Physiological Psychology
Experimental psychology
Personality Psychology
Social Psychology
Enduring Issues What are the principle issues common to many subfields of psychology? Person-Situation Internal factors:
External factors:
Stability-Change
Diversity-Universality
Mind-Body
Theory:
Hypotheses:
Other Social Sciences Sociology: : Anthropology Political Science: The Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1879) and Edward Bradford Titchener: Structuralism Concerned with identifying the units of conscious experience William James: Functionalism Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience
John Broadus Watson: Behaviorism Concerned with observable, quantifiable, measurable behavior Burthus Fredrick Skinner: Behaviorism revisited Focused on the role of reinforcement Gestalt Psychology Defined psychology as: the study of the immediate experience of the whole organism -THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS
Humanists
Cognitive Psychology Concerned with memory, thinking, language, learning, and decision making; mental processing Evolutionary Psychology Focuses on the adaptive values of mental processes and behavior patterns and what function they serve
Positive Psychology Emphasizes and studies the origins and nurturance of mental wellness Multiple Perspectives of Psychology Today
Women in Psychology
Successful explanations of human functioning at one level need not invalidate explanations at other levels
Feminist Psychology
Culture
Research Methods in Psychology 1. Naturalistic Observation Studied non-intrusively in its natural environment
2. Case Studies Intensive analysis and description of an individual or small group hoping to find commonalties between that individual and the entire population
3. Surveys Asking predetermined questions using an interview or questionnaire Wording effects: 4. Correlational Research Used to investigate and clarify the relationships between variables 5. Experimental Research Enables the researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by: 1) 2)
Experimental condition/group:
Control condition/group:
Experimenter Bias:
Random Assignment:
6. Multimethod Research
Random sample:
APA code of ethics requires Informed consent from participants o The nature of the study in clearly understandable language o Must be documented o Risks, possible adverse effects, and limitation on confidentiality o If participation is course credit then alternative must be offered o Cannot deceive related to risks or unpleasant emotional experiences o Deception can only be used when absolutely necessary