ENERGY AUDIT TO ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

by Agung Bayu Kusumo (NIP 7907003-Z)

An energy audit, also called a feasibility study or technical assistance report, is typically needed to identify technically viable and cost effective energy projects that will reduce energy use and operating costs in a facility. Those preparing the audit will evaluate the energy-using equipment and identify ways to enhance its operating efficiency. In the process, they should also resolve occupant comfort problems and decrease your facilitys maintenance costs. There are three main types of audits are: Preliminary, Single Purpose, and Comprehensive. Selecting the appropriate type of audit for a facility saves time and money. Each type is distinguished by the level of detail and analysis required to complete the audit. The less detailed the audit, the less accurate the estimates of project costs and energy savings. Some audits produce an energy balance which compares actual energy use from past utility bills with the estimated energy use of the existing equipment based on assumptions of current operating conditions. The balance verifies that assumptions used in estimating the energy consumed by equipment are consistent with the total energy use identified in the utility bill. An accurate energy balance insures that the consultant will not over- or under- estimate the energy savings. The added time and cost of doing the balance, however, may not be warranted for studies which focus only on lighting retrofits. A. Preliminary Audits These are quick evaluations to determine a projects potential and to decide if a more detailed energy audit is warranted. Often these audits are used as a screening or marketing tool by ESCOs and equipment vendors. Depending on the size of facility, it usually takes less than one day to complete. Preliminary audits could also be conducted by your facility staff to help determine whether to hire a consultant. In any case, the auditor uses the collected data to grossly estimate energy savings and project costs for broad groups of projects, such as the installation of energy efficient lights. Those projects with favorable paybacks could be further analyzed in a future targeted or comprehensive audit. Preliminary audits usually cost about one - three cents per square foot, depending on the size of the facility. This cost includes a letter report containing a preliminary list of feasible projects. The report usually provides minimal calculations and supporting analysis, and very rough estimates of energy savings and project costs. There is no consideration for the interactions between projects -- the effect of installing energy efficient lighting on the HVAC system, for example. As a result, the energy savings are not accurate and should not be used as the basis for project financing decisions. The following summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of preliminary audits:
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Advantages Provides an idea of an energy projects potential prior to spending money on a detailed study. Is least expensive type of audit. Disadvantage Provides only minimal information; its accuracy is limited on project costs and savings. B. Single Purpose or Targeted Energy Audit This type of audit provides a detailed analysis on one or more types of projects. The projects analyzed could result from a preliminary audit or a vendor, or could be selected by the facility staff as a needed repair or upgrade project. Often vendors that specialize in a particular type of energy efficient equipment will perform these types of audits. Examples include those that focus only on lighting, energy management systems, variable speed drives, boiler/chiller replacements, thermal energy storage systems, energy generation, or a combination of these projects. Single purpose audits that target lighting projects may cost about one to three US cents per square meter, assuming a mixture of lighting types and multiple buildings. For smaller facilities or buildings with the same type of fixture, the cost could be less. All targeted lighting audits should contain, at a minimum, a count of the number and types of fixtures in each room, and spot checks of light levels. The hours that lights are on are typically verified by facility staff. For air conditioned facilities, the energy used for lighting should be between 20 and 30 percent of facilitys total electrical use. An energy management system project or a HVAC replacement project will generally require more analysis than a lighting project and may cost 2 to 5 US cents per square meter. These types of analyses require collection of HVAC equipment operating data, and computerized simulations to extrapolate annual operating energy use. Sometimes single purpose audits, such as those focusing only on lights, do not require a detailed energy balance of all energy using equipment. Other projects, however, like energy management systems or central plant replacements, will require, at a minimum, a simplified energy balance to ensure that engineering assumptions on operating hours, loads, and equipment efficiencies are valid. A simplified energy balance uses energy density factors for systems that are not being considered for energy projects, and collects detailed information on equipment that is considered for a retrofit. All the assumptions used to develop the energy balance and the operating information for both the existing and proposed equipment are contained in the energy audit. The following summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of a single purpose audit: Advantages Provides a detailed analysis of specific energy technologies. Analyzes only the projects that you want. Disadvantages Provides no energy management plan, which could result in random project development. Offers potentially biased analysis - especially if the project is recommended by someone with a future vested interest.
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Focuses on specific technologies that may adversely impact future energy project recommendations. May miss non-targeted opportunities. C. Comprehensive Audit A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems. The systems to be evaluated include the building envelope, lighting, domestic hot water, HVAC and controls. In some cases, the audit will evaluate the potential for thermal energy storage (TES) and energy cogeneration projects. This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost. Comprehensive audits typically use computer models to simulate building and equipment operations based on weather, equipment set points, hours of operation and other parameters. Comprehensive audits are generally the most expensive of the three types. In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on an inventory of energyusing systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges. An accurate energy balance insures that the consultant will not over- or under- estimate the energy savings. The following summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of comprehensive audits: Advantages Provides a detailed analysis of project cost and savings for all energy technologies appropriate for the facility. Includes the interactive effects of all projects. Provides a logical, non-biased plan for project implementation. Disadvantages Is the most expensive audit of the three types. May analyze more projects than can be immediately implemented by your organization. If the audit is used later, it may contain outdated information. If this happens, the audit was a waste of time and money. In Australia, an Energy Efficiency Audit looks at the main uses of energy within a building or facility (site) and makes recommendations for possible improvements in energy efficiency. The Australian Energy Audits Standard AS/NZS 3598: 2000 defines three levels of Energy Audit as follows: a. Level 1 A Level 1 overview audit provides an assessment of the overall energy consumption of a site, benchmarks the energy consumption as reasonable or excessive, and allows for energy measures to be tracked and evaluated. It may be in the form of a desktop study, but needs to have sufficient information to determine the sites overall level of consumption. Tracking records bulk energy use information, such as from billing records, to give an overview of
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energy use patterns. Monitoring implies closer measuring of energy use patterns. A Level 1 audit provides a cursory guide to potential savings and costs to a level of accuracy of 40%. b. Level 2 A Level 2 audit identifies the sources of energy for a site, the amount of energy supplied, and what the energy is used for, via tracking and some monitoring. It also identifies areas where savings may be made, recommends measures to be taken, and provides a statement of costs and potential savings. A Level 2 audit provides a preliminary assessment of costs and savings with accuracy of figures to generally within 20%. (Level 2 includes a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) analysis). c. Level 3 A Level 3 audit provides a comprehensive analysis of energy usage, savings and costs. It incorporates both tracking and monitoring, and may cover the whole site or focus on an individual operational area. In general, the results identified within the report require an appropriate level of accuracy and economic analysis to justify a substantial capital investment by stakeholders. A Level 3 audit provides a firm estimate of savings and costs. Accuracy of figures is +10% of costs. The next section shows an example of energy efficiency audit based on Level 2 Australian Standard. The audit was conducted on the Grandstand Building of Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Victoria.

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Flemington Racecourse
Level 2 Energy Audit

by: Agung Bayu Kusumo (s3339294) MIET 2125 - Energy Efficiency and Demand Management RMIT University

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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................... 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 2. SITE OVERVIEW AND OPERATIONS............................................................................ 3. GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS............................................................................................. 4. ELECTRICAL ENERGY USE............................................................................................

6 7 7 9 9

4.1. Electricity Supply and Metering........................................................................................ 9 4.2. Billing History.................................................................................................................... 9 4.3. Electricity Tariff and Cost.................................................................................................. 11 4.4. End Use Analysis................................................................................................................ 13 5. GAS ENERGY USE............................................................................................................. 15 5.1. Gas Supply and Metering................................................................................................... 15 5.2. Billing History.................................................................................................................... 15 5.3. Gas Tariff and Cost............................................................................................................ 15 6. ENERGY INDICES............................................................................................................. 7. LUX LEVEL MEASUREMENT......................................................................................... 8. ENERGY AND COST SAVING MEASURES.................................................................. 17 18 18

8.1. Applying VSD on Condensed WP and Chilled WP of old chiller...................................... 18 8.2. Providing Separately Alternative A/C System for the Office............................................ 8.3. Efficient Operation of Domestic Hot Water Pump (DHWP)............................................. 19 20

8.4. Replacing the Halogen Downlights..................................................................................... 21 8.5. Installing VSD for Pump Motor in Heating System............................................................ 21 8.6. Other Recommendations...................................................................................................... 22 8.7. Summary of Measures......................................................................................................... 22

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the outcome of an energy audit of the Grandstand Building of Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Victoria. The review was undertaken in accordance with the requirements of a level-2 energy audit, as specified by AS/NZS 3598:2000. The audit focused on the potential for achieving energy saving within all aspects of main building, including air conditioning, heating and ventilation, lighting, and domestic hot water. The electricity and gas utility bill for period of July 2010 until February 2012 for the building was AU$ 593,667, of which electricity consumption accounted for 75.4% of total bills (AU$ 447,898). The total greenhouse emissions for electricity and gas consumptions was about 7,154 tonnes CO2-e. The energy use for those period is summarised in Table-1 below.
Consumption (kWh or MJ) Electricity (kWh) Gas (GJ) Total Energy (GJ) Energy Indices (GJ/m 2) Area = 32,000 m2 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ Emissions factor for gas = 58.9 kg/MJ 2,990,628 20,832 31,598 0.987452 Total Cost (inc GST) (AU$) 447,898.84 145,768.91 593,667.75 AU$ 18.55/m2 Average Energy Cost (c/kWH or c/GJ) 14.98 699.73 Greenhouse Emissions (tonnes CO2-e) 5,927.03 1,227.02 7,154.05 0.224 t-CO 2-e/m 2

Table-1: Summary of Energy Use A number of small to large energy efficiency measures were evaluated. These are summarised in Table-2. Depending on which measures are implemented it is estimated that up to AU$ 30,312 per year (including GST) in electricity savings at February 2012 tariff rates, could be achieved. This saving equivalent to about 9.87% of 2011 energy bill (electricity and gas). The total investment required to achieve this saving is estimated at AU$ 103,179 if all measures were implemented. In simple payback calculation, the investment will be recovered in about 3 years 5 months. The various energy efficiency measures are discussed in Section 8.
No 1 2 3 4 5 Measure Applying VSD on Condensed WP and Chilled WP of old chiller Providing Separately Alternative A/C System for the Office Efficient Operation of Domestic Hot Water Pump (DHWP) Replacing the Halogen Downlights with MASTER LED 10 W Installing VSDs for Pump Motor in Heating System of Grandstand TOTAL Saving per year Energy Cost CO2-e (kWh) (AU$) (tonnes 17,487 1,570 21 9,455 14,608 292,000 4,455 338,006 849 808 26,686 400 30,312 11 18 353 5 409 Investment Needed (AU$) 11,520 3,145 250 85,900 2,364 103,179 Financial Evaluation Payback Period 7.34 years 3.71 years less than 1 year 3.22 years 5.91 years 3.4 years 12.69% for 8 years 13.14% for 20 years IRR 7.85% for 20 years 14.35% for 10 years

Table-2: Summary of Measures

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1. INTRODUCTION Flemington is the best-known racecourse in Australia. Located in Melbourne, it is the oldest continuing metropolitan racecourse there have been races here every year since 1840. It became a marvel under the early administration of the Victorian Racing Club (VRC). Flemington was attracting crowds estimated at 100,000 for Cup Day in its first few decades. The Cup was always the most popular race of the year until a new trend emerged in 2001. In that year, both the Derby Day and Oaks Day attendances outstripped Cup Day as the popularity of Melbourne Cup Carnival exploded. Melbourne Cup Day as the first Tuesday in November has been a public holiday for the city since the mid 1870s. It is celebrated as a special day around the country. The VRC has constantly improved standards of comfort and accommodation at Flemington, with $26.2 million spent on improvements in the years 2000-2004, in addition to the $45 million grandstand completed in 2000. The review is undertaken in accordance with the requirements of a level-2 energy audit, as specified by AS 3598:2000. The scope of the audit includes electricity used on all main elcectrical loads, gas used and light level measurements specifically in Grandstand Building of Flemington Racecourse. The energy efficiency review will deal with all aspects of the building energy use, including ventilation and air conditioning systems, lighting and domestic hot water. Mr. Peter Casey, Facility Manager of Flemington Racecourse, is most helpful in providing relevant data and the building services information. This assistances are greatly appeciated. 2. SITE OVERVIEW AND OPERATIONS The Grandstand of Flemington Racecourse is located in the north west side of the sport complex. A 3D map and satellite view of the building is shown in Figure-1 below (sportsnetholidays.com and Google map).

The Granstand of Flemington Racecource

Figure-1: Grandstand of Flemington Racecourse Location

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The Granstand building, last renovated in 2000, consists of 5 levels with total floor area about 24,000 m2. Figure-2 below shows map of level 3 and 4 of the building.

Figure-2: Level 3 and 4 of the Grandstand Dealing with operation hours, the offices and main kitchen are used most weekdays between 8.00 am and 5.00 pm. There are about 30 fulltime staff who work in various offices throughout this building. The grandstand is open on 23 race days a year with crowds ranging from 2000 to 10000 inside the grandstand alone. Outside of race days, it also host about 200 functions a year with weddings, conferences and exhibitions, which can be half day events or some exhibits can run for several days.

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3. GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS The greenhouse emissions produced by the site are mainly due to the use electricity from Victorian grid. According to the data from electricity bills, the montly GHG emissions of the site is presented in Table-3 below. It can be seen that total emissions in 2011 is about 1705 tCO2-e or in average of 142 tonnes per month, much lower than the average of 6 last months of 2010, which is 297.9 tCO2/month. However, by comparing the emissions produced and electricity used by the site, the emissions factors of Victorian grid only slightly decreased from 1.22 to 1.21 kgCO2-e/kWh since July 2011.
GHG Emissions (tCO2) 212.64 296.08 223.34 391.09 389.04 275.42 1787.60 282.35 118.26 145.04 94.8 138.07 135.14 152.47 120.12 132.13 187.42 170.25 29.15 1705.19 119.88 110.54 From electricity Electricity Emissions Used Factor (kWh) (kgCO2/kWh) 174291.45 1.22 242687.71 1.22 183062.82 1.22 320561.77 1.22 318880.84 1.22 225751.56 1.22 1465236.16 231431.43 1.22 96934.57 1.22 118883.46 1.22 77705.91 1.22 113175.06 1.22 110770.83 1.22 126006.18 1.21 99272.31 1.21 109198.29 1.21 154891.23 1.21 140704.56 1.21 24090.39 1.21 1403064.22 99074.09 1.21 91354.5 1.21

Year 2010

Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum of 6 months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum of 2011 Jan Feb

2011

average = 297.9 tCO2/month

2012

average = 142.1 tCO2/month

Table-3: GHG Emissions 4. ELECTRICAL ENERGY USE 4.1. Electricity Supply and Metering The electricity of the building is supplied by AGL Energy Limited, with Account Number 1020 2364 and NMI VDDD0008249. 4.2. Billing History According to AS3598, energy audit level 2 requires 24 months of billing data, however, due to the limitation of data can be provided by the facility, 18 months of electricity billing data from 01 July 2010 until 15 February 2012 will be used and analysed in this report.

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The total electricity consumptions during those period (567 days) is 2,849,923.06 kWh, which is consist of 1,519,492.63 kWh in peak time and 1,330,430.43 in offpeak. In 2011 only, the total consumptions is 1,453,143.27 kWh. Table-4 shows the electricity consumptions by the building based on the billing data.
Year 2010 Period 01 July - 31 July 01 Aug - 02 Sep 03 Sep - 30 Sep 01 Oct - 03 Nov 19 Nov - 02 Dec 16 Dec - 18 Jan 19 Jan - 11 Feb 12 Feb - 28 Feb 1 Mar - 31 Mar 1 Apr - 30 Apr 1 May - 31 May 1 June - 30 June 1 July - 31 July 1 Aug - 31 Aug 1 Sept - 30 Sept 1 Oct - 31 Oct 1 Nov - 30 Nov 01 Nov - 20 Nov 21 Nov - 20 Dec 21 Dec - 31 Dec 01 Jan - 18 Jan 19 Jan - 15 Feb Days 31 33 28 34 14 34 24 17 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 20 30 11 18 28 Demand (kW) 1929 1929 1929 1929 1929 1929 1840 1158 1254 735 897 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 Energy Used (kWh) peak 89659.40 141603.21 102881.54 181195.23 83075.28 116761.95 89876.04 25585.41 61248.33 40935.93 59815.83 63122.16 55244.70 57351.87 63506.79 82886.10 77395.58 54885.30 57924.50 13814.17 32313.46 45805.43 offpeak 84632.05 101084.50 80181.28 139366.54 65735.78 130836.54 89296.68 33267.72 57635.13 36769.98 53359.23 47648.67 70761.48 41920.44 45691.50 72005.13 63308.99 48861.84 46210.99 12504.02 27111.86 45549.07 total 174291.50 242687.70 183062.80 320561.80 148811.10 247598.50 179172.70 58853.13 118883.50 77705.910 113175.10 110770.80 126006.20 99272.310 109198.30 154891.20 140704.60 103747.10 104135.50 26318.19 59425.32 91354.50

2011

2012

Table-4: Electricity used based on billing history From the table, it can be seen that the electricity consumptions of Grandstand of Flemington Racecourse have been decreasing significantly in 2011. However, due to some misleading data and inconsistent billing periods (particularly at end of year), the most simple and appropriate method to understand monthly variations of electricity consumption is by using the average of daily consumptions, then multiplying it with total days of that month. For example, the peak consumption in February 2012 would be: = [(consumptions on the bill)/(days of the bill)] x (total days in Feb 2012) = [(45805.43)/28] [kWh/days] x 29 [days] = 47441.34 kWH Using this approach, the montly electricity consumptions of the building can be tabulated as in Table-5 and Figure-3 in the next page. From the table and the graph, it can be seen that the reduction of electricity consumption was began in February 2011 and lasting until 2012. According to the Facility Manager, the reduction are mainly caused by relocation of services from the Grandstand switchboard to the infield, so for instance all the track training lights got moved onto a different system.

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(x1000)

Year Feb-12 Jan-12 Dec-11 Nov-11 Oct-11 Sep-11 Aug-11 Jul-11 Jun-11 May-11 Apr-11 Mar-11 Feb-11 Jan-11 Dec-10 Nov-10 Oct-10 Sep-10 Aug-10 Jul-10

Electricity Consumptions (kWh) peak 47441.34 55650.96 38930.84 77395.58 82886.10 63506.79 57351.87 55244.70 63122.16 59815.83 40935.93 61248.33 42140.68 116089.89 106459.43 178018.46 181195.23 102881.54 141603.21 89659.40 offpeak 47175.82 46692.65 35238.60 63308.99 72005.13 45691.50 41920.44 70761.48 47648.67 53359.23 36769.98 57635.13 54793.89 115341.55 119292.14 140862.39 139366.54 80181.28 101084.50 84632.05 total 94617.16 102343.61 74169.44 140704.56 154891.23 109198.29 99272.31 126006.18 110770.83 113175.06 77705.91 118883.46 96934.57 231431.43 225751.56 318880.84 320561.77 183062.82 242687.71 174291.45

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Oct-10 May-11 Aug-10 Nov-10 Mar-11 Apr-11 Aug-11 Oct-11 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Nov-11 Sep-10 Dec-10 Feb-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12

Electricity Consumptions (kWh)

Peak Periods Offpeak Periods Total Consumptions

Month

Figure-3: Monthly Electricity Graph

Table-5: Monthly Electricity Used The table and graph also reveals that the energy demand reach its peak on October and November of each year. It is mainly because the race events are mostly conducted in these months, thus increase the electricity consumptions during those period. The increasing demand also might be affected by the season factor. During May to August, the load demand slightly increases due to colder weather and increase the energy for heating. The lowest electricity consumption is occured in January and February, likely affected by less race activities during those period. Another fact conluded from the graph is that the peak consumptions of electricity is generally more than in offpeak time, except on December 2010, February and July 2011. 4.3. Electricity Tariff and Cost Based on electricity bills, the energy usage tariff of electricity used by the Grandstand was decreased significantly in December 2010, then remains flat until 2012. (see Table-6 and Figure4 in the next page). However, there are some another cost that affect on the total bills, include the network charge, demand charge and Renewable Energy charge, which likely increase each year (Figure-5). The total cost paid by Flemington Racecourse for the Grandstand can be viewed in Table-7 and Figure-6.

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Year 2010 Period 01 July - 31 July 01 Aug - 02 Sep 03 Sep - 30 Sep 01 Oct - 03 Nov 19 Nov - 02 Dec 16 Dec - 18 Jan 2011 19 Jan - 11 Feb 12 Feb - 28 Feb 1 Mar - 31 Mar 1 Apr - 30 Apr 1 May - 31 May 1 June - 30 June 1 July - 31 July 1 Aug - 31 Aug 1 Sept - 30 Sept 1 Oct - 31 Oct 1 Nov - 30 Nov 01 Nov - 20 Nov 21 Nov - 20 Dec 21 Dec - 31 Dec 2012 01 Jan - 18 Jan 19 Jan - 15 Feb Elect tariff incl GST ($/kWH) peak 0.09130 0.09130 0.09130 0.09130 0.09130 0.06793 0.06793 0.06793 0.06793 0.06793 0.06793 0.06793 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.06784 0.07295 offpeak 0.0382965 0.0382965 0.0382965 0.0382965 0.0382965 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.0302456 0.030206 3.00 2.50 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000
Aug-10 Dec-10 Jul-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10

Energy Tariff

Price ($/kWh)

Peak Electricity Price

Jan-11

Apr-11

May-11

Aug-11

Dec-11 Dec-11

Feb-11

Mar-11

Sep-11

Oct-11

Nov-11

Jan-12 Jan-12

Jul-11

Month

Figure-4: Energy Tariff of Electricity Graph

Network and RE Charge
Peak Network Charge Offpeak Network Charge RE Charge

0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.030206 0.0384945

Charge (c/kWh)

2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

Aug-10

May-11

Nov-10

Mar-11

Aug-11

Dec-10

Jan-11

Apr-11

Jul-10

Sep-10

Oct-10

Feb-11

Jun-11

Jul-11

Sep-11

Oct-11

Nov-11

Month

Table-6: Energy Tariff of Electricity

Month Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12

Figure-5: Network and RE Tariff Graph

Electricity Cost (AU$) average cost ($/kWh) 0.14620 0.13678 0.14139 0.12591 0.12190 0.12722 0.12608 0.14227 0.14412 0.14332 0.13187 0.16960 0.15436 0.16922 0.16777 0.14189 0.14679 0.20959 0.19226 0.19034

Energy 11,427.01 16,799.56 12,463.75 21,880.38 21,647.62 12,462.51 11,374.36 4,519.82 5,903.70 3,892.84 5,677.07 5,728.95 5,885.24 5,157.02 5,688.48 7,798.00 7,162.85 3,705.50 5,185.78 5,094.68

Network 12,329.93 14,455.53 11,752.50 16,187.74 14,946.21 13,670.77 13,927.76 7,348.33 8,968.53 5,511.60 7,119.74 11,497.92 11,837.78 11,594.64 11,487.88 12,589.85 12,042.22 11,032.66 12,585.05 11,248.25

RE 644.95 898.04 677.41 1,186.21 1,179.99 1,652.22 2,464.54 1,032.27 1,266.00 792.45 1,154.17 1,129.65 1,271.72 1,001.91 954.46 1,353.84 1,229.84 648.29 1,720.64 1,535.89

Others 1,080.33 1,041.26 989.58 1,108.76 1,098.17 934.07 1,413.35 890.05 995.43 939.60 973.20 430.12 456.17 -954.68 189.19 235.28 219.00 158.92 185.57 130.97

Total 25,482.22 33,194.38 25,883.23 40,363.09 38,871.99 28,719.58 29,180.01 13,790.46 17,133.67 11,136.48 14,924.19 18,786.64 19,450.90 16,798.89 18,320.01 21,976.98 20,653.91 15,545.36 19,677.03 18,009.79

Table-7: Electricity Cost

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Feb-12

Feb-12

Jun-11

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45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000

Total Electricity Cost

Energy Usage Cost Network and Demand Cost RE Cost Others Cost Total Cost Average Electricity Cost

25

20

25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 -5,000

15

10

Figure-6: Total Electricity Cost In 2011, the total cost for electricity in the Grandstand is about AU$ 217,697. The graph shows that the total cost of electricity drop significantly in 2011, and remains stable until 2012. As described before, this is due to the lower electricity consumptions. However, the average electricity price (total cost per kWh electricity used) shows a slightly rising during 2011 and 2012. It is likely caused by the higher network and RE charge per kWh electricity produced. From the graphs above, it can be concluded that eventhough the energy usage tariff (both in peak and offpeak) decreased during the period, the average electricity price are increasing overall, due to the higher network and RE charge. This shows that the network and RE charge should take account in determining the potential cost saving of any energy efficieny project for the Grandstand building.

4.4. End Use Analysis In this report, the electricity consumptions by end use will be analysed using the list of electrical equipments rate and operations hours of each equipment. Table-8 in the next page shows the end use analysis of the Grandstand building. The total electricity consumption by the Grandstand based on end use energy analysis is approximately 1,444,177 kWH/year. Compared to the billing history data, which is 1,453,143.27 kWh, the different is about 0.62%, which regarded quite good estimation.

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Average electricity price (c/kWh)

Total Cost (AU$)

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No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Equipment Water chiller Water chiller Water chiller Chilled water pump Chilled water pump Chilled water pump Condenser Water pump Condenser Water pump Condenser Water pump Cooling tower fans Heating Hot Water Pump Heating Hot Water Pump Domestic Hot WP Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Fan coil Unit General Exhaust Fan Kitchen Exhaust Fan Toilet Exhaust Fan Smoke Spill Fan Halogen downlight Other light Other equipments System Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Cooling Heating Heating Heating Air Ventilation Air Ventilation Air Ventilation Air Ventilation Air ventilation Air ventilation Air ventilation Air ventilation Air ventilation Lighting Lighting Others Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 4 7 11 11 12 6 6 6 7 2000 400 Rate (kW) 274 274 860 22 22 22 22 22 22 1.5 2.2 7.5 2.2 11.5 7 4 3 0.2 1.5 2 1.5 1.5 0.006 0.02 Ops Hrs (hrs) 552 552 890 552 552 890 552 552 890 890 3744 3744 8760 500 500 500 500 8760 780 780 780 780 2920 2920 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% Ops Power Energy Usage (kWh) 151,248 151,248 765,400 10,930 10,930 17,622 10,930 10,930 17,622 2,670 16,474 28,080 38,544 23,000 24,500 22,000 16,500 21,024 7,020 9,360 7,020 8,190 35,040 23,360 14,531 1,444,171 1,453,143 Different = 0.62% 72 hrs/week 72 hrs/week working all the time Assumptions Assumptions Assumptions Assumptions working all the time 3 hrs/weekdays 3 hrs/weekdays 3 hrs/weekdays 3 hrs/weekdays Management Information Management Information throttle system, 60% opening throttle system, 60% opening 72 hrs/m in summer; 20 hrs/m winter Management Information throttle system, 60% opening throttle system, 60% opening Notes

Total electricicy consumption per year (kWh) The actual billing history data (kWh)

Table-8: Electricity End Use Analysis

4.04% 9.60% 5.75% 1.01% cooling heating air ventilation lighting others 79.60%

Figure-7: Eelctricity End Use Composition From Table-8 and Figure-7, it can be seen that the cooling system take the largest part of electricity used in the building, accounting for over 79% of electrical consumption, due to the operation of relatively high capacity of water chiller. The air ventilation accounts for around 9.6%, which is quite high proportion for such building.

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5. GAS ENERGY USE 5.1. Gas Supply and Metering The gas of the building is supplied by AGL Energy Limited, with Account Number 1030 6587 and MIRN 53300020225. 5.2. Billing History Table-9 and Figure-8 below shows the gas usage of the buiding based on the bills for 17 months period since July 2010 until January 2012.
Year 2012 2011 Period 1 Jan - 31 Jan 1 Dec - 31 dec 1 Nov - 30 Nov 1 Oct - 31 Oct 1 Sep - 30 Sep 1 Aug - 31 Aug 1 July - 31 July 1 June - 30 June 1 May - 31 May 1 Apr - 30 Apr 1 Mar - 31 Mar 1 Feb - 28 Feb 1 Jan - 31 Jan 2010 1 Dec - 31 dec 1 Nov - 30 Nov 1 Oct - 31 Oct 1 Sep - 30 Sep 1 Aug - 31 Aug 1 July - 31 July days 31 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 28 31 31 30 31 30 31 31 Gas Used (MJ) 546426 751529 959315 1124472 1193466 1280000 1779000 1317000 1392000 786000 696000 473000 554000 729000 1200000 1183000 1458000 1708000 1702000
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 Gas Consumptions

Gas used

Thousands

1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0

Aug-10 May-11 Aug-11 Dec-10 Jan-11 Apr-11 Dec-11 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Feb-11 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Jul-10 Jul-11

Figure-8: Monthly Gas Usage Graph

Table-9: Gas Usage Totally, the Granstand consumes about 12,305,782 MJ of gas per year. From the graph, it can be seen that the gas demand of the building reaches its peak in July, which is likely caused by the heating demand during the winter (the coldest day). In the opposite, February and January are the months with the lowest demand of gas, mainly caused of the summer factor. 5.3. Gas Tariff and Cost The gas tariff is divided into 3 levels gas usage: first 55,000 MJ (change to 56,833 MJ since December 2011); next 245,000 GJ (change to 253,167 MJ since December 2012) and last the rest usage. The first level of usage has higher tariff than the two others. Table-10 and Figure-9 in the next page show the gas tariff trend over 17 months period. It can be seen that the gas price tends to increase in all tariff level.

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Month Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 tariff c/MJ 1st 1.08600 1.17800 1.17800 1.09600 1.09600 1.09600 1.20700 1.20700 1.20700 1.20700 1.20700 1.22300 1.22300 1.22300 1.22300 1.22300 1.20700 1.20700 1.22500 2nd 0.63000 0.66000 0.66000 0.66100 0.66100 0.66100 0.72600 0.72600 0.72600 0.72600 0.72600 0.72700 0.72700 0.72700 0.72700 0.72700 0.72600 0.72600 0.78000 3rd 0.52800 0.56900 0.56900 0.52100 0.52100 0.52100 0.57300 0.57300 0.57300 0.57300 0.57300 0.62500 0.62500 0.62500 0.62500 0.62500 0.57300 0.57300 0.63000
1.40 1.20

Energy Tariff of Gas

Tariff (c/MJ)

1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

Aug-10 Apr-11 May-11 Mar-11 Aug-11 Sep-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Oct-10 Nov-10 Jun-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Jul-10 Jul-11

1st tariff 2nd tariff 3rd tariff

Month

Figure-9: Gas Tariff Graph

Table-10: Gas Tariff In terms of total cost of gas consumptions, The total cost for gas in 2011 is about AU$ 89,354. Table-11 and Figure-10 show that the total cost of gas are increasing in year on year periods. The total cost of gas in July and August 2011 (which are the highest periods of gas used over the year) is slightly 2.2% higher than in the same period of 2011, although the consumptions are lower by more than 10%. It shows that the increasing bills of gas used is mainly caused by the rising of gas tariff.
Month Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Total Cost Energy 9,543.36 10,276.42 8,853.92 6,822.68 6,911.25 4,457.34 3,897.97 3,433.84 4,711.63 5,227.33 8,699.71 8,810.05 11,697.55 8,578.80 7,562.11 7,166.77 6,220.42 5,053.93 4,160.39 Supply 27.28 13.17 12.74 13.17 12.74 13.17 14.48 13.08 14.48 14.02 14.48 14.02 14.48 14.48 14.02 14.48 14.02 14.48 15.93 Tax+Adj 957.06 1,791.13 886.67 683.59 1,552.05 447.05 60.18 344.69 472.61 524.14 871.42 882.41 1,171.20 859.33 757.61 718.13 623.44 506.84 432.93 RE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 153.00 Total 10,527.70 11,318.55 9,753.33 7,519.44 7,616.39 4,917.56 4,303.70 3,791.61 5,198.72 5,765.49 9,585.61 9,706.48 12,883.23 9,452.61 8,333.74 7,899.38 6,857.89 5,575.25 4,762.25 Average Cost (c/MJ) 0.619 0.663 0.669 0.636 0.635 0.675 0.777 0.802 0.747 0.734 0.689 0.737 0.724 0.738 0.698 0.702 0.715 0.742 0.872

Table-11: Total Cost for Gas Consumption

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Total Cost of Gas Used

14,000 1.000 0.900 12,000 0.800 10,000 0.700 0.600 0.500 6,000

8,000

4,000

2,000

Energy Usage Cost Supply Cost Tax and Adjustment RE Cost Total Cost Average Price of Gas (c/MJ)

0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100

0.000

Month

Figure-10: Graph of Total Cost of Gas Consumption 6. ENERGY INDICES The total energy utility bills during July 2010 until February 2012 was AU$ 593,667 including GST (summarised in Table-12 below). Electricity accounted for over 75.4% of annnual energy use. Total greenhouse emissions in those periods was 7,154 tonnes CO2-e.
Consumption (kWh or MJ) Electricity (kWh) Gas (GJ) Total Energy (GJ) Energy Indices (GJ/m2) Area = 32,000 m2 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ Emissions factor for gas = 58.9 kg/MJ 2,990,628 20,832 31,598 0.987452 Total Cost (inc GST) (AU$) 447,898.84 145,768.91 593,667.75 AU$ 18.55/m2 Average Energy Cost (c/kWH or c/GJ) 14.98 699.73 Greenhouse Emissions (tonnes CO2-e) 5,927.03 1,227.02 7,154.05 0.224 t-CO 2-e/m 2

Table-12: Summary of energy indices

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Average Gas Price (c/kWh)

Total Cost (AU$)

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7. LUX LEVEL MEASUREMENT Lux level were taken in some selected locations and level of the Grandstand, refer to Table-13 below.

Table-13: Lux Level Measurement There is no recommended illuminance specifically for main grandstand in relevant lighting standard AS 1680.2. A minimum illuminance of 160 lux is recommended for general entrance halls and foyers. Based on Table-13 above, the measured lighting level was majorly above this minimum, except on some locations at night time. However, in some locations, the illuminance levels are so high in night time that indicates there might be inefficient lighting system on the building.

8. ENERGY AND COST SAVING MEASURES 8.1. Applying VSD on Condensed WP and Chilled WP of old chiller The operation of two old chillers with throttling system potentially causes inefficient power consumptions in the condensed water pump and chilled water pump. As the motor of the pumps are controlled by means of valves to regulates and control the water flow, the speed of the motor itself remains unchanged. These methods are regarded inefficient from an energy point of view. The efficiency of the those pumps can be optimised by applying a Variable Speed Drive (VSD) for each pump. Basicly, VSD is an equipment that regulates the speed and rotational force, or torque output, of an electric motor. They can change the speed of an electrical motor by controlling the power input. Installing VSD for old chillers in the Granstand specifically can eliminate the need for expensive and energywasting throtling mechanisms such as control valves and outlet dampers. According to Table-8 in section 4.4, the operations of current condensed WP and chilled WP in the Grandstand is about 60%, thus installing VSD for each motor will potentially lower the power consumption of the motors by 40%. The total potential energy saving would be : = 40% x (total electricity consumptions of condensed CP and chilled WP of old chillers) = 40% x (10,930 + 10,930 + 10,930 + 10,930) [kWh/y] = 17,487.36 kWh/year. The cost of VSD in the range of 10 kW to 30 kW is about 2,400 Euro/unit (equivalent to AU$ 2,880/unit) in total material and installation (Almeida et al, 2000 ). Using average peak energy price of electricity in February 2012, the financial calculation is presented in Table-14 below.
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Measure 1 : Applying VSD on Condensed WP and Chilled WP of old chiller Estimated Electricity Savings 17487.36 Estimated Greenhouse Emission Savings 21.16 Estimated Energy Cost Savings (inc GST) 1275.62 Estimated Demand Savings 0 Estimated REC Savings 294.00 Estimated Total Savings 1569.63 Capital Cost 11520.00 Simple Payback Period 7.34 IRR (over 20 years, fixed electricity price) 7.85%

kWH tCO2-e AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ years

Table-14: Summary of Measure 1 8.2. Providing Separately Alternative A/C System for the Office As the Grandstand uses an integral air conditioning system for its building, it will potentially create unefficiency of energy during no event days, because the demand in that such days basicly are just needed in the office. Installing separately alternative A/C system for the office and shut down the main A/C system in no event days can reduce the electricity used due to the inactive of the new chilled WP and condensed WP, also in cooling pipe in the building (which operates fulltime) Assuming that the method will reduce 25% of operations hours of those equpiments, the potential energy saving can be seen in Table-15 below.
No 1 2 3 Equipments Power rate (kW) 22 22 0.294 Current Ops % hrs 90 890 90 890 100 8760 Hrs and Electricity Saving (hrs) (kWh) 222.5 4405.5 222.5 4405.5 2190 643.86

Chilled WP Condensed WP Cooling Pipes - diameter = 0.075 m - total length = 1000 m - total heat = 1177 W - electricity load = 294 W Total Energy Saving (kWh/year)

9454.86

Table-15: Energy Saving of Measure 2 For the office area, it is estimated that 5 units of split AC 2.5 kW of capacity can meet the cooling demand. The price of this device is about AU$ 629 per unit including instalation (http://www.eljo.com.au/heating-cooling/categories/split-system-airconditioners/samsung-25kw-inverter-split-system-air-conditioner-aqv09uw.html). Thus the total initial cost for the split AC would be: = 5 x $629 = AU$ 3,145 The financial evaluation is presented in Table-16 below.

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Measure 2 : Providing Separately Alternative A/C System for the Office Estimated Electricity Savings 9454.86 Estimated Greenhouse Emission Savings 11.44 Estimated Energy Cost Savings (inc GST) 689.69 Estimated Demand Savings 0 Estimated REC Savings 158.96 Estimated Total Savings 848.65 Capital Cost 3145.00 Simple Payback Period 3.71 IRR (over 10 years, fixed electricity price) 14.35%

kWH tCO2-e AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ years

Table-16: Summary of Measure 2 8.3. Efficient Operation of Domestic Hot Water Pump (DHWP) Based on Table-6 in section 4.4, the electricity consumption of DHWP for Grandstand building is quite high, due to its fulltime operation (8,760 hrs/year), which is not efficient as the demand varies during every time. To improve the efficiency of the building, the hours operation of the pumps need to be optimised. A timer switch for the pump, which will be set at specific range of time, can be used to reduce electricity consumptions of those 2 domestic hot WP. If the pumps operate only in 07.00 - 21.00 of weekdays, 09.00 - 16.00 of weekend and allday of events time, which are assumed in 23 race days, the the total operation of each pump would be: = (15 x 52 x 5) [hrs] + (7 x 52 x 2) [hrs] + (23 x 24) [hrs] = 5,440 hrs per unit per year Thus, the reducing operation hours would be 3,736 hrs, and produce energy efficiency: = 3320 [hrs/unit] x 2 [unit] x 2.2 [kW] = 14.608 kWh per year The price of timer switching for the pumps is about AU$ 125 each including the control and installation, thus for 2 pump the total cost would be AU$ 250. Using the price of offpeak energy tariff of electricity, the financial calculation of efficient operation for DHWP can be seen in Table-17 below.
Measure 3 : Efficient Operation of Domestic Hot Water Pump (DHWP) Estimated Electricity Savings 14608.00 Estimated Greenhouse Emission Savings 17.68 Estimated Energy Cost Savings (inc GST) 562.33 Estimated Demand Savings 0 Estimated REC Savings 245.60 Estimated Total Savings 807.92 Capital Cost 250.00 Simple Payback Period 0.31

kWH tCO2-e AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ years

Table-17: Summary of Measure 3

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8.4. Replacing the Halogen Downlights The use of halogen downlights for lighting all levels of the Grandstand are considerably inefficient in terms of energy. Currently, Flemmington Management is considering to replace this lamps with MASTER LED, a halogen/incandescent-like accent beam lamps from Phillips, with wattage 10 W/unit. The lifetime of the light is 25,000 hrs, which means can operates more than 8 years for the Grandstand. Replacing the halogen downlights (50 W and 10 W of the ballast per unit) with MASTER LED will reduce the electricity consumption of the building by: = (60 - 10) [W/unit] x 2920 [hrs/y] x 2000 [unit] = 292,000 kWh per year The price of this lamp is about AU$ 42.95/ unit (http://negergy.com.au/products/philips-masterled-mr16-10-watt). Table-18 below shows the summary of energy and cost saving on replacing the halogen downlights.
Measure 4 : Replacing the Halogen Downlights with MASTER LED 10 W Estimated Electricity Savings 292000.00 Estimated Greenhouse Emission Savings 353.32 Estimated Energy Cost Savings (inc GST) 21300.06 Estimated Demand Savings 477.06 Estimated REC Savings 4909.22 Estimated Total Savings 26686.34 Capital Cost 85900.00 Simple Payback Period 3.22 IRR (over 8 years, fixed electricity price) 12.69%

kWH tCO2-e AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ years

Table-18: Summary of Measure 4 8.5. Installing VSD for Pump Motor in Heating System There are 3 pump motors in the heating system (1x7.5kW and 2x2.2kW) with relatively high operation hours (3,744 hours/year). VSD could be installed to control and adjust the power consumption based on the heat demand. Assuming that installing the VSD will reduce 10% of its consumptions, the saving energy is: = 10% x (7.5+2.2+2.2) [kW] x 3,744 [hrs] per year = 4,455.36 kWh per year The cost of VSD for motor 2.2 kW is about $ 540/unit, and for motor 7.5 kW is AU$ 890/unit (http://www.automationdirect.com.au/Welcome/drives/Danfoss.html). Adding by installation cost for about 20% of the material cost, then the total cost would be: = 1.2 x (890+540+540) [AU$] = AU$ 2,364

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Table-19 below shows the summary of energy and cost saving on installing VSD for motor pump in heating system.
Measure 5 : Installing VSDs for Pump Motor in Heating System of Grandstand Estimated Electricity Savings 4455.36 Estimated Greenhouse Emission Savings 5.39 Estimated Energy Cost Savings (inc GST) 325.00 Estimated Demand Savings 0.00 Estimated REC Savings 74.91 Estimated Total Savings 399.90 Capital Cost 2364.00 Simple Payback Period 5.91 IRR (over 20 years, fixed electricity price) 13.14%

kWH tCO2-e AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ AU$ years

Table-19: Summary of Measure 5 8.6. Other Recommendations Other recommendations for Flemington Racecourse are better maintenance of the boilers and the steam distribution, inspection for leakage in the pipe and checking the steam traps. They might also need to investigate the possibility of waste heat recovery system or even a cogeneration system. However, these solutions required deep analysis and more information. 8.7. Summary of Measures The various energy efficiency measures discussed above are summarised in Table-20 below. Depending on which measures are implemented it is estimated that up to AU$ 30,312 per year (including GST) in electricity savings at February 2012 tariff rates, could be achieved. This saving equivalent to about 9.87% of 2011 energy bill (electricity and gas). The total investment required to achieve this saving is estimated at AU$ 103,179 if all measures were implemented. In simple payback calculation, the investment will be recovered in about 3 years 5 months.
Saving per year Energy Cost CO2-e (kWh) (AU$) (tonnes 17,487 1,570 21 9,455 14,608 292,000 4,455 338,006 849 808 26,686 400 30,312 11 18 353 5 409 Investment Needed (AU$) 11,520 3,145 250 85,900 2,364 103,179 Financial Evaluation Payback Period 7.34 years 3.71 years less than 1 year 3.22 years 5.91 years 3.4 years 12.69% for 8 years 13.14% for 20 years IRR 7.85% for 20 years 14.35% for 10 years

No 1 2 3 4 5

Measure Applying VSD on Condensed WP and Chilled WP of old chiller Providing Separately Alternative A/C System for the Office Efficient Operation of Domestic Hot Water Pump (DHWP) Replacing the Halogen Downlights with MASTER LED 10 W Installing VSDs for Pump Motor in Heating System of Grandstand TOTAL

Table-20: Summary of Measures

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