SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Muhammad Boota Sarwar

msarwar80@hotmail.com https://www.facebook.com/BootaSarwar

FEDERAL SEED CERTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE & LIVESTOCK GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN MAUVE AREA, SECTOR G 9/4, ISLAMABAD 44000 (Tel. +92 51 9260126-9261822, 9260150, Fax +92 51 9260234) www.minfal.gov.pk AUGUST 2007

SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Muhammad Boota Sarwar* Introduction Pakistan occupies a land area of 880,000 square kilometer and forms part of the South Asian Subcontinent. It is bordered by India on the East, China on North-East, Iran on West and Afghanistan on North-West. The Country is characterized by significant variation in altitude and topography across its territory. Pakistans diversity extends to its climatic, socio-economic and environmental characteristics that differ significantly from region to region. The Country has four provinces, Punjab, North Western Frontier Province (NWFP), Sindh, Balochistan, and the two federally administered territories: The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Northern Areas. In addition the territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is under the administration of the Government of Pakistan. The landscape of the country has seven major distinct physical regions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The North High mountainous region. The Western low mountainous region. The Salt range or Potohar uplands. The Plateau of Balochistan. The upper Indus or Punjab plains. The lower Indus or Sindh plains. The Coastal Area.

Pakistan a land of many splendors has continental type of climate characterized by the extreme variations of temperature. Agriculture is single largest sector and dominant driving force for growth and development of the national economy. It has grown at an average rate of 4% per annum in the past two decades. The future programme in agriculture have been focused on attaining higher growth rate by providing the recent shift in Government policies and institutional support especially to horticulture, livestock, fisheries, drip irrigation and plastic house technology so that the sector can move forward and enhance its contribution to the economy. The concept of corporate farming is being promoted by Government of Pakistan, for effective implementation of its market oriented economic policy under the emerging scenario of WTO regime. A. Agriculture Sector: Pakistan has a geographical area of 79.61 million hectares. Out of which 59.48 million hectares is reported. Table-2 shows the land use and agricultural area is about 22.15 million hectares. The population is estimated to be 153.96 million (2005) but at the time of independence it was only 32.5 million, so we added hundred million more people during the last 59 years (Table-1). __________________________________________________________________
*Director, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Sector G-9/4, Mauve Area, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

Over the last five years agriculture growth has witnessed a mixed trend. During the first two years (2000-01 and 2001-02), the country experienced the crippling drought, which badly affected its agriculture and eventually overall growth in agriculture turned negative for these two years. In the preceding years (2002-03 to 2004-05), relatively better availability of irrigation water had positive impact on overall agricultural growth and this sector exhibited modest to strong recovery. Table-1 Population Estimates of Pakistan: Total Population (million) 2001-02 146.0 2002-03 146.8 2003-04 149.7 2004-05 152.5 2005-06 (P) 155.4 Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07 Year Agriculture Labour Force (million) Percentage 41.8 28.63 43.2 29.43 44.1 29.46 45.7 29.97 46.8 30.12

The land utilization scenario and farm size area of Pakistan are given in Tables 2 & 3, respectively. Table-2 Land Utilization Scenario of Pakistan: Land Use Total Geographical Area Total Reported Area Forest Not Available for Cultivation Cultivable Waste Cultivated Area Total cropped area Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2006-07 Table-3 Farm Size Area of Pakistan: Farm size Farm No. (%) Under 0.5 ha. 19 0.5 to under 1 ha. 17 1 to under 2 ha. 22 2 to under 3 ha. 15 3 to under 5 ha. 13 (86%) 5 to under 10 ha. 9 10 to under 20 4 20 to under 40 1 40 to under 60 60 and above Source: Agriculture statistics of Pakistan, 2006-07 Farm Area (%) 2 4 10 11 17 (44%) 19 16 10 3 8 Area (million ha.) 79.61 59.48 4.01 24.32 9.00 22.15 22.51

Table-3 reveals that fragmentation of land due to traditional inheritance has caused very small land holding i.e. 86% of farms are less than 5 hectares and only 9% farms are from 5 to 10 hectares and 4% farms are 10-20 hectares etc. Similarly 44% of the area belongs to small holding i.e. less than 5 hectares. The country has 67.3% population in rural area. Table. Agriculture Growth (Percent): Year Agriculture 2000-01 -2.2 2001-02 -0.1 2002-03 4.1 2003-04 2.3 2004-05 6.7 2005-06 (P) 2.5 Source: Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07 B. Contribution of Agriculture Sector: Pakistan economy has undergone considerable diversification over the years, yet the agriculture sector is still the largest sector of the country. With its contribution to GDP is 23.09% and is the largest source of foreign exchange earning by serving as the base sector for countries major industries like textile and sugar etc. The estimate of GDP is given in the (Table-4). Agriculture growth rate has been increased significantly during last three years. Agriculture growth rate reported for the year 2004-05 was 3.1% (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004-05). Table-4 Estimate of % Share in GDP at Constant Factor Cost (2000-06) Major sector 1969-70 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Agriculture 38.90 25.14 24.10 24.00 Major crops 23.40 8.56 8.00 8.20 Minor crops 4.20 3.39 3.10 3.00 Livestock 10.60 12.05 12.00 11.80 Fisheries 0.50 0.43 0.30 0.30 Forestry 0.10 0.71 0.70 0.70 Source: Source: Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07 C. Field Crops: There are two main crop growing season i.e. kharif (summer) and rabi (winter). The food grain like wheat, rice and maize occupy 56% while cash crop like cotton, sugarcane and tobacco etc. occupy 19% of the cropped area. Other crops such as oilseeds fruits, vegetables, pulses, others and condiments are grown on 25% area. The area, production and yield of major crops are presented in (Table-5). It is apparent from the table 5 that there is continuously upwards trend in yield in maize and rice along with expansion of area under these crops. The yield performance of all other crops is either static or decline and this invites serious attention of breeders, agronomists, seed agencies and stakeholders to arrest the situation. 4 2003-04 22.90 7..80 2.90 11.20 0.30 0.60 2004-05 22.50 8.40 2.80 10.60 0.30 0.40 2005-06 21.60 7.60 2.70 10.70 0.30 0.30 Major Crops -9.9 -2.5 6.9 1.9 17.8 -3.6 Minor Crops -3.2 -3.7 0.4 4.0 3.0 1.6

Table-5 Area, Production and Yield Statistics of Some Major Crops, Vegetables & Fruits in Pakistan during 2003-06. Crop Area (000 hectares) 2003- 2004- 200504 05 06 8216 8358 8448 947 982 1042 2461 2520 2621 102 93 90 2989 3193 3103 539 343 441 393 308 254 982 1094 1029 256 225 209 49 38 35 52 43 34 280 257 217 256 102 60 6172 97 109 6.9 56 5.7 4.1 -109.7 39.0 -2469 734.6 264 106 66 5448 84 128 6.6 49 5.6 4.0 0.11 112 41.4 238.7 2359 795.4 -94 82 5816 90 149 7.0 65 5.7 3.8 0.11 117 46.2 246.3 -814.5 0 Production (000 tons) 20032004200504 05 06 195 21612 21277 1897 2797 3110 4848 5025 5547 98 92 87 10048* 14265* 13019* 274 193 221 238 186 153 611 868 480 141 130 114 25 18 17 31 26 18 238 216 172 359 115 25 3091 58 1449 57 96 3.1 38.40 -1938 426.2 -56324 5691.7 328 76 30 2558 47 1765 56 91 2.9 38.10 0.04 2025 426.2 3048.4 54403 6636.6 -69 35 2781 52 2056 57 123 2.8 35.60 0.05 1568 468.1 3124.8 -7147.6 Yield (kg/hec) 200405 2586 2849 1994 983 760 563 606 794 577 491 597 839 220 722 448 470 563 13810 8.5 1858 500 9525 423 18079 10295 -23.1 --

Wheat Maize Rice Barley Cotton Pearlmillet Sorghum Gram Mungbean Mash Lentil Rapeseed & Mustard Sunflower Groundnut Sesame Linseed Peas Onion Garlic Chilies Coriander Turmeric Ginger Potato Tomato Vegetables Fodders Fruits

200304 2373 2003 1970 961 572 508 607 622 550 505 602 851 298 1121 413 501 591 13810 8.2 1858 500 9525 -17900 10620 -22.8 --

200506 2519 2984 2116 973 714 501 600 466 546 477 528 792 -737 428 478 580 13825 8.2 1902 491 9368 459 13355 10132 ----

* 000 bales of cotton Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06

D. Horticultural Crops: The country is endowed with a wide range of agro-ecological zones and diverse climatic conditions that make it possible to grow a large variety of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climate fruits and vegetables. Due to various technological and infrastructure constraints, the performance of horticulture sector is below its potential. The poor farming practices and inappropriate storage conditions for planting/seed material, lack of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures in orchard management affect the productivity of horticultural crops. In order to meet local consumption and to become export competitive, horticultural production needs to be enhanced along with improvement of quality, proper processing, grading, packaging etc. Area and production of major fruit crops is given in tables-6&7. Table-6. Area of Major Fruit Crops in Pakistan (Area 000 hectares) Crop 2001-02 2002-03 Citrus 194 182 Mango 99 103 Apple 49 48 Dates 79 78 Almond 10 9 Guava 64 63 Banana 31 30 Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06 2003-04 177 103 111 75 10 62 32 2004-05 184 151 112 82 10 64 33 2005-06 192 157 112 82 10 62 33

Table-7 Production of Major Fruit Crops in Pakistan (Production 000 tones) Crop 2001-02 2002-03 Citrus 1830 1702 Mango 1037 1035 Apple 367 315 Dates 630 625 Almond 26 24 Guava 539 532 Banana 150 143 Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06 F. Seed Industry of Pakistan: Until 1961 multiplication and distribution of seeds of improved varieties was not systematized on generation limitations system. So the seed production level did not meet the farmer needs for the seed of new improved varieties. On the recommendations of food and agriculture commission in 1961, the West Pakistan Agricultural Development Corporation (WPADC) was created. It continued seed procurement and distribution till 1972. After dissolution of WPADC in 1972 all relevant activities of seed including production, multiplication, procurement and distribution were transferred to the provincial 6 2003-04 1760 1056 334 427 24 550 154 2004-05 1944 1674 352 622 23 572 158 2005-06 2458 1754 351 497 23 552 164

governments. Since the objectives of production, processing and distribution of quality seeds were not being met adequately, the government of Pakistan initiated Seed Industry Development Project on the recommendation of World Bank Appraisal Missions Report which was provided legislative support through Seed Act, 1976. This enactment provided regulatory mechanism for controlling and regulating the quality seed through setting up of necessary institutional infrastructure which included National Seed Council (NSC), Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD) and Provincial Seed Councils (Figure 1). Table-9 shows the list of 29 seed testing laboratories of FSC&RD working at various locations in the country. Wheat, cotton, paddy and maize are major crops grown and distributed in Pakistan by public seed sector. Marketing of various kinds of seeds by different sources is given in Table-10.

Fig.1. Institutional Infrastructure of Seed Industry of Pakistan under Seed Act, 1976

Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock (MINFAL) National Seed Council (NSC)

Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD)

Four Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs)

1 Punjab Seed Councils 2 Sindh Seed Councils 3 NWFP Seed Councils 4 Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC) Sindh Seed Corporation (PSC) Department of Agriculture, NWFP Department of Agriculture, Balochistan

Balochistan Seed Councils

Composition & Functions of National Seed Council (NSC): Composition of National Seed Council is as followed; 8

1. Federal Minister of Agriculture (FAM), MINFAL (Chairman) 2. Secretary, MINFAL (Member) 3. Chairman, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) (Member) 4. Secretary Agriculture (All Provinces) 5. Director General, FSC&RD 6. Managing Director, Punjab and Sindh Seed Corporations 7. Director Generals, Agriculture Department, NWFP & Balochistan 8. Seed Grower Representative from each province 9. Progressive Grower from each province 10. Four representatives of private seed sector Functions of National Seed Council include; Agricultural Development Commissioner (ADC), MINFAL (Member, Secretary) 1. Advice on policy for development, operation and regulation of provincial seed industry 2. Direct initiation of provincial seed projects 3. Protect/ensure investment in seed industry, approve/ sanction seed standards, regulate interprovincial seed movement, advice on seed imports. Composition & Functions of Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs): Composition of Provincial Seed Council is as followed; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Provincial Minister of Agriculture (Chairman) Secretary Agriculture, Provincial Government (Member) Agricultural Development Commissioner (ADC), MINFAL (Member) Director General, FSC&RD (Member) Director General, Agriculture Extension/Research (Member) Vice President, Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC)- Member Director General, National Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) - Member 8. Managing Directors, Punjab & Sindh Seed Corporations (Member Secretary) 9. Representative of Seed Growers (Member) 10. Representatives of private seed companies (Member) Functions of Provincial Seed Council include; 1. Advice on policy for development, operation and regulation of provincial seed industry 2. Recommend changes in seed law, advice on seed standards and quality control, advice on maintenance, multiplication, supply of pure and healthy seeds of new varieties, advice on development of seed production farms, recommend and preparation of selected new varieties, recommend or withdrawal of certain deteriorated varieties Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD): Composition and Functions of FSC&RD: 9

Composition of FSC&RD is shown below that reveals that Headquarter/Central seed testing laboratories of FSC&RD are located at the capital city Islamabad with four regional offices at each provincial headquarter. The number of field stations/ seed testing laboratories in province is outlined in the table 9. Table-9 List of Seed Testing Laboratories of Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD)
Islamabad 1 Central Seed Testing Laboratories, Islamabad Punjab 14 Lahore Bahawalpur* Bahawalnagar* Bhakkar* D.G.Khan* Faisalabad Gujranwala* Khanewal Multan R.Y.Khan Sahiwal Sargodha T.T.Singh* Vehari* 14 Sindh 6 Hyderabad Karachi Larkana* Mirpur Khas* Sakrand Sukkur 6 NWFP 5 Peshawar Abbotabad* D.I.Khan Mingora (Swat) 4 B.tan 2 Quetta Usta Muhammad* 2 AJK** 2 Muzafar -abad *Mirpur 2 Total NAs** 2 Gilgit *Skardu 2 31

* 11 newly established laboratories/offices during, 2005-06 ** AJK & NAs means Azad Jammu Kashmir and Northern Areas Various functions of FSC&RD as given in Seed Act, 1976 include; 1. Controlling the quality of seed 2. Registration of seed growers 3. Certification of seeds 4. Field crops inspection 5. Seed sampling and testing of seed lots 6. Issuing of certificates in respect of seeds which meet the prescribed standards 7. Carrying out post control trials on pre-basic, basic and certified seeds 8. Arranging training courses for seed sectors 9. Registration of crop/fruit plant varieties 10. Seed quality control through enforcement of Seed Act/Rules 11. Miscellaneous 10

Staff Strength of FSC&RD: Table 10: Regular staff strength of FSC&RD.

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Name of post Director General Directors Regional Directors Deputy Directors Officers Superintendent (Admn) Sealing Inspectors/ Stenographers Artist-cum-Photographers Stenotypists Assistants/ Drafts/Artist/ Lab. Tech. Field Assistants/ Tech. Assistants Upper Division Clerks (UDCs) Lower Division Clerks/ Lab. Asstt. DMO/DR/Drivers Others BPS No. 20 19 19 18 17 16 15 14 12 11 10 07 05 04 01 Total: Sanctioned Strength 01 03 03 17 57 01 06 01 13 06 11 11 90 33 83 307

Sr 1 2

Posts Officers Supporting Staff Total

Sanctioned 81 226 307

Filled In 66 214 280

Vacant 15 12 27

Budget Position of FSC&RD: The position of budget for the years 1998-2007 is given below.

Table 11: The position of budget for the years 1998-2007. Year Establishment %age Operation %age Total Expenditure 11

1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

(Rs.) 19,880,514 20,000,000 21,998,000 22,028,000 27,684,000 29,557,000 33,951,000 40,193,000 47,042,000 48,641,000

86 86 86 86 88 87 88 84 78 80

(Rs.) 3,339,000 3,162,000 3,613,000 3,615,000 3,837,000 4,241,000 4,687,000 7,477,000 13,190,000 11,870,000

14 14 14 14 12 13 12 16 22 20

(Rs.) 23,219,514 23,162,000 25,611,000 25,643,000 31,521,000 33,798,000 38,638,000 47,670,000 60,232,000 60,511,000

(Rs.) 20,638,508 22,676,292 2,314,864 25,618,903 31,039,762 33,464,145 38,638,000 47,362,865 57,410,000 (Unconciled)

Source: Account Office, FSC&RD, Islamabad Registration of Seed Companies: An inter-ministerial Working group was constituted under ECC declaration that is responsible for the registration of new seed companies in all the provinces of the country and it comprises of the following; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Secretary, Agriculture of each province Chief Food & Agriculture Planning Division Managing Directors, Punjab & Sindh Seed Corporations Secretary Agriculture AJK Director General, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department

According to Seed Act 2007 No person shall conduct seed business in Pakistan unless such person is registered to do so under section 22B, 22C 0r section 22D. So far 639 seed companies have been registered in Pakistan. Most of them are very small companies engaged in a business of a few metric tons of seed only. Most of others are dormant while about 250 companies are more or less actively engaged in seed production/business in various parts of the country. Position of seed companies registered so far is given in table 11. Province wise situation of seed companies is given in table 12. All the national seed companies are multiplier of public sector crop varieties and dont invest in research and development.

12

The multinational seed companies still keeping the country dependence on imported seed and then trading seed without serious efforts of local seed production. Their main concern is Plant Breeders Rights. Table-12. Province wise placement of private sector seed companies in Pakistan Sector Public Private Multinational Total: Number of Companies up to 2006 Punjab Sindh Balochistan Federal Area 1 1 1 1 555 56 14 6 4 560 57 15 7 Total 4 631 4 639

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad Various kinds of Seeds and Planting Material: Seeds of Major crops include wheat, cotton, paddy, maize etc. while minor crops include pulses, fodders, oilseeds etc. Seeds of about more than fifty various kinds of vegetables are common. Sector wise popularity of seeds is briefed in table 10. Table-13 Marketing of Seed & Planting Material in Pakistan. Sector Formal Seed Source Public Sector Private Sector Multinationals Seed Importers Fruits Nursery Plants (Public & Private) Farmers Own Source Crops
Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Maize, Gram, Vegetables Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Maize, Gram, Vegetables Hybrid Seeds of Maize, Sunflower, Fodders etc. Maize, Sunflower, Fodders, Potato, Vegetables Citrus, Mango, Apple, Walnut, Date palm, Guava, etc. Wheat, Cotton, Rice, etc.

Informal

a. Seed Sectors: The Seed Supply System in Pakistan depends on plant breeding, variety development, registration and release which at present exist in public sector. So far, no plant breeding programme exists in the private sector. Seed Industry of Pakistan comprises of both public and private sector specifically confined to public sector varieties of wheat, cotton, rice, chickpea, mungbean and very little vegetable crops. The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department provides certification services to the following public and private sector seed agencies. 13

b. Public Sector Seed Organization: Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC), Lahore. Sindh Seed Corporation (SSC), Hyderabad Production of pre-basic seed has been initiated by Foundation Seed Cell, under Director General, Agricultural Research Institute, Tandojam. 4. Agriculture Extension and Research, Peshawar, NWFP. 5. Department of Agriculture (DA) Quetta, Balochistan. c. Private Sector Seed Companies (National): Currently, 620 national seed companies have been registered for taking up seed production and distribution in the country. These companies concentrate mainly on public sector varieties. Province wise distribution is given in the (Table-11). Private sector consists of national and multinational seed companies. d. Multinational Seed Companies: There are four multinational seed companies engaged in seed business of various agricultural crops mostly low volume high cost crops. Some other small multinational companies also do business in Pakistan through their local distributors/dealers.
S r 1 2 3 4 Name of company Monsanto Agritech Pakistan Private Limited Pioneer Pakistan Private Seed Limited Syngenta Pakistan Private Limited ICI Pakistan Private Limited Year of Advent 1984 1989 1991 1996 Headquarter Lahore Lahore Karachi Karachi Production Territory Okara Sahiwal Sahiwal Sahiwal Crops/Seeds Maize, Sunflower Sorghum Maize, Sunflower, Sorghum, Pearlmillet Maize, Sunflower Vegetables Maize, Sunflower, Sorghum, Canola

1. 2. 3.

e. Performance of Public Sector: Except Punjab Seed Corporation, the remaining three public sector organizations did not reveal the satisfactory performance either due to lack of resources, lack of independent organization for seed purpose, managerial problems and weaker breeding programme and inadequate supply of pre-basic seed from research system. f. Performance of Private Sector: Realizing the limitation of the public sector the government encouraged the induction of private sector in to the seed industry and as further step the government declared seed business as industry in 1994. The private sector no doubt is gathering momentum but the impact is still not of desired level. The seed activities are limited to mainly cotton and wheat whereas crops like vegetables, pulses, fodders and oilseeds have been neglected. 14

Seed Act, 1976 was predominantly public oriented to provide quality control cover to public sector organization with main thrust on four major crops. Yet it has succeeded in creating a growthful awareness among the private seed business companies and farming community. The demand of certified seed rose steadily and farmers started demanding certified seed of other field and vegetable crops also. The public sector organization due to their limitation could not meet the demand of quality seed therefore the government allowed the induction of private seed sector. Resultant to the change in the policy the private sector welcomed the initiative and about 616 national and four multinational companies have been registered and allowed to produce and market certified seed in the country. g. The Formal Seed Sector in Pakistan: Seed sector in Pakistan is composed of formal and informal sectors. The formal seed sector comprises four public sector organizations, four multinational and 616 national seed companies as mentioned in Table 11. The over all picture of seed of some important crops provided by the formal seed sector comprising both public and private sector seed companies during the year 2005-06 follows (Table-12 &13). This goes to prove that the marketing of seed by the seed corporation and seed companies needs immediate improvement. There is a strong feeling that the small farmers do not get quality seed in the far flung areas as most of formal seed sector market the seed in and around the cities and local markets. Tables 12 & 13 show that the availability of major crops seed remained around 22.04 % for wheat, 63.96% for cotton, 38.51% for paddy, 1.19% for pulses, 26.31% for maize, 11.78% for oilseeds, 17.01% for Fodders, +100% for Vegetables and 3.09% for Potato. The position of seed for fodder & forages is not impressive and every year thousands of tons of seed is imported because there is no hybrid seed production programme and the imported seed meets most of the seed demand. There is an urgent need that seed production of fodder is organized to save precious foreign exchange. The public sector has failed to produce fodder seed on commercial scale in the country. The pulses seed production programme has not been systematized to produce sufficient quantities of certified seed resulting in massive imports of the pulses for food consumption. Therefore there is an urgent need that the public and private seed companies organize the seed production programme of pulses immediately.

h. Informal Seed Sector: The informal seed sector, which is currently the major source of seed supply, comprises of farmer to farmer seed exchange, farmers keep their own seed or they buy seed from the local market (mandi). The informal sector, which has a great potential to exert influence on crop production and usage of good quality seed, needs to be organized or tuned to adopt systematic seed production. Therefore, a system needs to be devised where the small farmer could improve the quality of his seed.

15

No serious efforts have in the past been made to improve seed supply of the informal seed sector and the poor quality seed continues to flow, seriously affecting crop production and farm profitability. The informal seed sector, however, is liable to continue playing dominant role in the future particularly for supplying seed of crops like wheat, rice, maize, gram, mungbean, potato and vegetables etc. Small farmers constitute the majority of this seed sector. Thus there is a great need and potential to organize informal seed sector which may become formal after the passage of time. To create quality seed awareness in general masses particularly small farmers in villages, the extension and media can play a vital role which at present is weaker component of seed campaign. Field Crop Inspection: Field inspections of the various crops and vegetables are carried out in both the seasons by the field station of the department. Crop-wise acreages inspected are given as under; Table. 14: Field crop inspections carried out during 2000-07 Sr 1 2 3 Crop/Seed 2001-02 Area of the Seed Crops Inspected (Acres) 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 282335 14560 441 297336 182540 1656 5028 35 0 6719 41 49 231 0 5 0 326 867 1508 0 4,89,296 348446 27332 545 376323 178066 1153 0 0 0 1153 0 0 0 0 0 0 312 0 2459 0 5,58,313 321791 26345 1854 349990 194312 536 1916 6 3 2461 1 404 167 2 1 123 698 154 838 367 5,48,820 2006-07* 274584 21217 2546 298347 180736 791 4448 6 0 5245 0 389 432 14 0 0 835 1144 1102 425 4,87,833

Wheat 231383 223407 Paddy 6201 7011 Maize 665 715 Cereals 30249 231133 4 Cotton 204506 136654 5 Gram 1525 1528 6 Mungbean 6181 6343 7 Lentil 0 0 8 Mash 0 0 Pulses 7706 7871 9 Sunflower 256 36 10 Canola 145 35 11 Brassica/R&M 816 412 12 Groundnut 0 0 13 Soybean 311 575 14 Sesamum 0 0 Oilseeds 1528 1058 15 Fodders 578 858 16 Vegetables 569 1613 17 Potato 0 0 G.Total 4,53,136 3,79,187 * Data for 2006-07 is under progress Seed Sampling & Testing:

16

Seed sampling and testing of the various crops and vegetables seeds is carried out in both the seasons by the field station of the department. Crop-wise quantities tested (in metric tones = 1000 kg) are given as under; Table. 15: Seed testing carried out during 2000-07 S r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 Crop/Seed 2001-02 Wheat Paddy Maize Cereals Cotton Gram Mungbean Lentil Mash Pulses Sunflower Canola Brassica/R&M Groundnut Soybean Sesamum Oilseeds Fodders Vegetables Potato G.Total 185613 6121 4061 195795 46728 1048 469 0 0 1517 502 173 4 0 71 0 750 6000 3100 4667 Quantity of Seed Tested (MT)* 2002-03 182591 7891 4125 194607 39059 1934 497 0 0 2431 476 103 4 0 0 0 583 11338 3095 4914 2003-04 240147 11906 5198 257251 42221 1342 874 16 0 2232 41 49 28 0 5 0 123 5603 4027 1920 2004-05 282673 20812 236 303721 52116 653 439 0 0 1092 4 1 93 0 21 0 119 69 3681 1201 2005-06 261025 20103 8906 290034 48196 129 451 3 1 584 1618 102 72 1 1 15 1809 9890 7249 8543 2006-07**

2,56,29 2,53,01 3,11,02 3,60,78 3,66,305 0 3 2 8 1 * Includes both locally tested as well as imported seeds ** Data for 2006-07 is under progress

Seed Availability:

17

Crop-wise quantities of certified seed available and distributed to the various seed markets during the years 2001-07 are given below. The available seed also included the quantities imported during the respective years and distributed after testing under truthful labeling rules. Table-16. Seed Availability position during 2000-05 Sr 1 2 3 Crop/Seed Seed Availability (MT) = Accepted in Testing + Imported 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 1,43,977 10,282 4,038 1,58,297 34,523 2,234 583 11,395 3,096 5,029 2,15,157 1,93,977 10,239 5,398 2,99,614 37,923 2,107 1,174 5,604 4,021 1,920 2,62,363 2,22,718 11,526 8,867 2,43,111 40,756 1,048 1,566 4,111 5,044 6,228 3,01,864

Wheat 1,42,302 1,36,250 Paddy 4,830 4,864 Maize 3,974 3,320 Cereals 1,51,106 1,44,434 4 Cotton 31,370 39,870 Pulses* 758 782 Oilseeds** 746 530 15 Fodders 10,646 5,942 16 Vegetables 3,583 3,016 17 Potato 1,536 4,579 G.Total 1,99,745 1,99,153 *Pulses include gram, lentil, mungbean & mash. ** Oilseeds include sunflower, canola, brassica, and sesame Table-16. Seed Availability position during 2005-06 Sr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Crop/Seed Wheat Paddy Maize Cereals Cotton Gram Mungbean Lentil Mash Pulses Sunflower Canola Brassica/R&M Groundnut Soybean Sesamum Oilseeds Fodders

Seed Availability (MT) = Accepted in Testing + Imported 2005-06 2006-07* 2007-08 2008-09 2009-2010 212635 15813 10645 239093 39845 225 417 3 3 648 1618 90 70 1 0 14 1793 9889 18

16 17

Vegetables Potato G.Total

7239 8543 3,07,050

* Data for 2006-07 is under progress Table. 17: A summary of estimated total seed requirements of various crops and vegetables in Pakistan during the year 2006-07 Sr# 1 2 4 Category Cereals Fibre Crops Oilseeds Crops/Seeds Wheat Paddy Maize Cotton Sunflower, Rapseed & Mustard, Soybean, Safflower, Sesame, Linseed, Groundnut Gram Lentil Mung Mash Area (Hac) 84,59,000 25,94,200 10,10,000 32,50,000 9,81,488 Pakistan TSR (MT) 10,15,080 39,972 30,300 65,000 16,040 Target (MT) 2,03,016 11,992 9,090 65,000 5,636

Pulses

7 8

Sorghum, Pearlmillet, Oat, Guar, Berseem, Lucerne etc. Vegetables More than 53 Vegetables, excluding Garlic Others Potato All Crops & Vegetables Seeds

Fodders

10,51,100 40,100 2,58,990 38,050 13,88,240 24,41,883

42,044 1,203 5,180 761 49,188 73,378

8,409 241 1,036 152 9,838 14,676

4,22,374 1,24,600 2,06,71,785

5,500 3,11,500 16,05,958

5,500 3,11,500 6,36,247

19

Table-19 Total Seed Requirement, Availability and Distribution Status of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan, 2005-06. Crop/ Seed Total / Target Seed Requirement (MT) 10,08,840 %age of TSR Paddy Maize Cotton
Gram Lentil Mungbean Mash

Total Seed Availability & Distribution (MT) Public 57,603.5 7 3455.56 261.68 4,165.87
77.00 1.53 94.92 1.00

Private 1,53,091.2 2 11996.45 2,939.43 35,678.89

148.00 1.00 322.00 2.00

Wheat

Local (Pub+Pvt) 2,10,694.7 9 (20.88%) 15452.01 (38.97%) 3201.11 (10.36%) 39,844.76 (64.27%)
225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

Imported 0.00 (0.00%) 360.49 (0.91%) 7443.61 (24.10%) 0.00 (0.00%)

0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%)

Total Distribution Local+Import 2,12,634.79 169865.19 (21.08%) 15,812.50 (39.89%) 10644.72 (34.46%) 39,844.76 (64.27%)
225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

(16.84%) 12518.13 (31.58%) 9063.01 (29.34%) 29098.23 (46.93%)

225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

39,645 %age of TSR 30,888 %age of TSR 62000 %age of TSR

42580 %age of TSR 1,659 %age of TSR 5,246 %age of TSR 690 %age of TSR

Pulses
Sunflower Canola Rapseeds & Mustards Soybean Sesame

50,175 %age of TSR 2,265 %age of TSR 655 %age of TSR 1,286 %age of TSR 17 %age of TSR 333 %age of TSR

174.45
0.00 72.45 34.30 0.00 1.00

473.00
0.00 0.00 35.20 0.00 13.00

647.45 (1.29%)
0.00

0.00 (0.00%)
1618.02

647.45 (1.29%)
1618.02

647.45 (1.29%)
1618.02

(0.00%)
72.45

(71.44%)
18.00

(71.44%)
90.45

(71.44%)
90.45

(11.06%)
69.50

(2.75%)
0.00

(13.81%)
69.50

(13.81%)
69.50

(5.40%)
0.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(5.40%)
0.00

(5.40%)
0.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(4.20%)

(0.00%)

(4.20%)

(4.21%) 20

Linseed Groundnut

Oilseeds Fodders Vegetable s Potato Total

82 %age of TSR 10,580 %age of TSR 15,216 %age of TSR 58,129 %age of TSR 5,500 %age of TSR 2,76,250 %age of TSR 15,46,643 %age of TSR

0.00 1.00

0.00 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

(0.00%)
1.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(0.00%)
1.00

(0.00%)
1.00

108.75 95.00 133.34 556.40 66,554.4 2

48.20 43.00 579.83 1475.50 2,06,325.7 0

(0.01%) 156.95 (1.03%) 138.00 (0.24%) 713.17 (12.97%) 2,031.90 (0.74%) 2,72,880.1 2 (17.64%)

(0.00%) 1636.02 (10.75%) 9751.00 (16.77%) 6526.14 (+100%) 6511.03 (2.36%) 32,228.69 (2.08%)

(0.01%) 1792.97 (11.78%) 9889.00 (17.01%) 7239.31 (+100%) 8542.93 (3.09%) 3,05,108.81 (19.73%)

(0.01%) 1792.97 (11.78%) 9889.00 (17.01%) 7239.31 (+100%) 8542.93 (3.09%) 248656.60 (16.08%)

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad Commercial Market Size of Seed Industry of Pakistan: Total size of Pakistan seed industry that reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2005-06 is about 128 million US Dollars as mentioned in table 14. Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Seed Availability during 2005-06 Crop/Seed Wheat Paddy Maize Cotton Sunflower Canola
Rapeseed&Mustard

Soybean Sesame Linseed Groundnut Gram Mungbean

Seed Availability (MT) 2,20,695 15,813 10,645 39,845 1,618 90 70 0 14 0 1 225 417

Price (Average) (Rs/Kg) 16 21 16 28 400 30 30 16 200 150 25 23 32

Internal Commercial Market (Estimates)* (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$) 3,402.160 56.703 332.073 5.535 170.316 2.839 1,115.660 18.594 647.208 10.787 2.714 0.045 2.085 0.035 0.000 0.000 2.800 0.047 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.000 5.175 0.086 13.341 0.222 21

Lentil Mash Fodders Vegetables Potato Total

3 3 9,889 7,239 8,543 3,05,109

28 30 60 127 38 ``

0.071 0.090 593.340 917.905 324.631 7,529.594

0.001 0.002 9.889 15.298 5.411 125.493

Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Estimated Total Seed Requirement during 2005-06 Crop/Seed Seed Requirement (MT) 10,08,840 39,645 30,888 62,000 2,265 655 1,286 17 333 82 10,580 42,580 5,246 1,659 690 58129 5,500 2,76,250 15,46,643 Price (Average) (Rs/Kg) 16 21 16 28 400 30 30 16 200 150 25 23 32 28 30 60 127 38 `` Internal Commercial Market (Estimates)* (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)

Wheat Paddy Maize Cotton Sunflower Canola

Rapeseed&Mustard

Soybean Sesame Linseed Groundnut Gram Mungbean Lentil Mash Fodders Vegetables Potato Total

Table-19 Total Seed Requirement, Availability and Distribution Status of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan, 2006-07 Crop/ Seed Total / Target Seed Requirement (MT) 10,08,840 %age of TSR (20.88%) 22 Total Seed Availability & Distribution (MT) Public 57,603.5 7 Private 1,53,091.2 2 Local (Pub+Pvt) 2,10,694.7 9 Imported 0.00 (0.00%) Total Distribution Local+Import 2,12,634.79 169865.19 (21.08%) (16.84%)

Wheat

Paddy Maize Cotton

Gram Lentil Mungbean Mash

39,645 %age of TSR 30,888 %age of TSR 62000 %age of TSR

42580 %age of TSR 1,659 %age of TSR 5,246 %age of TSR 690 %age of TSR

3455.56 261.68 4,165.87

77.00 1.53 94.92 1.00

11996.45 2,939.43 35,678.89

148.00 1.00 322.00 2.00

15452.01 (38.97%) 3201.11 (10.36%) 39,844.76 (64.27%)

225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

360.49 (0.91%) 7443.61 (24.10%) 0.00 (0.00%)

0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%) 0.00 (0.00%)

15,812.50 (39.89%) 10644.72 (34.46%) 39,844.76 (64.27%)

225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

12518.13 (31.58%) 9063.01 (29.34%) 29098.23 (46.93%)

225.00 (0.53%) 2.53 (0.15%) 416.92 (7.95%) 3.00 (0.43%)

Pulses
Sunflower Canola Rapseeds & Mustards Soybean Sesame Linseed Groundnut

50,175 %age of TSR 2,265 %age of TSR 655 %age of TSR 1,286 %age of TSR 17 %age of TSR 333 %age of TSR 82 %age of TSR 10,580 %age of TSR 15,216 %age of TSR 58,129 %age of TSR 5,500 %age of TSR 2,76,250 %age of TSR 15,46,643

174.45
0.00 72.45 34.30 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00

473.00
0.00 0.00 35.20 0.00 13.00 0.00 0.00

647.45 (1.29%)
0.00

0.00 (0.00%)
1618.02

647.45 (1.29%)
1618.02

647.45 (1.29%)
1618.02

(0.00%)
72.45

(71.44%)
18.00

(71.44%)
90.45

(71.44%)
90.45

(11.06%)
69.50

(2.75%)
0.00

(13.81%)
69.50

(13.81%)
69.50

(5.40%)
0.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(5.40%)
0.00

(5.40%)
0.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(0.00%)
14.00

(4.20%)
0.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(4.20%)
0.00

(4.21%)
0.00

(0.00%)
1.00

(0.00%)
0.00

(0.00%)
1.00

(0.00%)
1.00

Oilseeds Fodders Vegetable s Potato Total

108.75 95.00 133.34 556.40 66,554.4

48.20 43.00 579.83 1475.50 2,06,325.7

(0.01%) 156.95 (1.03%) 138.00 (0.24%) 713.17 (12.97%) 2,031.90 (0.74%) 2,72,880.1

(0.00%) 1636.02 (10.75%) 9751.00 (16.77%) 6526.14 (+100%) 6511.03 (2.36%) 32,228.69

(0.01%) 1792.97 (11.78%) 9889.00 (17.01%) 7239.31 (+100%) 8542.93 (3.09%) 3,05,108.81

(0.01%) 1792.97 (11.78%) 9889.00 (17.01%) 7239.31 (+100%) 8542.93 (3.09%) 248656.60 23

2 %age of TSR

2 (2.08%) (17.64%) (19.73%) (16.08%)

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Commercial Market Size of Seed Industry of Pakistan: Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Seed Availability during 2006-07 Crop/Seed Wheat Paddy Maize Cotton Sunflower Canola
Rapeseed&Mustard

Seed Availability (MT)

Price (Average) (Rs/Kg)

Internal Commercial Market (Estimates)* (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)

Soybean Sesame Linseed Groundnut Gram Mungbean Lentil Mash Fodders Vegetables Potato Total Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Estimated Total Seed Requirement during 2006-07 Crop/Seed Seed Requirement (MT) Wheat Paddy 24 Price (Average) (Rs/Kg) Internal Commercial Market (Estimates)* (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)

Maize Cotton Sunflower Canola

Rapeseed&Mustard

Soybean Sesame Linseed Groundnut Gram Mungbean Lentil Mash Fodders Vegetables Potato Total Total size of Pakistan seed industry that reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2006-07 is about ------ million US Dollars as mentioned in table. 1. WHEAT SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Wheat Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of wheat is as under. This indicates a significant number of varieties of wheat that were released by the provincial research institute for general cultivation from 1971-2007. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of wheat that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of wheat: Sr Provinc . e 1 Punjab 2 Sindh 3 NWFP 4 B.tan Total No. of Varieties Released 50 18 27 7 102 Number of varieties under Cultivation 13 15 24 9 61 Remarks

Table-2. Wheat seed testing 2005-06 Variety-wise wheat seed testing and accepted quantity of seed out of total seed offered for testing (before processing) during the year is given as follows; 25

Sr . 1

Province Punjab

Varieties Inqilab-91 Bhakkar-2002 AS-2002 Uqab-2000 Ufaq-2002 SH-2002 Manthar-2003 GA-2002 Punjnad Iqbal-2002 Shahkar-2000 Pasban-90 Chakwal-97 Total (13) TJ-83 Kiran-95 TD-01 Sarsabz Bhattai Indus-79 Abadgar-93 Mehran-89 Marvi-2000 SKD-1 Moomal-02 Khirman Anmol-91 Sassai Total (15) Saleem-2000 Nasir Auqab-2000 Bhakkar-2002 Fakhr-eSarhad Bakhtawer-92 Inqulab-91 Tatara Khyber-87 AS-2002 Naseer

Total Tested (MT) 114038 82252 27022 14972 2339 1643 299 192 41 27 25 1 1 2,42,851 6674 4245 1989 910 54 39 38 37 9 9 6 2 1 1 14,015 1249 435 380 374 308 275 225 203 180 163 29

Accepted (MT)
108484 77263 25206 13108 2242 1595 299 192

Acceptanc e %age 47.48 33.82 11.03 5.74 0.98 0.70 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 100 48.28 31.75 13.01 5.84 0.42 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 100 29.96 11.64 9.76 8.41 8.47 7.02 6.24 5.33 4.99 4.52 0.53 26

41 27 25 1 1 2,28,484 6242 4104 1682 754 54 24 22 18 9 9 6 2 1 1 12,929 1080 420 352 303 305 253 225 192 180 163 19

Sindh

NWFP

Raj Daman-98 Pirsabak-05 AS-2002 Ghaznavi-98 Pirsabak-04 KT-2000 Suleman-96 KT-2003 J-03 Zam J-01 Dera-98 Total (24) 4 Balochistan Bhakkar-2002 AS-2002 TJ-83 Zardana-89 Inqilab-91 Fakhr-eSarhad Zarlishta-99 Raskoh-2005 Zarghoon Sariab-92 Total (9) G.Total

25 22 20 15 11 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 3,933 148 124 80 22 11 9 8 4 2 1 409 2,61,208

25 22 20 15 11 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 3,603 133 107 80 18 9 8 3 1 0 11 370 2,45,386

0.68 0.60 0.56 0.42 0.31 0.23 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 100 35.90 28.88 21.60 4.77 2.97 2.43 2.22 0.85 0.31 0.07 100 ---

Pakistan

Wheat Seed Requirement & Availability: During the year 2005-06, public and private Sector seeds agencies produced and made available to the growers about 2,12,634.79 mt wheat seed that makes about 21.08 % of total wheat seed requirements (1008840 mt). Out of the total procurement about 1, 71,783.69 mt (17.03% of total seed requirement) were distributed. The figures indicate a satisfactory availability and distribution of wheat seed during the season Rabi2006. Little decrease in distribution during Rabi-2005 was due to susceptibility of the most popular variety Inqilab-91 to leaf rust infestation and its ban to the NWFP and Northern areas during the season. Table-3. Procurement and Distribution of wheat seed (2005-07) Province/ Sector Total Seed Procurement Distribution 27

Region

Requirement (TSR) in MT Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR 375000 383640 758640 20000 91960 111960 60000 29160 89160 20000 17080 37080 12000

(MT) (Rabi-2005) 53225.00 140528.82 27103.00 1,91,753.82 25.54 1572.29 11356.50 12928.79 11.55 4013.00 1546.00 5559.00 6.23 43.28 349.90 393.18 1.06 0 0

Punjab

After Shifting (MT) (Rabi-2006) 46147.00 79682.00 125829.00 16.59 1572.11 11350.90 14134.00 27057.01 24.17 4013.00 1524.50 9732.00 15269.50 17.13 41.28 349.90 1258.00 1649.18 4.45 229.00 1.91 51773.39 92907.30 27103.00 171783.69 17.03 166545.14 16.48

Sindh

NWFP

Balochist an

AJK

Shifting from Pb %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Total %age of TSR

Pakistan

475000 533840 1008840 1010520

58853.57 153781.22 212634.79 21.08 222718.44 22.04

Vs 05

2004-

Table-4. Wheat seed shifting (MT) from Punjab to other provinces during Rabi2006 28

Shifted from Provinc Station Sector e Punjab PSC Khanewal R.Y.Khan Sahiwal Total Public Private (Pub+ Pvt)

Sindh 73 0 13795 266 1413 4

NWFP 1136 0 1806 6790 9732

Shifted to B.tan AJK 140 0 875 243 1258 229 0 0 0 229

Export 1750 0 0 0 1750

Total 3328 0 1647 6 7299 2710 3

Wheat seed problems, solution and action plan: Various problems associated with wheat seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan. Sr Problems Solution Action Plan . 1 Less availability of Breeding high yielding Meeting of wheat productive varieties like varieties group under the Inqilab-91 chair of National Coordinator 2 Lack of genetic diversity Use of germplasm of Collection of diverse origin diversified germplasm and more number of crosses/hybridizatio n to yield a wide range of segregants 3 Pathological diseases Breeding and -dodevelopment of resistant varieties 4 Less availability of high Increased availability of - Stressing PSC quality early generation Pre-Basic and Basic seed - Foundation seed seed cells in private sector - Early generation seed production project of MINFAL. 2. COTTON SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Cotton Varieties:

29

Detail of released and registered varieties of cotton is as under. This indicates a significant number of varieties of cotton that were released by the provincial research institute for general cultivation from 1971-2007. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of cotton that are resistant to cotton boll worms, tolerant to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of cotton: Sr Provinc . e 1 Punjab 2 Sindh 3 NWFP 4 B.tan Total No. of Varieties Released 57 17 1 0 78 Number of varieties under Cultivation 12 12 0 1 25 Remarks

Table-2. Variety-wise cotton seed testing 2005-06 S r. 1 Province Varieties Total Tested (MT) 18490 6688 3217 1982 2075 1642 568 76 48 24 23 4 34,836 12097 598 319 117 21 10 3 1 1 Accepted (MT) 15363 5630 2755 1660 1579 1338 518 40 43 24 18 4 28,970 9860 308 197 102 15 9 2 1 1 Accepta nce %age 53.03 19.43 9.51 5.73 5.45 4.62 1.79 0.14 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.01 100 93.93 2.93 1.88 0.97 0.14 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 30

Punjab

CIM-496 CIM-506 BH-160 CIM-499 NIAB-111 CIM-473 FH-901 FH-1000 CIM-446 NIAB-999 CIM-707 HA-151 Total (12) NIAB-78 CRIS-134 CIM-473 CRIS-473 CRIS-9 FH-901 Shahbaz Chandi CRIS-467

Sindh

Sophni FH-901 Marvi(CRIS5A) Total (12) 4 Balochistan Pakistan NIAB-78 G.Total (25)

1 1 1 13,169 195 48,200

1 1 1 10,496 195 39,661

0.01 0.01 0.01 100 100.00 --

Cotton Seed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, public and private sector seed agencies procured and made available to the growers about 39,844.76 mt fuzzy and delinted cotton seed that makes about 64.27 % of total cotton seed requirements (62000 mt). Out of the total procurement about 29098.23 mt (46.93% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year. Reason for less distribution/ more left over quantity of certified seed was due to more distribution of the seed of cotton variety CIM-496 that was approved late in the season (on 17-2-2005, in the 30 th meeting of Provincial Seed Council) and was not provided the certification coverage by the department. Table-3. Procurement and distribution of cotton seed (2005-06) Province/ Region Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR) in MT Procurement (MT) (2005-06) Punjab Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Shifting Total 15000 33600 48600 3000 9400 12400 200 0 200 4144.00 24826 1476 30446.09 62.65 21.87 10739.80 10,761.67 86.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 Distribution After Shifting (MT) (Kharif, 2006) 3285.00 17010.56 20295.56 41.76 21.87 8667.80 97.00 8786.67 70.86 0.00 0.00 208.00 208.00 31

Sindh

NWFP

%age of TSR Balochist an Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR Pakistan Pubic Private Shifting Total %age of TSR 0 800 800 18200 43800 62000 0.00 113.00 113.00 14.13 4165.87 35678.89 39,844.76 64.27

104.00 0.00 113.00 183.00 296.00 37.00 3306.87 25791.36 29,098.23 46.93

Cotton seed problems, solution and action plan: Various problems associated with cotton seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan. Sr Problems . 1 Lack of biologically diverse and more productive varieties with quality fibre traits and bollworms and CLCV resistance. 2 Solution Collection and utilization of diverse germplasm and development of high yielding varieties having quality fibre traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Strict following of variety release protocols and avoiding leakage of premature varieties from research institutes/breeders. Action Plan Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC) and Provincial cotton research system PCCC/Provinces Cotton System

There is a serious demand for checking of pre-mature release of newly developed cotton varieties by the public sector research institutes as well control on indiscriminate spread of unapproved cotton varieties by the private sector as well. Illegal spread of Bt Regulation cotton varieties

of

biotech

Strict regulation of Government Immediate approval/prom ulgation of revised seed 32

act/Plant Breeders Rights - Joint Ventures with multinational stakeholders for R&D and commercial seed production 3. RICE/PADDY SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Rice Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of cotton is given in Table-1. This indicates that no significant number of rice varieties were developed and released by the federal/ provincial research institute for general cultivation. There exists a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of rice that are resistant to insects, diseases and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of rice: Sr Provinc . e 1 Punjab 2 Sindh 3 NWFP 4 B.tan Total No. of Varieties Released 15 13 6 0 34 Number of varieties under Cultivation 9 8 7 0 24 Remarks

Table-2. Variety-wise before processing paddy seed testing 2005-06 S r. 1 Province Varieties Total Tested (MT) 9483 3859 2102 632 993 549 1 1 1 Accepted (MT) 7212 3541 1716 350 700 306 1 1 1 Accepta nce %age 52.16 25.61 12.41 2.53 5.06 2.21 0.01 0.01 0.01 33

Punjab

B.Super KS-282 IRRI-6 IRRI-9 B-2000 B-385 B-Pak B-198 B-370

Total (9) 2 Sindh IRRI-6 KS-282 Sarshar DR-92 Shua Shadab Khanewal-95 Khushboo Total (8) IRRI-6 JP-5 Fakhr-eMalakand B-385 Swat-1 Swat-2 Dilrosh-97 Total (7) G.Total (24)

17,621 1462 308 81 16 11 5 1 1 1,885 185 28 21 2 1 1 1 239 19,745

13,827 1040 308 81 16 11 5 1 1 1,463 0 28 21 2 1 1 1 54 15,345

100 77.08 21.05 5.53 1.09 0.78 0.37 0.04 0.04 100 0.00 50.98 39.41 4.10 1.84 1.84 1.84 100 --

NWFP

Pakistan

Paddy Seed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 15812.50 mt fine and coarse varieties of paddy seed that makes about 39.89% of total paddy seed requirements (39645 mt). This included an imported quantity of 360.49 mt hybrid seed of paddy. Out of the total procurement about 12518.13 mt (31.58% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year. Table-3. Procurement and distribution of paddy seed (2005-06) Province/ Region Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR) in MT Procurement (MT) (2005-06) Punjab (Fine) Pubic Private Total %age of TSR 8000 9760 17760 1641.00 6149.90 7790.90 43.87 Distribution After Shifting (MT) (Kharif, 2006) 1192.60 4690.08 5882.68 33.12 34

Punjab (Coarse)

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR

2000 2720 4720 17760 4720 22480 3000 8860 11860 500 685 1185 2000 2120 4120 23260 16385 39645

1199.00 4482.05 5681.05 120.36 2840.00 10631.95 13471.95 59.93 388.56 1354.50 1743.06 14.70 227.00 10.00 237.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3455.56 11996.45 15,452.01 38.98 360.49 15812.50 39.89

784.00 3581.90 4365.90 92.50 1976.60 8271.98 10248.58 45.59 425.56 1246.50 1672.06 14.10 227.00 10.00 237.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2629.16 9528 12,157.64 30.67 360.49 12518.13 31.58

Punjab (Fine+Coars e)

Sindh

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR

NWFP (Fine+Coars e)

Balochistan

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Import G.Total

Pakistan (Fine+Coars e)

39645

Paddy seed problems, solution and action plan: Various problems associated with paddy seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan. S r. 1 Problems Solution Action Plan

Lack of biologically Collection and utilization - Federal/Provincial rice diverse and more of diverse germplasm research system 35

productive varieties with improved quality and resistance to traditional pathological complex. Increasing demand/import of hybrid rice

and development of high yielding varieties having quality fibre traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Well managed and coordinated hybrids paddy seed production programmmes need to be initiated in provincial research institutes. Each institute should release a few most promising hybrids and its contract production in private sector should be promoted.

Federal/Provincia l rice research system Joint ventures for hybrid seed R&D and commercial hybrid seed production

4. MAIZE SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Maize Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of maize is given in Table-1. This indicates that no significant numbers of maize varieties were developed and released by the federal/ provincial research institute for general cultivation especially the hybrid maize varieties. There exists a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding hybrid varieties of maize that are resistant to insects, diseases and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of maize: Sr . 1 Public (OPV) Provinc e Punjab Sindh NWFP B.tan Punjab No. of Varieties Released 8 0 10 0 2 Number of varieties under Cultivation 4 0 5 0 0 36 Remarks

Privat

e (Hybri d) Total 20 9 Table-2. Variety-wise before processing maize seed testing 2005-06 S r. 1 Province Varieties Total Tested (MT) 1190 148 1 1 1340 69 53 1 1 1 125 1464 Accepted (MT) 1140 134 1 1 1276 69 53 1 1 1 125 1401 Accepta nce %age 89.35 10.50 0.08 0.08 100 55.20 42.40 0.80 0.80 0.80 100 --

Punjab

SRG-2202 SWL-2002 Sadaf Agaiti-2002 Total (4) Jalal-2003 Azam Kissan-90 Pahari Sarhad White Total (5) Total (OPV)

NWFP

Pakistan

Maize Seed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced locally and made available to the growers about 3201.11 mt of corn seed (1398.11 mt open pollinated and 1803.00 mt hybrid varieties). 7443.61 mt of hybrid maize seed was imported during the year by national, multinational seed companies and importers. Total maize seed availability during the year including both imported and locally produced seed was 10644.72 mt that was about 34.46% of total seed requirement (30888 mt). Out of this total procurement about 9063.01 mt (29.34% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year with a leftover quantity of about 1581.71 mt for the year.

37

Due to recent crisis in poultry industry the demand and use of commercial maize was reduced significantly that resulted in less distribution of maize seed in the corn growing belts of the country and more left over. Efforts are on the way to monitor, coordinate and strengthen the local hybrid seed production programmmes of both national and multinational private seed companies and reducing the import of hybrid maize seed. Multinational companies should be bound to strengthen their indigenous hybrid seed production programmmes and increase their local hybrid production. Provincial maize research institutes should manage contract production through coordination with private seed companies to increase local hybrid seed production. Table-3. Procurement and distribution of maize seed (2005-06) Province/ Region Sector Total Seed Requireme nt (TSR) in MT Procuremen t (MT) 138.13 1136.43 1414.00 334 6383.61 15900 105 9406.17 59.16 0.00 0.00 123.55 0.00 0.00 55.00 1060.00 14760 123 1238.55 8.39 0.00 0.00
Distribution After Shifting (MT)

Punjab

Public (OPV) Private (OPV) Pvt Hybrid MNSCs Pvt Hybrid NSCs MNSCs+NSCs+Import ers Total %age of TSR Total %age of TSR Public (OPV) Private (OPV) Pvt Hybrid MNSCs Pvt Hybrid NSCs MNSCs+NSCs+Import ers Total %age of TSR Total %age of TSR

138.13 1136.43 1414.00 334.00 4875.90 7898.46 49.68 0.00 0.00 123.55 0.00 0.00 55.00 986.00 1164.55 7.89 0.00 0.00 38

Sindh NWFP

Balochist an

Pakistan (Local Productio n)

Public (OPV) Private (OPV) Pvt Hybrid (MNSCs) Pvt Hybrid (NSCs)

261.68 1136.43 1414.00 389 1398.11 1803.00 7443.61 10644.72 34.46

261.68 1136.43 1414.00 389 1398.11 1803.00 5861.90 9063.01 29.34

Local Local Imported

OPV (Pub+Pvt) Hybrids (MNSCs+NSCs) MNSCs+NSCs+Import ers Total (Local+Imported) %age of TSR

Table-4. Split up of local hybrid maize production by multinational and national seed companies during 2005-06 Sr. 1 2 3 4 5 Name of Company ICI Pakistan Limited, Lahore Monsanto Agritech Pvt Ltd., Lahore Pioneer Pakistan Seed Limited Syngenta Pakistan Limited Total (Multinationals) National Seed Companies (18) G.Total Hybrid Maize (National+Multinational) Carried over 0.00 16.50 200.00 0.00 246.50 0.00 246.50 Local Production 91.00 1113.00 210.00 0.00 1414.00 389.00 1803.00 Import 100.00 1567.50 5022.00 304.00 6993.50 0.00 6993.50 Total Distribution Availability 191.00 128.00 2727.00 5232.00 304.00 8454.00 389.00 8843.00 1182.00 2500.00 275.00 4485.00 389.00 8843.00

Table-5. Availability of Maize Seeds During, 2000-06 39

Year

Total Seed Requirement (MT)

Seed Availability (MT) Local 1900.39 6.58 % 1411 4.89 % 629 2.22 % 908 3.21 % 1470.78 5.24 % 1572.00 5.53 % 1987.33 6.75 % 3201.11 10.36% Imported 1518.61 5.26 % 3429 11.89 % 2300 8.12 % 2227 7.88 % 3536.50 12.60 % 3749.00 13.19 % 4318.07 14.66 % 7443.61 24.10% Total 3419 11.84 % 4840 16.78 % 2929 10.34 % 3135 11.10 % 5007.28 17.84 % 5321.00 18.72 % 6305.40 21.41 % 10644.72 34.46 %

Import Value (Mill. Rupees) 168.23 242.90 416.41 223.87 443.44 441.00 798.17 1338.24

Import Price (Rs./Kg) 49.21 50.19 142.17 71.41 97.45 93.85 184.84 179.78

1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

28,866 28,851 28,323 28,248 28,065 28,413 29,454 30,888

Maize seed problems, solution and action plan: Various problems associated with paddy seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan. S r. 1 Problems Increasing demand/import hybrid maize Solution Well managed and of coordinated hybrids maize seed production programmmes need to be initiated in provincial research institutes. The institute should release a few most promising hybrids and its contract production in private sector should be promoted. Action Plan Federal/Provincia l maize research system Joint ventures for hybrid seed R&D and commercial hybrid seed production

40

5. PULSES SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN 5-1. Position of Gram Seed: Gram Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of gram/chickpea is as under. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of gram that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of gram: Sr Provinc . e 1 Islamab ad 2 Punjab 3 Sindh 4 NWFP 5 B.tan Total No. of Varieties Released 1 13 2 10 1 27 Number of varieties under Cultivation 1 3 0 4 1 9 Remarks

Gram Seed Requirement & Availability: Procurement & distribution of gram seed is highly fluctuating. Being a rainfed area crop, its distribution and marketing targets are never predictable for any year. During good crop seasons farmers retain their own seed and companies are unable to market the procured seed according to their expected targets. During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 225 mt gram seed that makes about 0.53 % of total gram seed requirements (8516 mt) and the same quantity was distributed as a whole. These pulses have very high prices in the market but there are serious marketing problems in case of seeds of pulses. A huge amount is expended every year on the import of major pulses. Both public and private sector can be encouraged to promote the procurement and distribution of Rabi & kharif pulses crops seed including gram through increase in minimum support prices of these pulses and sustainable procurement by PASSCO & Utility Stores Corporation of Pakistan (USCP).

41

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of gram seed (2005-06) Province/ Region Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR) in MT 15000 22108 37108 1000 1060 2060 900 1060 1960 600 852 1452 17500 25080 42580 Procurement (MT) Distribution After Shifting (MT) 60.00 148.00 208.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.00 148.00 225.00 0.53

Punjab

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR

60.00 148.00 208.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.00 148.00 225.00 0.53

Sindh

NWFP

Balochist an

Pakistan

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR

5-2. Position of Mungbean Seed: Mungbean Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of mungbean/green-gram is as under. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of mungbean that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of mungbean: Sr Provinc No. of Varieties Number of varieties Remarks . e Released under Cultivation 42

Islamab 0 ad 2 Punjab 14 3 Sindh 1 4 NWFP 3 5 B.tan 0 Total 18 Mungbean Seed Requirement & Availability:

0 4 1 2 0 7

Procurement & distribution of mungbean (green gram) seed is also highly fluctuating like gram. During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 416.92 mt mungbean seed that makes about 7.95 % of total mung seed requirements (5246 mt) and the same quantity was distributed as a whole. Table-3. Procurement and distribution of mungbean seed (2005-06) Province/ Region Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR) in MT 400 539 639 10 30 40 20 30 50 10 10 20 440 Procurement (MT) Distribution After Shifting (MT) 94.82 288.00 382.82 8.16 0.00 34.00 34.00 17.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.92 43

Punjab

Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR Pubic Private Total %age of TSR

94.82 288.00 382.82 8.16 0.00 34.00 34.00 17.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.92

Sindh

NWFP

Balochist an

Pakistan

Pubic

Private Total %age of TSR

609 1049

322.00 416.92 7.95

322.00 416.92 7.95

6. VEGETABLES SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Vegetable Varieties: Detail of released and registered varieties of vegetables is as under. It has been observed that most of these varieties are either introduction or selection from introduction. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of various vegetables that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of vegetables: Sr Provinc . e 1 Islamab ad 2 Punjab 3 Sindh 4 NWFP 5 B.tan Total No. of Varieties Released 0 29 1 11 8 49 Number of varieties under Cultivation 0 16 1 5 4 26 Remarks

Vegetables Seed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various summer and winter vegetables was estimated as 5500 mt. Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 713.17mt vegetables seeds that makes about 12.97% of total vegetables seed requirements while 6526.14 mt seed was imported. Thus a total availability of vegetables seed is about 7239.31mt which is more than our total vegetables seed requirement. Around 10-15% of the imported vegetables seed is re-exported to Afghanistan. 44

Strengthening Indigenous Vegetables Seed Production: We lack some strong and well managed vegetables breeding programme in any province so far. Research system of Punjab province provided quite significant number of vegetables varieties but most of them are either introductions or selection form the introduction. The success of vegetables seed production depends on the availability of elite genetic resources for breeding programme, technology, capital resources, human resources and appropriate climate and soil conditions and also marketing efficiency of vegetables produce. Regulatory frame, Government policies and sound vegetable breeding programmmes are extremely essential to lead sound national programmmes. Vegetable variety development programme in Pakistan could not get appropriate attention, as priority to Government for human resources development, allocation of resources, support price infrastructure and investment in agro based industry specifically confine to major crops like wheat, cotton, rice & sugarcane. Hence vegetable crop variety development remained at low profile and consequently coaching was supposed to depend on imported costly hybrid seed. Vegetable seed production programme could be strengthened by joint venture for seed production between top local seed companies and multinational seed companies of good repute. Some novel recent activities in seed sector like management of vegetables seed import by Monsanto Company under the brand of Seminis seed and setting up of AVRDC office at NARC, Islamabad are more appreciating to establish a proper quality vegetables seed marketing/production in the country. Two following mega projects of vegetables seed production have been recently initiated by the Federal government. Their particulars are as followed; Table-2. Particulars of two vegetables seed production projects Sr . 1 Name of Project Worth Durati (Millio on n PKR) 37.545 3 years 200506 200809 Objectives

Establishment of Seed Certification System for Vegetables seed production in N.A.s and AJK (ESCS-VSPNA&AJK).

With the aim to increase the supply of high quality certified seeds of vegetables in N.A.s and AJK. Four vegetables seed testing labs have been set up in AJK and Northern area to provide seed certification services to both public and 45

private sector. Two training programmmes on vegetables seed production and vegetable seed health testing have recently been conducted to develop and strengthen the professional human resources. 2 Establishment of 450 5 years The basic objective of this Facilitation Unit for 2006project is to provide sound Participatory Vegetable 07 technological basis for Seed and Nursery 2010Vegetable Seed & Nursery Production Program 11 Production in Pakistan, (EFUPVSNP) particularly production of High-Tech and Hybrid Seeds and production and certification of fruit plant nurseries through acquiring and transfer of Advance Technologies and by creating Enabling Environment for Seed Industry in this field. Table-3. Availability of Various Vegetables Seeds During, 2000-06 Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total Seed Requirement (MT) 5000 5000 5085 5085 5150 5156 5268 5270 5500 Seed Availability (MT) Local 1.00 (0.02%) 59.34 (1.18%) 107 (2.10%) 211.90 (4.16%) 592.82 (11.51%) 645.50 (12.53%) 861.06 (16.34%) 408 (7.74%) 713.17 (12.97%) Imported 2271.9 (45.43%) 4583.30 (91.66%) 3553.54 (69.88%) 3445.72 (67.76%) 2635.20 (51.16%) 2450.63 (47.52%) 3151.32 (59.82%) 4631.68 (87.89%) 6526.14* (+100%) Total 2272.9 (45.46%) 4642.64 (92.85%) 3660.54 (71.93%) 3657.62 (71.92%) 3228.02 (62.67%) 3087.13 (60.05%) 4012.38 (76.16%) 5039.68 (95.62%) 7239.31* (+100%) Import Value (Mill.Rupees) 188.90 363.20 347.10 314.68 309.81 393.97 434.13 599.54 803.80

*Note: Some unknown quantity of vegetables seeds is re-exported to Afghanistan after import to Pakistan from last few years. 46

Regarding vegetable seed production, the situation is quite depressive due to lack of a strong and well managed vegetables breeding programme in any province. Research system of Punjab province provided quite significant number of vegetables varieties but most of them are either introductions or selection form the introduction. Vegetable seed production is highly technical and labour intensive process. Proper handling of seed at pre/post harvesting stages is very essential. The success of vegetables seed production depends on the availability of elite genetic resources for breeding programme, technology, capital resources, human resources and appropriate climate and soil conditions and also marketing efficiency of vegetables produce. Regulatory frame, Government policies and sound vegetable breeding programmes are extremely essential to lead sound national programmes. Vegetable variety development programme in Pakistan could not get appropriate attention, as priority to Government for human resources development, allocation of resources, support price infrastructure and investment in agro based industry specifically confine to major crops like wheat, cotton, rice & sugarcane. Hence vegetable crop variety development remained at low profile and consequently coaching was supposed to depend on imported costly hybrid seed. Vegetable breeding programme was previously based on indigenous genetic resources or either selection or introduction of very common old traditionally grown varieties which are not competitive with the imported hi-tech hybrid seeds. During last five years vegetables variety development programme is restricted to only 50 varieties out of which only 4-5 varieties developed through hybridization otherwise all others are low yielding open pollinated varieties. Vegetable seed production programme could be strengthened by joint venture for seed production between top local seed companies and multinational seed companies of good repute. Some novel recent activities in seed sector like management of vegetables seed import by Monsanto Company under the brand of Seminis seed and setting up of AVRDC office at NARC, Islamabad are more appreciating to establish a proper quality vegetables seed marketing/production in the country.

47

7. OILSEEDS INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Sunflower, canola, rapseeds & mustards, soybean, Sesamum, linseed and groundnut are important oilseed crops of Pakistan. Major oilseed crops include sunflower and canola. Oilseed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various oilseeds was estimated as 15,216 mt. Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 156.95 mt oilseeds that makes about 1.03 % of total oilseeds requirement while 1636.02 mt of the seeds including sunflower & canola were imported during the year. Thus a total availability of oilseeds is about 1792.97 mt which is about 11.78 % of the total oilseeds requirement of the country. Strengthening Indigenous Oilseed Production: There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for oilseeds production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled through import by multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers. Provincial research institutes should release the most productive sunflower and canola hybrids and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of oilseeds should be geared up. 48

Table-1. Availability of Sunflower Seeds During, 2000-06 Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total Seed Requirement (MT) 1250 1350 1612 1730 2025 2265 Seed Availability (MT) Local 224.80 (17.98%) 432.36 (32.03%) 7.88 (0.49%) 4.00 (0.20%) 4.00 (0.20%) 0.00 (0.00%) Imported 257.20 (20.58%) 359.90 (26.66%) 468.00 (29.03%) 1093.00 (63.18%) 1436.36 (70.93%) 1618.02 (71.44%) Total 502 (40.16%) 468.35 (34.69%) 475.88 (29.52%) 1097 (63.41%) 1440.36 (71.13%) 1618.02 (71.44%) Import Value (Mill.Rupees) 50.27 70.01 94.40 213.14 315.42 358.18 Import Price (Rs./Kg) 195.45 194.93 201.71 195.01 219.60 221.37

Table-1. Availability of canola seeds during, 2000-07 Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total Seed Requirement (MT) Seed Availability (MT) Local Imported Total Import Value (Mill.Rupees) Import Price (Rs./Kg)

49

8. FODDERS SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN Important Summer Fodders of Pakistan include Sorghum, Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrid, maize, Pearlmillet, mothbean and other summer grasses. Winter Season Fodders include Berseem, Oats, Alfalfa, Persian Clovers, Brassica, Barley and other winter grasses. Fodders Seed Requirement & Availability: During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various summer and winter fodders seed was estimated as 158,129 mt. Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 137.98 mt fodders seed that makes only 0.24% of total fodder seed requirement while 9751.40 mt fodders seeds were imported during the year. Thus a total availability of fodders seeds is about 9888.38 mt which is about 17.01% of the total fodders seed requirement of the country. Strengthening indigenous fodders seed Production:

50

There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for fodders seeds production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled through import by multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers. Provincial research institutes should release the most productive fodder varieties and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of various fodders (sorghum, mazenta, bajra-napier grass hybrid etc.) should be geared up. There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for fodders seed production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled through import my multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers. Provincial research institutes should release the most productive sorghumsudan grass and other fodder hybrids and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of fodders should be geared up.

Table1. Import of fodders seeds, 2002-06 Year/MT Alfalfa

(Million US $)

Berseem
(Million US $)

Sorghum /SSG
(Million US $)

Millets
(Million US $)

Grasses
(Million US $)

Total (MT)
(Million US $)

2002-03

87 (0.11) 5.0 (0.02) 0.00 (0.00)

9929 (790) 4348 (3.00) 2374.60 (1.79)

1367 (0.93) 1203 (1.00) 1395 (0.84)

00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 2.31 (0.16)

00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 1.67 (0.01)

11338 (8.90) 6325 (4.00) 3773.58 (11.61) 51

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

67.00 (0.12)

5740 (3.43)

3925.09 (1.71)

18.01 (0.02)

13.0 (0.01)

9751.40 (5.29)

9. FRUITS CERTIFICATION SCHEME:

52

Fruit Certification Programme is aimed to provide disease free/ healthy and true to type/genuine certified fruit plants to fruit growers through registered fruit nurseries. It is also ventured to expand the coverage of this programme throughout the country. There is no fruit plant certification programme in the country except in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where a proactive programme of registration of fruit nurseries and certification of fruit plants specifically of pome and stone fruits has been initiated. Three Germplasm Units (GPUs) for certification of fruit plants/ propagating material were set up in NWFP for certification of tropical (D.I.Khan), subtropical (Dargai, Swat), and temperate fruits/pome & stone fruits (Baikan, Swat). More than 300 nurseries have been registered while about 3000 certified plants were distributed through these nurseries during 2006-07. Other provincial governments have also initiated this project through assistance of Asian development Bank (ADB) on citrus, peaches, mango and date palm etc. Joint ventures with foreign seed companies like Monsanto have been advocated for research & development work and commercial hybrid seed production of vegetables. Table-8 Particulars of Fruit Germplasm Units (GPUs) established in NWFP Sr. 1 2 3 Type of Germpla sm Unit Temperate Sub Tropical Tropical Location Baikan, Swat, NWFP Durgai, NWFP D.I.Khan, NWFP Group of Fruits Fruits Crops

Pome & Stone Fruits Apple, Cherry, Peach, Plum, Apricot etc. Citrus & Guava Citrus & Guava Mango & Date Palm Mango & Date Palm

53

10. FLOWER/ ORNEMENTAL PLANTS SEED CERTIFICATION: In Pakistan the flower seeds, bulk and other planting material of ornamental plants are produced by many private companies. The production of hybrid seeds of flowers was taken up by a few companies few years ago but it could not be sustained due to lack of Intellectual Property Rights, lack of elite genetic material for inbred lines etc. Production and export of open pollinated flower seeds has, however been taken up by some private nurseries dealing with indoor/outdoor ornamental plants. Unfortunately, flower seed production and trade is very little in volume and demand is very much higher. However, with the increasing emphasis on healthy environment for human living in cities, the demand of quality flower seeds and bulbs is expected to go up. Although the export of flower seeds is not substantial at present, there is an immense potential to increase it considerably. Unfortunately, seeds/bulbs or propagating material of flowers have not been brought under certification cover due to least attended public sector breeding programme in flouriculture.

54

Import and Export of Seeds: A significant quantity of hybrid seeds of maize, sunflower and fodders is imported in Pakistan by national and multinational seed companies, seed dealers and importers etc. Similarly surplus seeds of wheat, potato and vegetables are also exported to Afghanistan etc. by the public and private seed companies. Brief information on seed import and export during last few years is given in the following table. Table-24. Year-wise trend of import of various crops seeds in Pakistan. Other Crops Seeds Total (MT) Value (Million PKR)

Year of Import 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01

Vegetable Seeds

6526 4632 3151 2451 2635 3446

25703 14977 10369 18655 11697 15387

32229 19609 13520 21106 14332 18833

3117 2111 1396 1904 910 1377

* Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad Table-26 Export of Certified Seeds to Various Countries Year
2000-01 2000-01 2001-02 2001-02

Crop /Seed
Sesamum Wheat Inq.91 -do-do-

Quantity (MT)
10 500 3061 3500 1000 430*

Exported To
Iraq Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan

By Orders
FAO FAO FAO, ICARDA DACAAR FAO-FSI* CIMMYT 300mt M/s German Action, Peshawar 65 mt.

Exporting Agency
Bias SC,Multan PSC -doBias SC,Multan

2002-03

-do-

365

Afghanistan

PSC, Lahore

55

2002-03

Peas seed

84.41 42 40 166.41 50 12.33 53.2 65.53 469 1750

Morocco Casablanca UK Italy Afghanistan

Private

Pak . Agri. Services, Gujranwala AKRSP/North South SC Haji Nathu Khan, Peshawer Sher Ali & Bros., Peshawer PSC, Lahore PSC, Lahore

2003-04

Potato Card./Desiree

AKRSP/AKDN

2004-05

Vegetables

Afghanistan Afghanistan

Private

2005-06 2006-07

Wheat (Inqilab) Wheat (Inqilab)

Afghanistan Afghanistan

FAO, Rome, Italy FAO, Rome, Italy

Seed Health Testing: Formal seed health testing is carried out by Central Seed Health Testing Laboratory (CSHTL) situated at headquarter. Samples are tested for the detection of fungi, bacteria and viruses through ELISA and other sophisticated seed health testing techniques. Seed health testing progress during the years 1999-2007 is briefed as under. Table -27 Seed Health Testing Progress 1999-2007 Years Wheat 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 158 125 445 285 402 242 413 Paddy 6 39 8 30 18 47 45 Number of Samples of Seed Mungbean 7 8 7 4 5 23 35 Cotton 68 50 9 20 30 12 2 Vegetabl e 13 23 43 45 60 14 120 Potato 34 24 1540 1146 2561 367 385 Fruit 1008 10762 436 5001 6451 1026 460 Total 1294 11031 2488 6531 9527 1731 1460

56

Seed Act Enforcement and Monitoring: Enforcement activities to monitor and regulate the seed quality in the seed markets are carried out by nominated Seed Inspectors/Seed Analysts under the various provisions of Seed Act, 1976 and Seed (Truth in Labeling) Rules, 1991. Particulars of seed act enforcement activities during the years 2000-07 are given in the following table. Table-29: Summary of Seed Act Enforcement Activities during 2000-07 Year Total Number of Cases Submitte Decided Pending d 240 223 217 385 295 439 89 69 80 230 99 94 151 154 137 155 196 345 Quantity of Seed Stock Sampled (Bags) 4576 6954 7343 10477 41962 18571 (Kg) 290922 2590 3356 58325 1221983 300164 Confiscated (Kg) 290922 2590 3356 58325 46185 77912 Fine Imposed (PKR) 83600 48150 52420 151609 67100 72000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Note: All years figures are under progress and updated regularly after the reported decision of each pending case Table-32: Potato seed requirement and availability 2002-07 Year Total Seed Requirement (MT) 2,89,500 2,74,300 2,74,300 2,76,250 Local 818.2 (0.28%) 1115 (0.41%) 1025.90 (0.37%) 2031.90 (0.74%) Seed Availability (MT.) Imported 4210.42 (1.45%) 805.4 (0.29%) 5027.00 (1.83%) 6511.03 (2.36%) Total 5028.62 (1.73%) 1920.4 (0.70%) 6052.90 (2.20%) 8542.93 (3.09%) Value of Imported Seed Million Rs. 133.284 26.103 186.80 229.19

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

* Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

57

Table-33 Import of fodders seed in MT during 2002-07 Alfalfa Quantity (mt) Value (Mil. US$)
Quantity (mt) Value(Mil.US $) Quantity (mt) Value(Mil.US $) Quantity (mt) Value(Mil.US $) Quantity (mt) Value(Mil.US $) Quantity (mt) Value(Mil.US $) 87 (0.11) 5.0 (0.02) 0.00 (0.00%) 67 (0.12)

Year
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Berseem
9,929 (7.90) 4,348 (3.00) 12,503 (10.60) 5,740 (3.43)

Sorghum
1,367 (0.93) 1,203 (1.00) 1,395 (0.84) 3,925.09 (1.71)

Total
11,383 (8.90) 6,325 (4.00) 13,898 (11.40) 9,751.40 (5.29)

2006-07

* Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad Table-34 Fodders seeds availability 2005-06 Crop/ Seed Total Seed Requirement
Berseem Alfalfa Shaftal Seinji Sorghum SSG-Hybrid Pearlmillet Oats Guarseed Grasses Total 6150 2146 4589 14350 2522 1765 3153 9458 4414 755 49,302

Seed Availability (MT) Public

5.70 0.13 0.00 0.00 11.07 0.28 31.29 3.28 43.05 0.00 94.80

Private
4.56 2.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 43.18

Import
5740.00 67.00 0.00 0.00 1139.47 2785.62 18.01 0.00 0.00 1.30 9751.40

Total
5750.26 69.75 0.00 0.00 1150.54 2785.90 71.30 3.28 57.05 1.30 9889.38

%age of TSR
93.50 3.25 0 0 45.62 157.84 2.26 0.03 1.29 0.17 20.06

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad.

58

Table-35 ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE COMMERCIAL MARKET OF SEED, 2005-06

Crop/Seed

Total Seed Requirement (MT)

1010520 62,000 39,645 41,184 49,115 15,218 2,265 131 58,129 5,500 2,76,250 15,57,561

Seed Availability (MT)

202104 39658 15627 10837 585 1793 1618 90 9889 7239 8543 316889

Av. Price (Rs./Kg)

16 28 21 300 ----400 30 60 --38 ---

Internal Commercial Market (Mill. PKR.)

3233.66 1110.42 328.17 3251.10 18 655 647.20 2.70 593.34 918 324.63 10432.32

Internal Commercial Market (Mill. US $)

53.89 18.51 5.47 54.19 0.30 10.92 10.79 0.05 9.89 15.30 5.41 173.88

Wheat Cotton Paddy* Maize* Pulses Oilseeds* Sunflower* Canola Fodders* Vegetables* Potato* Total (200506)

. also include imported quantities Source: FSC&RD, Islamabad ** Reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2005-06 ( 1 US $= 60 Rs)

Table-36 PRICES OF LOCAL SEEDS, 2002- 06* CROP/SEED 2002-03

Wheat Cotton Fuzzy Cotton Delinted Paddy Coarse Paddy Fine Gram Mung 12.00 30.00 43.00 13.50 25.00 31.50 25.00

SALE PRICE (Rs./Kg) 2003-04

12.50 41.00 52.50 13.50 26.00 18.00 25.00

2004-05
15.00 37.50 48.00 16.00 27.50 21.00 25.00

2005-06
16.25 34.00 44.00 17.00 27.00 22.50 33.00

2006-07

Source: Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore Table-37 IMPORT PRICE (C&F) AND SALE PRICES (Rs./Kg) DURING THE YEAR 2005-06 59

CROP
Maize Sunflower Potato Canola Berseem Sorghum

IMPORT PRICE (Rs./Kg)

184 219 38 286 49 33

EXPENDITURE BY IMPORTER (13%)

23.92 28.47 4.94 37.18 6.37 4.29

TOTAL
207.92 247.47 42.94 323.18 55.37 37.29

SALE PRICE (Rs/Kg)

325-330 450-475 64-68 575 100 70

LOCAL PRICE (Rs/Kg)

200 26-28 50-60 22-26

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Table-38 FRUIT PLANTS GERMPLASM UNITS (GPUs) Sr

1

Type of GPU
Temperate

Group
Pome/ Stone Fruits

Location
Baikan, Swat

Crop/ Fruit
Swat Apple Pear Cherry Peach Plum Apricot Rootstock Datapalm Mango Guava Ber Falsa litchi Citrus Litchi Guava Louqat Rootstock

Number of varieties
21 09 06 05 06 04 13 22 14 05 11 01 04 44 07 10 01 07

Tropical

Various

D.I.Khan

Sub-Tropical

Various

Dargai, Swat

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Table-40 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OF FSC&RD 60

Sr#
1 2

Title of Project
Establishment of National Variety Data Bank Up-gradation of Seed Testing Laboratories to meet WTO Requirement Agri -Business Development Project, Fruits & Vegetables Certification Project Establishment of cultivar, Adaptability testing &Registration System. Establishment of Seed Testing Laboratories and Rehabilitation of existing Laboratories for Strengthening of FSC&RD. Establishment of Seed Certification System for Vegetables Seed Production in Northern areas & A.J.Kashmir. Accreditation of Central Seed Testing Laboratory for ISO certification. National Animal and Plant Health Information Service (NAPHIS) Project

Sponsor
MINFAL MINFAL

Duration (Years)
3 2

Worth (PKR)
006.749 006.791

Remarks
Completed Completed

ADB

175.800

Ongoing

MINFAL ASPL-II

003.500

Ongoing

MINFAL

081.284

Ongoing

MINFALASPLII MINFALASPLII

037.545

Ongoing

028.206

Ongoing

VARIETY RELEASE AND REGISTRATION SYATEM OF PAKISTAN: 61

Variety Development: Development and release of superior crop varieties is necessary for sustainable agriculture production which requires investment in genetic and human resources and technology to strengthen the national crop breeding programmes. Currently the main source of crop varieties is the public sector plant breeding and research programme of federal and provincial research institutes. Variety development programme is carried out at various crop research institutions (13 multi-disciplinary and 31 mono-commodity research institutes) and four agricultural universities (Faisalabad, Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Tandojam). Fig-2 shows the components of variety development, evaluation and release in Pakistan. To breed new plant varieties, elite germplasm is necessary for which Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad keeps a close liaison with the international institutes like International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) - Philippine, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) - Mexico, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India, etc. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) arranges new germplasm for field crop except cotton, which is the mandate of Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC) for adaptability testing under local agro-ecological conditions or using the same in research programme. PARC has also set up Plant Genetic Resources Programme (PGRP) to present all available germplasm accessions in the form of elite genetic material, biotypes, land races, wild relatives and available exotic lines of field and horticultural crops to the provincial research Institutes. Variety Testing The crop breeders test and evaluate at research centers, a large number of strains in micro-varietal trials (MVTs), for sufficient number of years and then the promising material emerging from these micro varietal trials is further tested in the out-station zonal varietal trials (ZVT). When a breeder selects a variety on the basis of a wide range of tests and considers it having sufficient merit, he submits seed sample to the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department to determine the Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characteristics for establishing description for registration. Simultaneously, the seed samples are also provided to the Variety Evaluation Committees of Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) for crops other than cotton. For cotton seed samples are submitted to Pakistan Central Cotton Committee. Both these organizations evaluate the candidate varieties for Value and Cultivation and Use (VCU). A variety that meets the requirements of VCU and DUS is then accepted for registration and release as defined in the Seed Act that a released variety means a registered variety having agricultural value for growing and approved by the Provincial Seed Council. Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) VCU is the only criteria for which a commercial variety is developed. Initially the variety is tested locally by adopting a well planned testing procedure covering suitable field plot

62

Fig.2. Components of Variety Development, Evaluation and Release in Pakistan

MINFAL GERMPLASM PARC
ALL CROPS EXCEPT COTTON

PCCC GERMPLASM
ONLY COTTON

BREEDER MAKES CROSSES SELECTS PROMISING STRAIN ENLIGHTENED SUB-STATIONS FARMERS

BREEDING STATIONS

MICRO VARIETAL TRIALS ZONAL VARIETAL TRIALS SELECTS PROMISING STRAIN SUBMITS

GOVT. FARMS

2 Years

FSC&RD

2 Year

PARC VCU

PCCC VCU APPROVAL & RELEASE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL RRRELEASE SEED RRRRELEASE NATIONAL SEED COUNCIL NOTIFICATION FSRC DUS VARIETY REGISTRATION

VCU: Value for Cultivation and Use DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability FSRC: Federal Seed Registration Committee PARC: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council PCCC: Pakistan Central Cotton Committee FSC&RD: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department MINFAL: Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock

63

techniques and adequate number of replications and experimental design. Performance of VCU of the candidate variety is expressed relative to control variety/ varieties used as check. The most important aspect of testing for VCU perhaps is the yield performance, quality and resistance to insect/pests and diseases etc. Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Requirements In addition to the value of a cultivar for cultivation and use, the cultivar must be suitable for pure seed production which requires the cultivar to be Distinct, Uniform and Stable in its characteristics. Distinctness (Novelty) The new variety must be defined and clearly distinguishable from all other existing varieties by one or more morphological characteristics. In the absence of distinctness, it will not be possible to distinguish and identify the new variety for seed production and certification. Uniformity (Homogeneity) The new variety must be reasonably uniform within its stand so that individual plants could be identified. Uniformity or homogeneity relates to the degree of variability within the variety. The degree of uniformity that is attainable depends on the breeding system. Stability The new variety must be stable in its essential characteristics, that is to say it must remain true to its description after repeated reproduction or propagation. A stable cultivar is always credited because it can be increased and distributed without many problems. Registration of New Crop Varieties The variety registration is based on the confirmation of DUS characteristics through FSC&RD and simultaneously testing for VCU by the PARC/PCCC. Registration is granted initially for 10 years and if variety remains on recommended list, its registration can further be extended for another period of 5 years provided that an application for renewal is made before the date of expiry of validity. Variety Release and Approval At provincial level, the Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs) receive the proposals of candidate varieties submitted by the breeders which are already recommended by Technical Experts SubCommittees (TESC) constituted by Provincial Seed Councils (PrSC) chaired by respective Director General (Research). These TESCs are represented by FSC&RD, Pathologists, Entomologists, Directors of both Federal & Provincial Agriculture Research Institutes, , Pubic sector seed corporations, concerned crop Professors of department of Plant Breeding and Genetics (PBG), University of Agriculture of respective province, representatives of textile and All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA), progressive growers, etc. These TESCs evaluate the candidate crop varieties by evaluating the proposals and through Spot Examination. The data of breeders along with the reports of FSC&RD regarding DUS characteristics and PARC/ PCCC regarding VCU is critically evaluated by the committee. The varieties having high yield with superior traits are then recommended to the Provincial Seed Council or may be rejected. The decisions of the councils regarding approval and release of varieties are usually unanimous. In case, of a difference of opinion among the members, the cases are 64

referred to the National Seed Council. In such cases, the FSC&RD furnishes the views of the crop specialists and submit the cases to the National Seed Council for final decision. It is also the responsibility of the breeder/ institution to maintain the variety according to requirements and continuously make available high genetic purity pre-Basic seed to respective Provincial Seed Corporation, through continuous seed renewal system. The public sector provincial seed corporations multiply pre-basic seed to produce basic seed which is made available to the private companies for further multiplication to produce certified seed for distribution to the growers. An update of registered and released crop varieties in Pakistan is given in Table-15. Tabl Released and Registered Crop Varieties in Pakistan (1980-2006)
Crop/seed
Wheat Cotton Rice Maize Barley Sugarcane Oilseeds Pulses Fodder Vegetables Total

Punjab
49 57 15 8 3 13 14 34 19 29 241

Sindh
18 17 13 0 0 5 4 4 0 1 62

NWFP
27 1 6 10 2 14 20 16 6 11 113

B.tan
7 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 8 20

Islamabad
1 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 12

Public
102 75 34 18 8 32 45 59 26 48 448

Private
0 3 0 2 0 1 5 0 1 0 12

Total
102 78 34 20 8 33 50 59 27 49 460

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

H. National Seed Policy and Seed Regulations: The national seed policy has been designed within the existing seed regulatory framework i.e. Seed Act of 1976. This legislation established the requisite infrastructure to evaluate, approve/ release high yielding crop varieties, regulate and control the quality seed being offered for sale in the country and enforcement of seed act through market monitoring by the notified seed inspectors. The Act provides mechanism for controlling and regulating the quality of seeds of various crop varieties mainly based on crop inspection and laboratory testing, to ensure that seed met minimum standards prescribed under rules/regulations.

Following Seed rules/ Regulations have been notified to address the issues of seed and propagating material of fruit plants. 65

Sr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Title of Seed Act/Rules Seed Act, 1976 Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 Amendments in Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 Amendments in Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 Pakistan Fruit Plants Certification Rules, 1998 Amendment in Pakistan Fruit Plants Certification Rules, 1998 Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 Amendment Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 Amendment Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 Seed Amendment Bill 2007 Plant Breeders Rights Bill 2007

Date of Notification 1976 1987 5-6-2003 1988 28-2-1998 6-5-2003 12-3-1991 19-1-1998 12-10-1993 Under Process Under Process

Seed Amendment Bill 2007 The bill has been drafted to broaden the scope of regulation business, enhance participation and investment of private sector in seed industry and safeguard farmers interest. It will provide for; 1. Availability of Pre-basic seed to the private sector 2. Establishment of Accredited Seed Testing Laboratories in private sector 3. Registration of Seed Companies/ Dealers and Processing Plants 4. Enhancement of penalties/fines for effective seed act enforcement 5. Restriction on sale of unapproved/banned varieties and misbranding 6. Registration of the Persons/ Organizations associated with Seed Business Seed Amendment Bill - 2007 after getting authorization from provincial assemblies has been submitted to Law, Justice and Human Rights Division for vetting and after vetting it will be submitted to cabinet for final approval Plant Breeders Rights Bill 2007 Plant Breeders Rights will provide for; 1. To encourage plant breeders/ seed organizations/multinational seed companies to invest in research and plant breeding 2. Development of superior varieties of field, vegetable and ornamental/horticultural crops 3. Healthy competition for variety development in public and private sector 4. Improvement of an excess to protected foreign varieties 5. Protection of local varieties abroad 6. Encourage state plant breeders through financial incentives as royalty on their protected varieties and revenue generation for research institutes 7. Discipline in seed industry

66

Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) draft after seeking authorization from provincial assemblies has been approved by cabinet division (13-2-2007) and now being submitted to Law, Justice and Human Rights division for vetting before placing to the parliament. Following Institutional Set Up exists under seed act 1976 which provides basis for seed policy framework as well as for seed industry:i) ii) iii) National Seed Council with well defined functions including seed policy, regulation, import, seed movement, seed standards and investment issues. Federal Seed Certification and Registration Agency along with seed registration, certification and regulatory functions for quality control. Provincial Seed Councils functioning under the delegated powers of federal government i.e. advice on seed standards, recommended changes in seed laws, development of seed production farmers etc.

These councils had a wider representation of major institution and stakeholders concerned with the seed industry, such as institutes, registration/certification agencies, seed producers and farmers. The Truth-in-Labeling (Seed), Rules 1991 were also introduced under the same Seed Act, to encourage the emerging private sector. Under the Truth-in Labeling (Seed) Rules of 1991, import and export of seed were allowed subject to the following requirement. a. All imported seed had to be labeled with information concerning crop/species, variety, quantity, lot number, purity percentage, germination percentage, other seed percentage, month/year of production and date of expiry. b. Seed import was allowed only of those varieties that were approved in the National register for seed and crop production in Pakistan. c. Seed lots up to 10Kg were imported for experimental use upon approval of the Ministry. d. The importer needed to inform FSC&RD of probable date of arrival of the shipment, and notify FSC&RD for drawing sample for testing. So these rules allowed the marketing of seed by declaring and correct labeling of quality attributes and related information. I. Seed Production:

Pakistans Seed Certification system recognizes the following categories of seed. 67

Category/ Class of Seed Breeder Nucleus Seed (BNS) Pre-basic seed

Particulars
The purest seed of a particular variety prepared by the breeder of a particular research station/institute

Identification Not certified by FSC&RD so labels are not issued White colour labels with diagonal violet line White colour labels of FSC&RD Blue colour labels with diagonal violet line Yellow colour labels with diagonal violet line Pink colour labels with diagonal violet line

Progeny of Breeder/Nucleus Seed (BNS), highest genetic purity seed produced by the respective research institutes/breeders Progeny of pre-basic seed and produced by an organization set up by the provincial government Progeny of basic seed and is produced with the registered growers of the seed producing agencies Seed true to species as approved by the FSC&RD

Basic Seed Certified Seed Approved Seed Truthfully Labeled Seed

As imported by the importer and assurance of the quality lies on the importers

Pre-basic seed is produced by the breeders at their research centers and supplied to Punjab Seed Corporation for further multiplication at Punjab Seed Corporation farms. The seed produced at the corporation farms (by planting pre-basic seed) is termed as basic seed. This seed is then supplied to registered growers for producing certified seed. Export of certified seeds to various countries through various international agencies during the years 2000-06 is given in the (Table-16). Seed is the primary and essential input in any crop programme and there is no substitute for quality seed. To produce the right quality seed it is important that great care should be taken right from the crop research and development programme through all subsequent seed production operation namely, selection of sites and farmers, proper fertilization, adequate water, sufficient isolation, adequate rouging, timely harvest, proper threshing, drying and adequate storage. Furthermore, care should be taken to avoid admixtures of seeds or plant material at various stages and to produce a typical crop of the cultivar so that its genetic quality or trueness to type can be fully achieved. Plant breeder produces pre-basic seed at his research station in small quantity and after certification process on this seed of highest genetic purity it is passed on to the public sector seed corporation for further multiplication as basic seed. It has been observed that the plant breeders at the research station are not fully equipped to under take seed production according to the demand. They neither have sufficient land to produce seed nor controlled environment and seed storage facilities to store seed for a longer period. While in the private seed companies place their demand with the seed corporations for basic seed at least once year in advance, so that seed corporation could make arrangement accordingly.

68

The private seed sector does not feel satisfied with the quality and quantity of basic seed supplied by the seed corporation. Therefore, in order to meet the demand of expanding private seed sector, it is proposed to allow basic seed production to private sector seed companies, which are suitably equipped to under take the responsibility. Table- A Summary of Export of Various Crops Seeds from Pakistan during 2000-06.
Sr # 1 2 3 4 5 Year 2000-01 2000-01 2001-02 2001-02 2002-03 Crop /Seed Sesamum Wheat Inq.91 -do-do-doQuantity (MT) 10 500 3061 3500 1000 430* 365 Exported To Iraq Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan By Orders FAO FAO
FAO ICARDA DACAAR FAO-FSI* CIMMYT 300mt M/s German Action, Peshawar 65 mt.

Exporting Agency Bias SC, Multan PSC -doBias SC, Multan PSC, Lahore

2002-03

Peas seed

7 8

2003-04 2004-05

Potato Card./Desiree Vegetables

84.41 42 40 166.41 50 12.33 53.2 65.53 469 1750

Morocco Casablanca UK Italy Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan

Private

Pak . Agri. Services, Gujranwala

AKRSP/AKDN Private FAO, Rome, Italy FAO, Rome, Italy

AKRSP/North South SC Haji Nathu Khan, Peshawer Sher Ali & Bros., Peshawer PSC, Lahore PSC, Lahore

9 10

2005-06 2006-07

Wheat (Inqilab) Wheat

* Frontier Seed Industry (FSI).

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad There is a significant quantum of seed imported in Pakistan from other countries. Reason is that a comprehensive breeding work is scarce for the crops like hybrid maize, sunflower, fodders and vegetables. The Import summary for the year 2005-06 is given in Table-17.

69

Table- A Summary of Import Quantities and Values of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan during the Years 2000-06. Vegetables Other Crops Total Import (MT) (Mill. Rs.) (MT) (Mill. Rs.) (MT) (Mill. Rs.) 2000-01 3445.72 314.68 15387 1062.22 18832.71 1376.91 2001-02 2635.2 309.81 11696.59 600.38 14331.79 910.2 2002-03 2450.63 393.97 18654.67 1510.23 21105.3 1904.19 2003-04 3151.32 434.13 10369.25 962.17 13520.57 1396.3 2004-05 4631.68 599.54 14977.39 1511.59 19609.07 2111.13 2005-06 6526.14 803.8 25702.54 2313.46 32228.68 3117.26 Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad J. Seed Processing Facilities: In Pakistan seed processing facility is provided by public seed corporation and private national and multinational seed companies. Public Sector Seed Corporation (a) Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC): Punjab Seed Corporation had a big seed farm (6000) acres at Khanewal which has now been reduced to only 474 acres due to tenancy problem and another small seed farm on 512 acres at Sahiwal adjacent to its seed processing plant, where a tissue culture laboratory has been set up to produce pre-basic seed of potatoes. Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC) at this farm has also a cold storage facility to store 1200 tons of potatoes seed. PSC with its own resources has also installed a seed processing unit at Piplan farm, Mianwali. The seed processing, ginning and delinting facilities and capacities available with PSC are given as under: Table- Seed processing capacity of the PSC, Punjab Location Plant Sahiwal Khanewal Rahim Yar Khan Piplan Mobile Seed Unit Total Cereals (MT) 24000 24000 24000 6000 14400 92400 Ginning 10000 6700 16700 Cotton (MT) Delinting 7200 3600 10800 Year

70

b) Sindh Seed Corporation: Sindh Seed Corporation has installed its seed processing plant at Sakrand and a cotton ginning unit at Tandojam. The available seed processing and ginning capacity of SSC is reported to be as under: Table-. Seed processing capacity of the SSC, Sindh Location Sakrand Tandojam Dokri Total Wheat 10000 10000 Cotton 5400 1200 6600 Rice 1600 1200 2800

c) Agricultural Development Authority (ADA) NWFP: In NWFP, an inputs distribution agency was given the task of seed procurement and distribution in the Province. Facilities of seed processing now stands transferred to the department of Agriculture. The department of agriculture has a number of seed farms covering over 2800 acres. The following seed processing facilities are available in the province are given as under: Table-Seed processing capacity available in NWFP
Processing Plants/ Units PODP, Peshawar Agri. Department Total Seed Processing Capacity (MT) 6400 10800 17200 Seed Crops Cereals and Oilseeds Cereals and Oilseeds Cereals and Oilseeds

d) Department of Agriculture, Balochistan : The department of Agriculture, Balochistan could not develop a systematic seed program despite of having many big seed farms covering about 6500 acres of fertile land in different parts of the Province and having vegetable and cereal seed processing plants available for this purpose. All the seed processing plants so installed in the province remained unutilized. The following seed processing capacity is reported to be available with the department of agriculture: Table- Seed processing capacity available in Balochistan
Location of the plant Usta Muhammad Usta Muhammad Gandhawa Total Crop/Seed Cereals Vegetables Cereals No. 2 1 1 4 Processing Capacity 1200 200 1200 2600

71

Private Sector Seed Companies Private Seed Sector is composed of two types of seed companies: National Seed Companies and ii) Multinational Seed Companies. a) National Seed Companies: The national seed companies are playing important roles in distribution of various crop seeds. Some 73 national seed companies responded regarding installation of seed processing plants/seed cleaning /cotton ginning and delinting units. The available seed processing capacity with the national seed companies is given as under: TableAvailable processing units with National Seed Companies
Province Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Islamabad Total No. of Plants/units for Cotton/Cereals 166 26 2 1 1 196 Seed Processing/Cotton Ginning Delinting Capacity (MT) 439920 33936 2800 800 400 477856

b) Multinational Seed Companies: Four multinational seed companies i.e. M/S Monsanto Agritech Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd, Pioneer Pakistan Seed Limited, ICI Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited and Syngenta Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. are working in Pakistan. These multinational seed companies mostly import hybrid seed of corn, sunflower, fodders, canola, alfalfa and sorghum. The available estimated seed processing capacity with various seed companies is given below: Table- Seed processing capacity available with Multinationals
Company Name Pioneer Monsanto ICI Syngenta Total No. of Units 1 1 1 1 4 Seed Processing Capacity (MT) 6400 4800 1000 1800 14000 Seed being Processed Cereals Cereals Cereals & Cotton Seed

K. Seed Quality Control and Certification: 72

In order to regulate the quality of various crop seed the government has already enacted Seed legislation in 1976, which is enforced by Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department. This act controls the quality of various crop seeds which have been notified by the government. For this purpose Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department has the mandate of variety registration, seed certification and quality control. The department provides registration cover to all new crop varieties being developed by public and private sector, research institution and organizations through its 30 field stations/laboratories. So the quality control through seed certification can be soundly based when varieties are multiplied for distribution to farmers and to provide basis for administering the plant breeders rights (when legislated). Seed certification is compulsory for notified varieties. It is carried through field seed crop inspection, seed sampling, seed testing and issuance of tags and labeling etc. The genetic purity of the notified varieties of the seed crop is ascertained through a crop inspection and the physical purity of the seed lot is checked through a seed analysis in the laboratories. In Pakistan almost, the same seed generation system is practiced as by international seed testing association (ISTA) and organization for European Community Development (OECD) member countries. For certification five classes of seeds are recognized in seed certification programme (1) pre-basic seed, (2) basic seed (3) Certified seed (4) approved seed and (5) truthfully labeled seed. To provide efficient and effective quality control to the private sector and market monitoring, establishing new seed testing laboratories now has been necessary. In Pakistan to extend seed certification cover to the private seed companies, which are scattered through the country, Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department needs substantial strengthening in technical manpower, training, mobility and up gradation of equipment of the existing laboratories. L. Enforcement of Seed Regulations: For this Purpose Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC& RD) controls the quality of seed being offered for sale in the local market and seed consignment meant for import and export. A total of 30 seed inspectors have been appointed to enforce seed laws in major market areas of the country. Under the Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991, 32229 MT of various crop seeds imported at Karachi and Lahore from overseas, were tested for physical purity and germination during 2005-06. It is the responsibility of the seed importers/traders to comply with the prescribed seed standards under Seed (Truth- in- Labeling) Rules, 1991. The department only monitors the quality of seed in the market. The rules envisage labeling of all packets/container the quality of seed, specifying the information like lot number, crop/species, variety, pure seed percentage, germination percentage, other crops seeds percentage, weed seeds percentage, inert matter, month/year of production and date of expiry etc. The situation of market monitoring has been much improved due to establishment of 11 new laboratories with more enforcement staff, transportation facilities and better handling of court cases and computerized data and record of enforcement in each newly established lab/station. A summary of seed act enforcement cases during the year 2000-07 is given in table as followed. Table-24 Summary of Seed Act Enforcement, 2000-2007 Total Number of Quantity of Seed Stock Fine 73

Year of Enforcemen t 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Samples Cases Cases Cases Collected Submitted Decided Pending 154 278 191 378 581 259 242 229 395 307 694 300 127 240 163 350 542 240 223 217 385 295 471 265 85 112 88 101 118 89 69 80 230 99 136 0 42 128 75 249 424 151 154 137 155 196 335 265

Sampled Bags (Kg) 5,147 (------) 7,214 (------) 3,631 (------) 9,620 (------) 4,506 (------) 4,576 6,954 7,343 10,477 41,962 (1222983 ) 46,339 (1438960 ) 2671 (23026)

Imposed Confiscated (PKR) (Kg) 3,312 1,500 1833 2,136 2,894 2,902 2,590 3,356 5,832 46,185 1,23,220 0 65,200 76,700 78,100 63,000 88,500 83,600 48,150 52,420 15,1609 67,100 1,05,300 0

Figures are provisional and updated with receipt of new progress reports (Updated 20-6-2007) Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

74

SWOTS ANALYSIS OF SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN: 1. Strengths of Pakistan Seed Industry: i- Suitable and diverse agro-climatic conditions for the production of high quality seeds of various crops, fruits and vegetables. ii- high percentage share of private seed sector in the seed availability iii- well established infrastructure both in public and private sectors for quality seed production. iv- highly favorable and flexible government policies for seed industry 2. Weaknesses of Pakistan seed Industry: i- lack of research and development in private seed sector ii- least attended variety breeding programme in vegetables, fodders and oilseeds. iii- most liberal seed import policy iv- lack of training opportunities for public/private seed sector in seed business management. v- lack of elite genetic material vi- financial and technical constraints 3. Opportunities in Pakistan Seed Industry: i- existence of high potential for the production of quality vegetables, oilseeds and fodders seeds in specific geographical area of the country. ii- possibility of huge joint venture for production of hybrid seed with private sector having sufficient financial resource, manpower and marketing network. iii- a very liberal seed policy can be taken as an opportunity to enter into seed business in Pakistan 75

4. Threats in Pakistan Seed Industry: i- Most free and liberal seed import policy is a threat for local seed production projects especially in case of vegetables and hybrid seeds. ii- unpredictable natural calamities like windstorms, hailstorms, frost, heat waves, etc.

5. Solutions/Action Plan/ Strategy: Following proposals/action plan has been devised for progress of seed industry of Pakistan. A. Improved Plant Variety R&D Activities - Variety development, evaluation, release and registration: Development, evaluation and release system of various crop varieties is becoming more significant under the new WTO scenario of Intellectual property rights. Following weaknesses exist in this system which need to be addressed properly and effectively by all stakeholders. 1. Collection of biologically diverse germplasm of various agricultural crops and vegetables and development of genetically diversified varieties. 2. Development of varieties which are more productive, superior in quality and are resistant/ significantly tolerant to all biotic and abiotic stresses. A significant number of varieties of each crop/vegetables must be maintained for seed production as well as maintained as a valuable genetic resource. This needs a comprehensive variety maintenance programme in the form of seed bank etc. 3. Development of varieties according to standardized breeding protocols ensuring its meeting to the standards of Novelty, Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability. Varieties prior to release still have not attained uniformity and are released as such. Such varieties need 2-3 additional years attain desired uniformity before entering to formal seed production system. 4. Pre-mature deliberate release of newly developed varieties without passing through registration and certification system need to immediately checked by the concerned breeders/institutes which is upsetting the formal seed certification system.

76

5. Variety evaluation system that is usually carried out through the coordination of various stakeholders should be standardized and strengthened for more effective and efficient evaluation the candidate varieties offered for release and registration. Adaptability testing of the varieties as well as their performance under various agro-environmental conditions as well as stress conditions for proper scientific evaluation of the varieties. B. Research & development of Non-conventional/modern seed technologies: 1. Hybrid Seed Technology: More emphasis should be given to the research and development of hybrid seeds of maize, sunflower, canola, fodders (sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, mazenta hybrid, bajra-napiergrass hybrid, hybrid Pearlmillet etc.) and vegetables etc. This will include the following; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. development of pure lines/ inbred lines Induction of male sterility in parental lines Improvement of these lines multiplication of lines and their seed production registration and protection of parental lines classification/ designation of lines utilization of these parental lines in production projects etc. in-vitro development of inbredlines/ purelines

Joint ventures for R&D (basic and applied) of hybrid seed production need to be developed and encouraged between public sector research institutions and foreign stakeholders to popularize this technology in the best public interest. 2. Biotech/ Genetically modified seed: Joint ventures for R&D of biotech seed production need to be developed and encouraged between public sector research institutions and foreign stakeholders to popularize this technology in the best public interest. C. Strengthening indigenous seed production programmes: 1. There is a daring need to strengthen the local entrepreneurs through initiation of indigenous seed production programmes for almost all the crops especially vegetables, oilseeds, fodders and pulses. This should include all types of seeds like Open-pollinated, hybrid and biotech varieties. Prioritized program for private sector led seed and nursery production according to international best practices need to be initiated. 2. Hybrid seed production projects of maize, sunflower, canola, fodders (sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, mazenta hybrid, bajra-napiergrass hybrid, 77

hybrid Pearlmillet etc.) and vegetables etc. should be initiated. Joint ventures of public research institutes and private sector seed companies are a good option to promote hybrid seed. 3. Production of biotech seeds of various crops on local basis independently as well as through joint ventures with foreign stakeholders should be promoted to encourage and popularize the biotech seed industry. 4. Fruit seed certification system should be extended throughout the country for production and distribution of true to type and disease free fruit plants of improved varieties. 5. Flower/ Ornamental seed certification system should also be initiated to regulate and promote the local production and distribution of ornamental crop/plant varieties

D. Strengthening FSC&RD: 1. Streamlining Seed Regulations: All prevailing seeds rules and regulations should be critically reviewed and amended according to the requirements of international/regional environment. The work is already in active progress and a comprehensive National Seed Policy is being prepared. 2. Extension of seed registration and certification services: Establishment and strengthening of regular field stations and seed testing laboratories down to the district levels of each province/region, to extend the variety registration, seed certification and seed act enforcement activities/services of the department will be helpful for overall promotion of seed industry and agricultural development of the country as well. 3. Seed quality control in the market: No stone should be left unturned to check the illegal spread of seed throughout the research, production and marketing system. For this purpose effective enforcement of Seed Acts/Rules need to be followed quite from research stations to seed markets. Immediate approval, promulgation and more effective enforcement of Seed Amendment Act, 2007 and Plant Breeders Rights, 2007 will ensure guaranteed development of seed industry of Pakistan and will bring about a disciplinary revolution that is actually need of the time. 78

Establishment of a separate directorate for seed act enforcement activities, with all requisite facilities, under FSC&RD is strongly suggested, to effectively tackle those involved in chronic illegal seed business activities and promote certified seed business. E.Others: 1. Development of well regulated and organized seed markets 2. Incentives for international investment & joint venture 3. Establishment of quarantine infrastructure Sanitary & Phytosanitary measures. 4. Facilitating the establishing of seed industry especially in NWFP, Balochistan, AJK and Northern Area. 5. Retaining existing policy for duty free import of seed other than cotton seed and then gradual reduction in import with the improvement in local production. 6. Multilateral arrangements with regional organizations like SAARC and ECO and participation in CWANA seed network and OECD seed schemes. REFERENCES: 1. Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2004-05. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Economic Wing, Islamabad. www.minfal.gov.pk 2. Ahmad, S.I.(1993) Crops and Seeds Certification Standards, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. 3. Ahmad, S.I. (1996) Seed Industry Development in Pakistan, Proceedings of three days National Seminar on Seed Industry Development, held from 4-6 June, 1996 at Islamabad, Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. 4. Ahmad, S.I. (1999) Seed Industry in Pakistan, Focus on Seed Programmes, Vol.13 (July) Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. 5. Hussain, A., and A.R. Bhutta. 2002. The Pakistan Seed Industry. Seed Info No.13. Focus on Seed Programmes. Seed Unit of International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Area (ICARDA). 6. National Directory of Seed Companies, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.

79

7. Hussain A. 1985. Variety sources and evaluation, registration, listing and release. First FAO/DANIDA seminar on design and implementation of seed programmes, Islamabad, Pakistan: 75-100. 8. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. National Directory of Seed Companies, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan. 9. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. Cotton Varieties of Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan. 10. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. Wheat Varieties of Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan. 11. Annual Report for the year 2005-06, Data Management Cell, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad www.pakseeds.gov.pk 12. Bhutta A.R., and A.S.Irfan (1997) National Seed Programme Development in Pakistan, Science Technology and Development, 16(3)July-September. 13. Federal Bureau of Statistics (National Accounts), 2004-05, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. 14. Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004-05, Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisors Wing, Islamabad www.finance.gov.pk 15. Proceedings of International seminar on Seed held on 14-16 December at Islamabad, Pakistan. 16. Seed Act, 1976. Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

80