Name
N-30
Hierarchical Cell Structure
Umbrella Cell Lay 4 low
GSM 900
GSM900 Cell Lay 3 GSM1800 Cell Lay 2 Pico Cell Lay 1 high
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 1800 GSM900 GSM1800
GSM 1800
GSM 1800 GSM900 GSM900
GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900
GSM1800 GSM1800GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800
Page30
Course Name
N-31
Cell Type on Antenna Radiation Direction

Cell 1
Cell 2 Cell 3
Omni Cell
Directional Cell
Page31
A cell may be defined as an area of radio coverage from one BTS antenna system. It is the smallest building block in a mobile network and is the reason why mobile networks are often referred to as cellular networks. Typically, cells are represented graphically by hexagons. There are two main types of cell: Omni directional cell: An omni-directional cell (or omnicell) is served by a BTS with an antenna which transmits equally in all directions (360 degrees).
z z
Directional cell: A directional cell is the area of coverage from an antenna, which transmits in a given direction only. For example, this may be equal to 120 degrees or 180 degrees of an equivalent omni-directional cell. One BTS can serve one of these sector cells with a collection of BTSs at a site serving more than one, leading to terms such as two-sectored sites and more commonly, three-sectored sites.
Course Name
N-32
Site Distance and Coverage Area

Omni site 3-Sectors site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site distance: D=1.732R Coverage Area=2.598R2
Site Coverage Radius: R Site distance: D=1.5R Coverage Area=1.949R2
Page32
Course Name
N-33

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page33
Course Name
N-34
Contents
Base Station Survey and Layout
1. Site Survey Flow 2. Preparation 3. Coverage Requirements 4. Site Selection 5. Antenna Design and installation 6. Survey Documents
Page34
Course Name
N-35
About the Site Survey

z
Site survey is a major part of determining the base station layout, which includes optical survey, spectrum survey and station site survey.
Optical survey
The construction environment and natural environment surrounding the base stations.
Spectrum survey
Electromagnetic environment
Station site survey
Installation environment for antennas and equipment Power supply and transmission facilities
Page35
The main purpose of optical survey is to verify whether there is any obstacle surrounding the base station, such as high-rise building that may result in radio reflection.
The spectrum survey is to ensure that, at present and in near future, the electromagnetic surroundings of the base stations and the antennas are good.
The base station site conditions mainly refer to the installation conditions of antennas and equipment, power supply, nature environment, etc.
This document only explains the concerns in network planning. For the construction design, please refer to the relevant documents.
Course Name
N-36
Site Survey Flow

Radio network estimation report
Site information
Obtaining site; Selection radius
Whether there is a site? Yes Whether conforming site condition? Yes
No
Obtaining spare sites No
No
Site survey
Whether meeting requirements of site ? Yes
Electromagnetic environment test
Survey report
Page36
Course Name
N-37
Contents
1. Site Survey Flow 2. Preparation 3. Coverage Requirements 4. Site Selection 5. Antenna Design 6. Survey Documents
Page37
Course Name
N-38
Preparation
z
Get familiar with the project, and try to collect various materials concerned, including:
Engineering documents Background materials Information about existing network Local administration map Contract configuration list The latest site survey table of network planning
Page38
A digital electronic map will be even better.
Course Name
N-39
Preparation
z
Prepare tools and ensure they can work normally before setting out
Digital camera GPS satellite receiver Compass Ruler Portable computer
Page39
During positioning the latitude and longitude of base stations with GPS device in survey, do not allow anybody surround GPS device for accuracy purpose and shortening the time of positioning;
When GPS is used in China for positioning, WGS-84 coordinate format shall be used;
In the survey, the surroundings of the base station shall be recorded in details, including buildings surrounding the base station, whether there is any strong interference facility or equipment at the identical site. As these factors directly affect the signal transmission, and have decisive influence on the erection height and direction angle of antenna, to get perfect effect, it is better to film the surroundings with a camera. In this way, the parameters of antennas will be determined, meanwhile, you will not forget the details when there are many base stations; the filed information will be of help for expansion as well;
Not to use the compass near any iron article to avoid too large deviation due to magnetization;
When an iron tower is necessary, while determining whether it is useful, you should measure the distance from the equipment room to the iron tower because it will determine which type of feeder shall be used and determine the calculation of EiRP;
Course Name
N-40
Contents
Page40
Course Name
N-41
Coverage Requirements
z
Coverage of a base station mainly depends on the following factors:
Service quality indices Output power of the transmitter Available sensitivity of the receiver Antenna orientation and gain Frequency band in use Propagation environment Application of diversity reception
Page41
zService
quality indices:
Subject to the Technical Specifications. output power:
zTransmitter
Maximum output power of carrier frequency signals of Huawei Macro Cell Base Station may either be 40W or 60W; Maximum output power of carrier frequency signals of Huawei Micro Cell Base Station may either be 4W or 8W. sensitivity of receiver
zApplicable
Huawei BTS static sensitivity of 900M is superior to -110dBm, 1800M superior to -109dBm; Huawei BTS multi-path sensitivity is superior to -108dBm; orientation and gain:
zAntenna
For more details, please see Section VI Antenna Design;
Course Name
N-42
Frequency band in use:
GSM uses a frequency band of 900M or 1800M;
Propagation environment:
Artificial environment such as topography, urban construction, etc.;
Application of diversity reception:

Whether to adopt diversity reception technology? Which diversity pattern shall be adopted, space diversity or polarization diversity?
Course Name
N-43
Contents
Page43
Course Name
N-44
Site Selection
z
After preparation and knowing about coverage requirements, select the base station site. During determining station site, the following factors shall be taken into consideration:

The existing network Population distribution and local customs City structure and town topology Major streets and traffic Mountains, lakes, rivers, coastlines Nature environment Long-term development trend, etc.
Page44
Course Name
N-45
Site Selection
Select areas with dense traffic and subscribers
Population distribution Traffic distribution Subscriber flowing tread
Principles for Base Site Selection
Attention to choose mountains or those near to radars, radio station, forest, power supply factory, etc.

Base station surroundings Signal transmission quality
Page45
To satisfy capacity need and upgrade network service, the base station can be located in an area with dense traffic.
Do not construct base station near radar and radio station if possible, so as to avoid any possible external interference.
Do not construct a high-mountain station if possible, so as to avoid network problems due to serious cross-cell coverage such as congestion, isolation island, interference, under-tower black, etc.
Do not construct a base station near lakes or forests if possible, to decrease the influence of the special topography on radio signals, such as reflection, absorption, time dispersion.
Course Name
N-46
Site Selection
z
Principles for base station site selection:

A. Try to locate the base station at an ideal position in the regular cellular meshes, and the error shall not exceed one-fourth of the site radius; B. Try to make use of existing facilities without affecting the base station layout, in order to cut down the construction cost and period; C. Normally, do not select mountains with high elevations (100~300 meters or higher than the elevation of the cities or suburbs) the edges of cities or in suburbs for the convenience of coverage control and maintenance, and reducing the difficulty of project construction; at
Page46
Base station site selection shall try to make a rational cell structure; analyze with e-maps and urban map; a backup site is required when selecting a base station site.
Give consideration to the overall structure of the network, and select sites mainly on the basis of coverage, anti-interference, and traffic equalization.
In practice, the operator may have to negotiate the selected sites with the owners. We limit the selected base stations in the range permitted for the operators to make choice; normally, the base station shall be located within of the radius of cell base station.
Site selection shall give first consideration to ensuring good communication of government agencies, airports, railway stations, news centers, service offices of mobile communication enterprises, major hotels, etc. and avoid overlapping coverage in these areas.
Course Name
N-47
Site Selection
D. Base station should be constructed in a safe place with convenient traffic and mains power supply, without occupying too many fertile farmlands; E. Try not to construct the base station near radio station with high power, radar station or other interference sources; F. Base station to be constructed shall be far from woods to avoid fast fading of signal; G. When constructing a base station in an area with mountains, cliffy banks, many lakes, or in a hilly city, or in a high metal building, you must consider the influence of signal reflection and time dispersion; H. When constructing a base station among buildings, you can make use of the height of buildings to realize the network hierarchical structure; I. At the beginning of building network, there are only a few stations, which should be built in important areas to ensure good coverage.
Page47
In fact, before network planning engineers survey the base station, the operators may have selected the sites for all or some base stations from other points of view.
As different operators have different services and development situation, their emphases in selecting base station site may vary.
If the existing network is relatively perfect, and the purpose of expansion is to solve the traffic capacity problem, since the operators are more familiar with their own networks and have more definite objects for selection, the network planning engineers can acknowledge their selections after fully discussing with the operators and confirming that the essential areas are in the coverage of these sites.
If the existing network is not so perfect and the operators give more considerations to cost in lieu of network quality when selecting base station sites, the network planning engineers shall make full preparation and coordination work, and make necessary memos for the sites that may not reach the network design requirements.
Course Name
N-48
Bad Site Location

z
Avoid hill-top location for site
Uncontrollable interference Cross coverage Bad handover behavior

wanted cell boundary uncontrolled, strong interferences
cross coverage areas:

Course Name
N-49
Good Site Location

z
Prefer site off the hill-top
Use hill to separate cell Contiguous coverage area Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above valley bottom
wanted cell boundary
Page49
Course Name
N-50
Contents
Page50
Course Name
N-51
Antenna Feeder System

z
The antenna feeder system is composed of combining and distribution unit, feeder, tower top amplifier, and antenna:
Antenna Jumper between antenna and TTA
TTA
Jumper between lightening arrester and cabinet Lightening arrester Combining and Distribution Unit
Jumper between TTA and feeder
Feeder
BTS3012
Page51
Course Name
N-52
Antenna Feeder SystemCombining and Distribution Unit

z
Combining and distribution unit
Function
Mainly for receipt and sending of signal duplex, transmission of signal combining, filtering, receipt of signal filtering, low noise amplification and distribution, provision of feed circuit of tower top amplifier; realization of multiple transmission signals and common use of the units of one antenna by several received signals.
Type
At present, Huawei can provide the following combining and distribution units: DDPU, DCOM, EDU, CDU, SCU, DFCU, DFCB, etc.
Page52
Course Name
N-53
Antenna Feeder SystemCombining and Distribution Unit

z
Comparison of insertion loss of combining and distribution unit

Board Name CDU SCU SCU+CDU EDU Double CDU (without combiner) Double CDU (with combiner) DDPU DDPU+DCOM DDPU+2DCOM DFCU DFCU+DFCB Typical LossdB 4.5 6.8 8 1 1 4.5 1 4.5 7.6~8 3.3~3.5 3.3~3.5 Price Compare (per TRX) Middle Low Low Middle High Middle Middle Low Low High High
Page53
Course Name
N-54
Antenna Feeder SystemTower Top Amplifier

z
Tower Top Amplifier
Function
Improves the sensitivity of base station receipt system.
Type As an alternative, the tower top amplifier shall be selected according to the frequency band used in the system.
simplex TTA
duplex TTA
triplex TTA
Page54
To improve the receive sensitivity of the base station has been a puzzle all along, which results from hot noise from active devices in the receipt system and thermal movements of electrons in radio frequency conductors of the base station, including feeders in the receipt circuit, jumper, receive divider, high frequency amplifier, etc. The introduction of hot noise lowers the signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the system receipt, and further restricts the improvement of receipt sensitivity and degrades the conversation quality of the base station.
The multi-level amplification in signal transmission will decrease the influence of hot noise in the system. For a multi-level amplification system, its noise coefficient can be calculated by the formula:
NF = F1+ (F2-1)/G1 + (F3-1)/G1*G2 + In which: F1, F2, F3respectively refer to the noise coefficient of Level 1 to Level 3;
G1, G2refer to the gain of Level 1 and Level 2.
Course Name
N-55
From the above formula, it can be concluded that the noise in a multi-level amplification system is mainly determined by F1, the noise coefficient at Level 1.
The principle of tower amplifier: Perfect the receive performance of the base station by adding a low noise amplifier to the front end of the receipt system closely below the receipt antenna.
Course Name
N-56
Antenna Feeder SystemFeeder

z
Feeder
Frequently-used specification:

(Cable loss=0.11dB/m)
7/8 " (Cable loss=0.043dB/m) 5/4 (Cable loss=0.032dB/m)
How to choose a feeder

900MHZ 1800MHZ >50 meters <=50meters
Feeder loss
900MHZ 5/4 7/8 " 3dB/100m 5dB/100m 1800MHZ 4dB/100m 6dB/100m
5/4 7/8 "
>80 meters <=80meters
The curvature of the feeders shall not be too large, and the conductor surface is required to well connected with the ground
Page56
Loss of frequently-used feeders
Course Name
N-57
Antenna Feeder SystemAntenna

z
Antenna
GSM mobile communication system often adopts directional antenna with a horizontal beam width of 90or 65or omni directional antenna based on the shape or coverage range of the service area;
For Indoor coverage or tunnel coverage with micro cells, and other special conditions, distributed antenna and leakage cables may be used;
For city area, in order to decrease interference to the adjacent cells, 65antenna is adopted normally; For the suburb with a small number of subscribers, 90directional antenna or omni directional antenna is adopted.
Page57
Functional principle of antenna: Actually antenna is a converter which converts electromagnetic wave transmitted in closed transmission lines into that transmitted in space, and converts the electromagnetic wave delivered in space into that transmitted in closed lines. A mobile communication system often adopts antenna array composed of basic unit vibrators as base station antenna. Please see the following figure:

Unit vibrator

Unit vibrator
Feed network
Feed network
Feed network
Antenna connector Directional antenna
Antenna connector
Omnidirectional antenna
Course Name
N-58
Antenna Feeder SystemAntenna

z
Antenna has many performance indices, of which the following items are the most important for network planning:
Frequency Range Gain Polarization Horizontal/Vertical half-power beam width Down-tilt
Page58
z z
Frequency range: 800M, 900M, 1800M, 1900M, etc.; Gain:
The gain of directional antenna normally varies in the range of 13 18dBi.
The gain of omnidirectional antenna ranges from 9 to 11dBi. The gain of micro cell and Indoor small antenna is normally lower than 10dBi.
Polarization:
Normally directional antenna is either vertically polarized or cross polarized.
Omnidirectional antenna is often vertically polarized.
Course Name
N-59
Half-power angle:
Horizontal half-power angle:

60, 65, 90, 120, etc. for common directional antennas.
The omnidirectional antenna has the same effect in all directions in the horizontal plane; therefore it has no horizontal half-power angle. Vertical half-power angle: Varies with antenna modes from several degrees to dozens;
Down-tilt: Includes mechanical Down-tilt and electric-adjusted Down-tilt.
Course Name
N-60
Antenna Feeder DesignAntenna Height

z
The antennas for different cells in the same base station can be of different heights, which may be restricted by the installation space in a certain direction or required by cell planning; In urban areas with smooth terrain, the effective height for ordinary antennas shall be at about 25m;for suburban and rural base stations, the heights of antennas can be increased to about 40m. Too high antenna may decrease the coverage level near the antenna (which is known as Under-Tower Black), for omni directional antenna, this problem is extremely serious; Too high antenna may result in serious problems such as overshooting coverage, co-channel/adjacent-channel interference, and affect the network quality.
Page60
Effective Height
The heights of antennas applied in urban areas are suggested 2025 meters; the heights of the cell antennas facing outside at the edge of suburban areas may be larger, generally 40-50 meters. The antennas of an isolated station shall not over 70 meters high. For the network adopting 13 frequency hopping technology, all the base stations within the urban areas are required to be at identical height. Too high antennas may bring about many troubles to frequency planning and lead to interference, isolation island, and other network problems.
Course Name
N-61
Antenna Feeder DesignAzimuth Angle

z
The design of antenna azimuth angle shall be determined from the entire network. Beside meeting coverage requirements, try to ensure azimuth angles of the three sectors in the same base station in the urban area are consistent with each other with fine tuning; for the base station in the connection area of urban and rural areas, communication trunk roads, and suburban isolation stations, the azimuth angle shall be adjusted according to the important coverage objects; The main lobe of antenna shall point to the area with dense traffic to strengthen the signal intensity and improve the conversation quality; The main lobe of the antenna shall be kept away from the same frequency cell to effectively decrease interference; The overlap coverage depth of neighboring sectors in an urban area shall not exceed 10%; The overlap coverage depth of neighboring cells in a suburb area or rural area shall not be too large; the angle of the antennas between neighboring sectors within the same base station shall not be less than 90; To avoid overshooting coverage, in the cities with heavy traffic, the main lobe of antenna shall not point to straighter streets.
z z
The network adopting 13 frequency hopping technology requires stricter control on direction angle. At the beginning of network construction when there are a few base stations, the direction angle of the antenna can be adjusted to pointing at the area with high traffic in order to strengthen the signal intensity in some areas. But, as such adjustment will inevitably lower the coverage level in other areas, an appropriate direction angle shall be determined on practical conditions.
Course Name
N-62
Antenna Feeder DesignDown-tilt

z
The principle of down-tilt design
The wave beam tilt of antenna is a basic technology to improve frequency multiplex capability;
To adopt antenna down-tilt technology can effectively control the coverage and decrease the interference within the system;
The antenna down-tilt angle shall be determined according to the practical conditions so as to decrease the interference between cells using the same frequency and to ensure meeting the coverage requirements;
Down-tilt determination shall give overall consideration to the transmission power of the base station, height of the antenna, cell coverage, wireless propagation environment, and other factors.
Page62
The antenna Down-tilt shall be determined on the basis of practical conditions, with consideration to decreasing the interference from cells of the same frequency, ensuring the coverage range, and avoiding unnecessary blind areas. When Down-tilt is too big, the front to rear radiation ratio shall be considered to prevent the rear lobe of the antenna interfering the rear cells or prevent side lobe from interfering the neighboring sectors.
Course Name
N-63
Antenna Feeder DesignDown-tilt

z
Antenna wave beam tilt can adopt electric or mechanical pattern
The electric down-tilt is related to the mode of the antenna selected; normally, it is fixed. Mechanical down-tilt can be adjusted but is limited by installation fittings and wireless signal propagation features; normally, it shall not exceed 15;
Electric down-tilt and mechanical down-tilt may lead to different surface radiation; when the down-tilt is small, there is little difference; but with the increase of down-tilt, the difference becomes more obvious.
Page63
Wave beam Down-tilt can be realized through electric design, i.e., through changing the excitation coefficient of the array unit (range and phase), or through antenna mechanical Downtilt by mechanical adjustment. An antenna with both electric and mechanical Down-tilt is practical especially for network optimization; in this case, only electric Down-tilt is not enough. The distance between base stations for present GSM network becomes smaller and smaller, urban areas require strict cell coverage, which is more definite especially in network adopted 13 (or 11) frequency hopping technology. Therefore, the antenna Down-tilt is always big. Under this condition, antennas with electric Down-tilt shall be adopted to cooperate with mechanical Down-tilt.
Course Name
N-64
Relationship among Height, Downtilt and Distance

z
Downtilt Angle is decided by
Half Power Lobe Width Antenna High H Coverage Distance D
= arctan( H D) + 2
Page64
According to the technical performance of the antenna, the antenna gain decreases slowly within half power angle, but it decreases sharply beyond the half power angle, especially for the upper lobe. Therefore, when the antenna tilt angle is considered, the scope between the extension line of the half power angle to intersection point (point B) can be taken as the actual coverage area of the antenna.
z
This formula can calculate the coverage distance after the adjustment for tilt angle. Actual results of on-site optimization projects show that this formula is of great significance. However, the application of this formula meets limited conditions. It can be applied when the tilt angle is 1.5 times greater than the half power angle, and the distance (D) must be less than the distance calculated by the formula when no tilt angle is present. For the width of vertical beams in the formula, it is provided in the specific antenna technical indexes.
Course Name
N-65
Antenna Feeder DesignAntenna Installation

z
Notes for Antenna Installation A. Installation environment
The installation environment includes the surroundings near the antenna and near the base station. The surroundings near the antenna mainly consider the isolation between antennas, and the influence of iron towers and buildings on antennas; the surroundings near the base station mainly consider the influence of high buildings lower than 500 meters on radio signal transmission.
Page65
When the directional antenna is installed on the wall surface, its transmission direction should be vertical to the walls; if the direction angle needs adjustment, the angle between the transmission direction of the antenna and the wall shall be over 75. To get optimal coverage, the headroom surrounding the antennas shall be 50100m; for 900M GSM system, the first Finner area in that distance is about 5 meters, which means the bottom of antennas shall be 5 meters higher than the surroundings. Make full use of the heights of the surroundings to get the base station coverage that we want.
Course Name
N-66

z
During the installation of base station antennas, it is required to notice whether it may lead to big shadow in the coverage area, and to be kept away from obstacle. For example, on the top of a building, attention to influence from the flat roof which may against radio signal , and try to install the antennas near the edge
Band D (m) 01 GSM 900M 110 1030 >30 02 GSM 1800M 210 >10 h (m) 0.5 2 3 3.5 0.5 1 2
Page66
In installation of base station antennas, ensure whether they will bring out big shadow within the coverage area. Shadow normally emerges when there is a big obstacle near the base station, such as tall buildings, high mountains, etc. Try to away from the obstacles when installation. When the directional antennas are installed on the top of a tall building, try to prevent the edges of the building from obstructing the wave beam radiation; the antenna shall be installed as close as possible to the edge of the building to reduce or remove the shadows. Due to the complication of top floors, when an antenna will be installed far from the edges of a building, it shall be erected high above the top floors; the erection must give consideration to the bearer capacity of the floors and the antennas capacity of enduring wind pressure. The above table presents the suggested distances from antenna to top floors for GSM900 and DCS1800 without consideration to antenna Down-tilt.
Course Name
N-67

z
Notes for Antenna Installation B. Antenna Isolation
The receiver and transmitter of the base station shall be isolated in a certain degree; Isolation between antennas: The attenuation of signals from one port of one antenna to that of another in actual installation of antenna; GSM system: The isolation between two transmitting antennas and between the transmitting and receiving antennas shall be 30dB at least.
Antenna vertical layout: Lv=28+40log(k/)(dB) Antenna horizontal layout: Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2)(dB)
Page67
In the above formulas calculating antenna isolation, is the wavelength of carrier(1=0.33m 900MHz; 1=0.167m1800MHz ), k refers to vertical isolation distance, d is for horizontal isolation distance, G1 and G2 for the gains (dBi) respectively of the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna in the maximum radiation direction, and S1and S2 for side lobe level (dBp) respectively of the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna in 90 direction. Under normal conditions, for a 65 sectorized wave beam antenna, S is at about -18dBp; for a 90one, it is at about -9dBp; for a 120one, it is at about -7dBp; these can be determined based on detailed antenna direction figures. For a omnidirectional antenna, it equals 0.
Course Name
N-68

z
Notes for Antenna Installation
C. Meet the distance requirements for space diversity gain
For space diversity, the distance between two receiving antennas is required to be 1218; The higher the antenna is installed, the bigger the horizontal distance between diversity antennas is; normally,
the diversity horizontal distance=0.11(the effective height of the antenna);
To achieve the same diversity effect, vertical diversity distance shall be 5~6 times of the horizontal diversity distance; To reduce the inter influence of two antennas, horizontal distance diversity antenna shall be over effective height of antenna . of the 3m at any
Page68
zConcept
of diversity:
In order to resist multipath fading, the multipath signals received are divisified into multiple
lines of irrelative signals, and then combined according to certain rules to make the received useful signals maximum, increase the signal to noise power ratio and reduce bit error rate.
Diversity is one of the most effective ways to resist rapid fading. In the horizontal plane pattern:
when two antennas are 10 wavelength apart, the attenuation will be lowered.
zDiversity
Space diversity: To diversify via receiving signals by multiple antennas with a distance of Polarization diversity: Two-line diversity by making use of the quadrature of Time diversity: Code interleave technology; Frequency diversity: Frequency hopping technology. (900MHz); 1=0.167m (1800MHz).
d;
vertical/horizontal polarization;
z1=0.333m zWhen
the effective erection heights of diversity antennas are lower than 30m, and their distance
smaller than 3m, the directional figures of two diversity antennas distort as either antenna is in the near field of the other one. To limit the variation of directions of two antennas under 2dB, the diversity antennas shall be more than 3m at any effective height of antenna.
Course Name
N-69

z
Omni Antenna
Horizontal Distance gain<10dBi3m gain>10dBi5m gain<10dBi1.5m gain<10dBi2.5m gain<10dBi1m gain>10dBi1m Note Distance between antenna and tower body:2m
Isolation RequirementTX-TXTX-RX30dB
Vertical Distance GSM900 0.2m TX-TXTX-RX GSM1800 0.2m TX-TXTX-RX GSM900+GSM1800 0.2m TX-TXTX-RX
Diversity Requirement
GSM900RX-RX GSM1800RX-RX -----------
4m(recommendation:6m) Distance between antenna and 2m(recommendation:3m) tower body:2m
Page69
Course Name
N-70

z
Directional Antenna
Isolation RequirementTX-TXTX-RX30dB Antennas in the same cell Vertical Distance Horizontal Distance
GSM900TX-TXTX-RX GSM1800TX-TXTX-RX Antennas in neighbor cells (both in the same flat) GSM900TX-TX/TX-RX GSM1800TX-TX/TX-RX 0.2m 0.2m Vertical Distance -------------------2m 1m Horizontal Distance 0.2m 0.2m 4m(recommendation:6m) 2m(recommendation:3m)
Diversity Requirement:
GSM900RX-RX GSM1800RX-RX
Page70
Course Name
N-71
Contents
Page71
Course Name
N-72
Survey Documents
z
Base Station Survey Report
Accurate and standard documents are of much help for further network planning and optimization work. They are a powerful guaranty to the project quality and the basis for future network expansion planning.
Base station survey report includes Network Planning Base Station Survey Table and Memo. Each base station has one survey table which mainly records the longitude, latitude, antenna feeder design, surroundings, and other details.
Page72
Base Station Survey Table
Course Name
N-73

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page73
Course Name
N-74
System Simulation
z
GENEX U-Net is a radio planning tool that fully supports the technologies of GSM,GPRS-EDGE, CDMA IS95, WCDMA/UMTS/HSDPA, CDMA 2000/1xRTT/1xEVDO, and TDSCDMA wireless networks.
GENEX UU-Net Radio Network Planning Tool
Page74
Course Name
N-75

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page75
Course Name
N-76
Frequency Planning
z
Based on the traffic calculations, the cell pattern and frequency reuse plan are worked out not only for the initial network, but so that future demands can be met.
Coverage
Cost
Balance
Quality Capacity
Page76
Course Name
N-77

Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page77
Course Name
N-78
Design Cell Parameter

z
The cell parameter include the following
LAC area Neighborhood cells Frequency hopping or not Power control Handover Radio resource management
Page78
Course Name
N-79
Summary
Pre-planning
Adjust sites
No
Base station reconnoitering
System simulation
Meet needs ? Yes
Page79
Course Name
N-80
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Omf007004 GSM Cell Design Issue1.0

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GSM Cell Design

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Building up Mobile Network

Projection Execution Network Objective

Radio Network Planning

Radio Network Optimization

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Cell Planning Process

Information Collection Radio Network Optimization

Coverage & Capacity Plan

Radio Network Analysis and Estimation

Parameter Planning Frequency Planning

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation Frequency Planning

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Radio Network Analysis and Estimation

Radio Network Analysis and Estimation

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation Frequency Planning

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Site Selection&Survey and System Simulation

HUWEI uses GENEX U-Net as a radio planning tool.

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Site Selection&Survey System Simulation Frequency Planning

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Cell Planning Detailed Flow

Original site selection

Base station survey and layout

Meet needs ? Yes

Frequency planning Optimization flow Design cell parameter

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Cell Planning Detailed Flow

Original site selection

Base station survey and layout

Meet needs ? Yes

Frequency planning Optimization flow Design cell parameter

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

The following information is required in order to support network planning:

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Coverage & Capacity Target Confirmation