Bai Giang Excel

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh
Chng 1: Phn mm Excel ................................................................4 1: M u........................................................................................................4 1. Khi ng Excel .......................................................................................4 2. Ca s ng dng ca Excel........................................................................5 3. Qun l workbook .....................................................................................6 2: Nhp v hiu chnh d liu.........................................................................9 1. Chn ........................................................................................................9 2. Chn cc sheet trong workbook ..............................................................10 3. Cc kiu d liu trong Excel....................................................................10 4. Nhp v sa d liu..................................................................................13 5. X l d liu ............................................................................................13 3: nh dng bng tnh .................................................................................17 1. nh dng d liu v .............................................................................17 2. X l ct, hng v .................................................................................25 3. Lm vic vi workbook v worksheet .....................................................28 4: S dng cc hm trong Excel ...................................................................33 1. Hm Math & trig .....................................................................................34 2. Hm Statistical.........................................................................................36 3. Hm TEXT ..............................................................................................38 4. Hm LOGIC ............................................................................................39 5. Hm User Defined ...................................................................................39 6. Tm hiu cc li tr v bi cng thc ......................................................39 5: Biu ......................................................................................................41 1. To biu ..............................................................................................41 2. Hiu chnh biu ...................................................................................44 6: In bng tnh...............................................................................................50 1. Thit lp cc thng s in..........................................................................50 2. Lnh in.....................................................................................................51 1
B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht
Phn II: ng dng tin hc

Trong phn I, chng ta tm hiu mt s ni dung nghin cu kt qu th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca t bng phng php thng k ton hc. Theo phng php truyn thng (tnh ton th cng), chng ta c th gii c nhng bi ton trn nhng s tn nhiu thi gian. c bit trong trng hp s lng mu th nghim ln (hng trm, hng nghn mu), vic tnh ton s rt kh khn v kh trnh khi sai st. Ngoi ra, chng ta s phi gp mt s bi ton ngoi ni dung phn I. chnh l vic tnh ton, xy dng cc biu th nghim trong phng (th nghim ct, nn mt trc, thnh phn ht, nn c kt, ct ba trc,...), biu th nghim hin trng (xuyn tnh, nn tnh nn, nn tnh cc, th nghim nn ngang, ct cnh,...), bng tng hp ch tiu c l t , chng trnh tnh ton nn mng, xy dng mt bng v tr cc cng trnh thm d, hnh tr h khoan (o), mt ct CCT, bn a cht, bn CCT,... Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, nhng bi ton trn c th c gii quyt mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc bng nhng cng c ng dng. l cc phn mm ng dng Excel v AutoCad. Phn mm Excel c bng tnh linh hot cng vi biu sn c gip chng ta gii quyt nhiu bi ton v th nghim trong phng, ngoi tri, tnh ton nn mng,... Excel cn xy dng sn cc dng tng quan cng vi phng trnh tng quan, phc v cho cng vic xy dng mi tng quan gia cc i lng. Cc hm thng k sn c trong Excel gip chng ta xc nh cc c trng thng k ca t .
Tuy nhin, nu ch s dng n thun cc cng thc trong Excel th nhiu bi ton khng th gii quyt mt cch hon chnh c. c th gii quyt c cc bi ton trn mt cch hon ton t ng, chng ta phi s dng ngn ng lp trnh ng dng Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) trong Excel. VBA gip chng ta lp cc hm tu bin v th tc gii quyt mt vn no . Cc cng vic c tnh ton hon ton t ng, nhanh chng, kt qu chnh xc cao. Hin nay, sinh vin nhng kho i cng c trang b kin thc v Visual Basic, l nn tng pht trin ngn ng VBA. VBA l ngn ng d giao tip, thn thin vi ngi s dng. Khng ch ring vi ngnh k thut, VBA c ng dng rt hiu qu i vi ngnh kinh t, ti chnh, k ton, xy dng,... Phn mm AutoCad l phn mm chuyn v lnh vc ho, gip chng ta xy dng cc bn v ho nh mt bng v tr cc cng trnh thm d, hnh tr h khoan (o), mt ct CCT, bn a cht, bn CCT,... Phn mm ny c s dng rng r i trong lnh vc k thut, c bit l trong xy dng v giao thng. Trong AutoCad cng c ngn ng lp trnh ng dng VBA, rt thch hp cho nhng ngi lm vic thng xuyn vi AutoCad. Ngoi ra cn c mt s phn mm ng dng khc ca nc ngoi nh GeoSlope (Canada), phn mm tng hp Plaxis (H Lan),... ng dng trong lnh vc CCT-KT. Phn mm Plaxis da vo l thuyt cn bng gii hn thun tu, gii quyt bi ton bng phng php phn t hu hn - m hnh chuyn v. Phn mm tnh ton n nh mi dc, tng chn gia cng neo thp, li vi a k thut, li ct thp,... Phn mm GeoSlope c nhiu nc trn th gii nh gi l b chng trnh mnh nht, c dng ph bin nht hin nay. Do thi gian c hn nn ti ch trnh by v phn mm Excel, phn mm AutoCad v ngn ng lp trnh VBA trong Excel 2003.
Chng 1: Phn mm Excel

1: M u Phn mm Excel ch yu dng tnh ton, xy dng cc biu th nghim t trong phng, hin trng,... y l chng trnh c bng tnh mnh nht hin nay, cho php thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau. Mc ch ca bi ging l trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v phn mm Excel, gip sinh vin c th s dng ngay khi vit n mn hc, n tt nghip v tham gia sn xut sau ny. Chng trnh hc l Excel 2000 hoc 2003.
Hnh 1.1: Biu tng Excel

1. Khi ng Excel
Nhy kp vo biu tng Excel trn mn hnh (hnh 1.1), ca s phn mm Excel s hin ra (hnh v 1.2).
Titler bar Menu bar
Standard Toolbar Formular bar Column heading Active cell Formatting Toolbar
Worksheet
Row heading
Sheet name
Hnh 1.2: Ca s Excel

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 2. Ca s ng dng ca Excel
Ca s ng dng ca Excel bao gm cc thnh phn sau : a. Thanh tiu (Title bar) Biu tng Excel v tn file (Book1.xls). b. Thc n lnh (Menu bar) Bao gm cc menu lnh, trong mi menu c nhiu cc menu con (hnh 1.3).
Hnh 1.3: Thanh Menu c. Cc thanh cng c (Toolbars) Toolbar l cc thanh cng c, trn mi thanh ny c nhiu nt lnh, gip bn thc hin nhanh cc chc nng lnh thay v thc hin bng lnh n. Excel ngm nh hin th sn hai thanh cng c Standard v Formatting v chng thng c s dng ti (hnh 1.2, 1.4, 1.5). Trong qu trnh tnh ton v x l, nu bn mun dng cc thanh no th cho hin th chng ln, nu khng th giu i gii phng khng gian trn mn hnh.
Hnh 1.4: Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar)
Hnh 1.5: Thanh nh dng (Formatting Toolbar) d. Thanh cng thc (Formular bar) Trn thanh cng thc c 2 phn: phn bn tri hin th a ch hin hnh hoc tn khi (Name box); phn bn phi hin th ni dung ca , gip cho vic xem d liu nhp trong , nht l xem li cng thc v cho php iu chnh.
e. Ca s Workbook L ca s lm vic chnh. Trong 1 workbook c ti a 255 Sheet, mi sheet c xem nh l mt bng tnh dng cha d liu, biu , hnh nh,... Mc nhin trong workbook c sn 3 sheet, bn c th thay i s sheet c sn mc nh ny khi to workbook mi bng cch chn : Menu\ Tools\ Options\ Tab General, khai bo s sheet trong Sheets in new workbook. Ngoi ra, trong General bn c th quy nh font ch, kch c ch (Size) mc nh cho ca s workbook. Worksheet l t liu s cp lu tr v lm vic. Mt worksheet gm nhiu c thit lp bi cc ct v cc hng, l thnh phn ca worksheet v c gi l bng tnh. Cc ct ca bng tnh c tnh bng ch, t A, B, C,... n IV. Cc hng ca bng tnh c tnh t 1 n 16384. Giao gia ct v hng gi l (cell), mi mt c mt a ch ring bit thng qua <a ch ct> v <a ch hng>. V d: A1, B4, AB16. Tn ca cc sheet hin hnh trn thanh tab, nm pha di ca s workbook. di chuyn gia cc sheet ta bm ln tn ca sheet hoc dng t hp phm Ctrl+ PageDown, Ctrl+ PageUp. Tn ca sheet hin hnh s c sng v m hn. Gc phi v pha di l thanh di chuyn v tr trong bng tnh.
3. Qun l workbook
a. Lu workbook Khi bn lu workbook ln u tin, bn phi t tn file v a ch bn mun lu. Ri sau mi ln bn lu workbook, Excel s cp nht vi nhng thay i sau cng nht. Lu workbook mi cha c tn: - Chn Menu\ File\ Save hoc n nt Save Save as hin ra (hnh 1.6). trn thanh Standard, ca s
- Chn a v th mc (folder) trong hp Save in. Bn c th to folder mi lu workbook bng cch bm Create New folder ri g tn folder mi, OK. Trong hp File name, g tn workbook. Excel t ng chn ui cho file l XLS.
Hnh 1.6: Ca s lu workbook cha c tn. To mt bn sao cho workbook (lu workbook vi mt tn mi): - M workbook mun to bn sao cho n hay tn mi. - Chn Menu\ File\ Save As. Trong hp File name, g tn workbook mi v ng dn. - Bm nt Save. Lu workbook t ng: - Chn Menu\ Tools\ AutoSave. - nh du chn Automatic Save Every, nhp khong thi gian Excel t ng lu (c tnh bng pht). - Chn cc la chn khc nu bn mun. Ghi ch : Nu lnh AutoSave khng c trn thc n Tools, bn phi ci t chc nng ny bng cch chn Menu\ Tools\ Add-Ins, nh du chn AutoSave trong danh sch Add-Ins available.
b. To workbook mi - Chn Menu\ File\ New hoc n nt New New hin ra. - Chn General, chn biu tng workbook. c. M file workbook c sn trong a - Chn Menu\ File\ Open hoc n nt Open Look in hin ra. - Chn a, folder cha file cn m, chn file cn m ri bm Open. d. ng ca s workbook ang lm vic - Chn Menu\ File\ Close hoc Ctrl+ F4, ca s Microsoft Excel hin ra (hnh 1.7). - Chn Yes lu file, No khng lu file, Cancel tr v. trn thanh Standard, ca s trn thanh Standard, ca s
Hnh 1.7: Hp thoi khi thot ra khi Excel
2: Nhp v hiu chnh d liu Khi tin hnh nhp, iu chnh d liu hay trnh by, x l bng tnh, thng thng phi xc nh hay khi (vng) m bn mun tc ng ln n trc. Chnh v vy m cn bit cch chn nh th no cho nhanh v ng, mc u tin sau y s cp n vn .
1. Chn
a. Chn n - Cch 1 : Bm chut trn cn chn. - Cch 2 : Dng cc phm di chuyn di chuyn n cn chn. b. Chn khi phm vi lin k nhau - Cch 1 : gi chut trn 1 gc ca khi cn chn (con tr chut c dng ti B2) ko n gc i din ca khi (D4) v nh chut (hnh 2.1). - Cch 2 : Chn 1 gc, gi Shift v bm trn gc i din hoc g cc phm di chuyn ti. Hnh 2.1: Chn khi lin k nhau bng cch gi v ko chut c. Chn khi khng lin nhau Chn hay khi th nht, gi phm Ctrl v chn hay khi khc. d. Chn ton b cc trn hng hoc ct - Chn hng : bm trn tn tiu hng (Row heading). - Chn ct : bm trn tn tiu ct (Column heading).
e. Chn tan b cc trn sheet Bm trn giao gia 2 thanh tiu ct v hng (hnh 2.1), hoc Ctrl+A.
Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 2. Chn cc sheet trong workbook
Chn Mt sheet Hai hay nhiu sheet k nhau
Cch thc hin Bm trn tn ca tab sheet Bm trn tn ca tab sheet th nht, gi phm Shift v bm trn tn ca tab sheet th hai.
Cc sheet khng Bm trn tn ca tab sheet th nht, gi phm Ctrl v bm k nhau trn tn ca tab sheet khc. Tt c cc sheet trong workbook Bm nt phi chut trn tn ca mt tab sheet, chn Select All Sheets trn thc n tt.
3. Cc kiu d liu trong Excel
D liu nhp c th l nh n hay chui k t (Label/ String), s (Value) hoc cng thc (Formula). a. Nh n, chui k t (Label/ String) Chui l t hp ca s, khong trng, ch v cc k t khng phi l s. Chui t ng c canh l tri trong . Khi chui nhp di hn rng ct th n trn qua bn phi nu bn phi khng c d liu. Nu bn phi c d liu th ch c mt phn chui va ng rng ca ct c hin th. Nh vy, thy ton b d liu trong , bn cn phi iu chnh li rng ct bng cch gi v ko chut trn bin bn phi ca tiu ct sang phi, hoc bm p t ng iu chnh rng ct da vo chui di nht cha trong cc trn ct (hnh 2.2). b. S (Number) S l t hp ca s, khng c c khong trng, ch v cc k t khng phi l s, tr k t "." (quy nh Vit Nam l ","). V tr s mc nhin nm bn phi v c dng s t nhin (General number). Khi s nhp qu ln hoc qu nh th s c dng s m (scientific).
10
iu chnh
Hnh 2.2: iu chnh rng ca ct c. Cng thc (Formular) Trong Excel, bn c th t lp cng thc hoc s dng cc hm c lp sn. Cc hm c lp sn x l s liu, chui, tnh ton trong ti chnh, k ton,... Cc hm ny s c hc trong tit 4. C php ca cng thc phn bit vi cc d liu khc, cng thc c bt u t k t "=", tip theo l cc ton hng v ton t. Ton hng c th l cc gi tr khng thay i c (gi tr hng s), a ch hay phm vi khi , chui k t, tn khi hoc hm. Cc ton t tnh ton trong cng thc - Ton t s hc: Ton t + * / ^ % () Tn Cng Tr/ m Nhn Chia Lu tha Du phn trm Ngoc V d =2+2 =4-2 =4*2 =12/4 =4^2 =7*2% =3-(8/2) Kt qu 4 2 8 3 16 0.14 -1
- Ton t so snh(so snh hai gi tr v kt qu l True hoc False): Ton t = > < >= Tn Bng Ln hn Nh hn Ln hn hoc bng V d =7=9 =7>9 =7<9 =7>=9 Kt qu False False True False 11
<= <>
Nh hn hoc bng Khc
=7<=9 =7<>9
True True
- Ton t ni chui: Ton t & Tn Ni hai chui V d ="Hoa"&"hng" Kt qu Hoahng
- Ton t tham chiu: Ton t : , Tn V d Ton t tham chiu phm vi nm gia 2 , kt qu l mt tham chiu n tt c cc gia 2 =Sum(B5:C8) a ch . Ton t kt hp, n lin kt nhiu tham chiu =Sum(C3,D5:E7) thnh mt tham chiu.
Sao chp cng thc t ny sang khc k vi n trn cng hng hay ct Khi cn sao chp cng thc, ta di chut xung gc phi di cng ca cng thc gc, khi con tr chuyn thnh k hiu , gi phm phi chut v ko (theo phng ng hoc phng ngang) n cc cn sao chp cng thc. D liu s t ng in theo phng ca qu trnh sao chp. Tham chiu Cng thc c th c tham chiu n . Nu bn mun cha c lin quan n gi tr ca mt khc, th bn lp cng thc vi ton t tham chiu n . cha cng thc l l thuc v gi tr trong l thuc vo gi tr ca khc. Khi d liu ca m cng thc tham chiu n thay i, th gi tr trong cha cng thc cng thay i theo. S khc nhau gia a ch tng i v tuyt i Khi bn to cng thc, a ch ca hay khi thng c cn c vo v tr tng i i vi cha cng thc . a ch ca c xc nh theo v tr ct v hng. V d: AC2, E10,... a ch =A2 Tn gi a ch tng i ngha Cc a ch ct v hng s c thay i khi cha cng thc c sao chp n v tr khc 12
=$A$2
a ch tuyt i
Cc a ch ct v hng s c gi nguyn khi cha cng thc c sao chp n v tr khc
4. Nhp v sa d liu
a. Nhp d liu Khi nhp d liu vo trn sheet, thc hin cc bc sau : Chn cn nhp d liu. G d liu cn nhp vo (d liu c th l s, chui hoc cng thc). Kt thc nhp bng cch g phm Enter hoc g phm tab, khi sng di chuyn xung pha di 1 . Nu sau khi nhp d liu (cha g Enter), mun b d liu ang nhp th g phm Escape. Ghi ch: Sau khi kt thc nhp, nu bn mun xa d liu trong th chn li v n phm Delete hay Spacebar + Enter. b. Sa d liu Sau khi nhp d liu, bn c th sa li d liu trong bng cch sau : Cch 1: Bm p ln cn sa, di chuyn im chn n v tr cn sa. Cch 2: G phm F2, im chn nm sau d liu trong . Cch 3: Bm ln thanh cng thc (Formular bar) ti v tr cn iu chnh. Sau thc hin cc thay i hoc iu chnh ni dung d liu mt cc bnh thng. Cui cng g phm Enter hon tt vic sa i hoc Escape hy b.
5. X l d liu
a. Xa d liu trong Chn mt hoc nhiu c d liu cn xo. Nu bn ch xo phn d liu ca th n phm Delete. Nu bn mun xo cc ni dung khc th chn Menu\ Edit\ Clear, c 4 trng hp chn nh sau: All: xo ton b d liu, nh dng, ch thch.
13
Formats: ch xo phn nh dng ca . Contents: ch xo phn d liu trong (nh phm Delete). Comments: Ch xo phn ch thch trong . b. Hu b li, hnh ng va thc hn Bm nt Undo trn thanh Standard Toolbar hu b hnh vi va thc .
hin. Nu bn khng mun b hnh vi th bm nt Redo c. Lp li hnh ng cui cng
Nu bn mun lp li mt hnh ng cui cng (va thc hin xong) th chn Menu\ Edit\ Repeat hoc n phm F4. d. Di chuyn v sao chp d liu trong Bc 1: Chn cc cha d liu cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. Bc 2: Bm nt Cut chuyn. Bm nt Copy mun sao chp. Bc 3: Xc nh v tr cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n, ch cn xc nh u tin v tr cn dn (c th nm trn sheet, workbook khc hoc cng sheet). Bc 4: Bm nt Paste (Menu\ Edit\Paste hoc Ctrl+V) dn. (Menu\ Edit\Cut hoc Ctrl+X) nu bn mun di (Menu\ Edit\Copy hoc Ctrl+C) nu bn
e. Di chuyn hoc sao chp mt phn ni dung ca mt vo mt khc Bc 1: Bm p trn cha d liu (hoc n phm F2) cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. Bc 2: Chn cc k t cn di chuyn hoc sao chp bng cch bi en. Bc 3: Bm nt Cut chuyn. Bm nt Copy mun sao chp. Bc 4: Bm p vo v tr cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n.
(Menu\ Edit\Cut hoc Ctrl+X) nu bn mun di (Menu\ Edit\Copy hoc Ctrl+C) nu bn
14
Bc 5: Bm nt Paste g phm Enter.
(Menu\ Edit\Paste hoc Ctrl+V) dn. Sau
f. in d liu t ng vo cc lin k nhau Bng cch gi v ko Fill handle ca , bn c th sao chp d liu ca n n cc khc trn cng hng hoc ct. Fill handle l hnh vung en nh nm gc phi ca hay khi ang chn. Khi con chut im trn du Fill handle ny, con tr chut bin i thnh du cng nh +. Nu cha cc chu k s, ngy hoc thi gian m Excel c th m rng trong mt d y, th cc gi tr tng dn thay v sao chp. Ngoi ra, bn c th to mt d y t ng in khc ca ring bn nh l danh sch tn cc bn cng lp,... Mun to danh sch khai bo th chn Menu\ Tools\Options\Custom Lists, sau lp danh sch trong phn New List (hnh 2.3).
Hnh 2.3: Danh sch in d liu t ng.
Hnh 2.4 l mt v d v in d liu t ng v ngy trong tun. Nu bn mun in nhanh mt d y s t nhin th khi ko Fill handle, cn phi gi thm phm Ctrl (con chut c dng ++).
15
Hnh 2.4: in d liu t ng.
16
3: nh dng bng tnh Trong Excel, vic nh dng bng tnh c ngha quan trng. Vic nh dng bng tnh cng nh thit k giao din, cng p th cng hp dn ngi s dng, ngi c. iu th hin thng qua vic b tr cc mc, phng ch (font), cn l, t ng vin, mu sc ch, mu nn,... Sau y ta i vo tng phn.
1. nh dng d liu v
Trn mn hnh c thanh nh dng th hin trng thi hay kiu nh dng ca hay khi (hnh 3.1). Khi mun thay i th chn d liu v (khi ) cn nh dng, vo Menu\Format\Cells hoc Ctrl+1, ca s Format Cells hin ra (hnh 3.2). Ni dung nh dng gm c Font, Alignment, Border, Patterns, Number, Protection. Khi i tng la chn d liu trong th ca s Format Cells ch c ni dung Font. Trng thi ch th hin trong Preview.
Hnh 3.1: Thanh nh dng (Format Toolbar) a. Thay i nh dng ch trong (tab Font- hnh 3.2) Font ch, kiu Font (Font Style): chn kiu font ch trong List Box di. Trong hp Font Style c cc dng la chn sau: - Regular : ch bnh thng (khng b nghing, khng b m,...). - Italic hoc nhp nt - Bold hoc nhp nt : ch b nghing. : ch m.
- Bold Italic: ch m v nghing.
17
Hnh 3.2: Hp thoi nh dng . Nu bn chn hay khi th ton b ni dung u cng kiu font ch la chn, cn nu chn mt on d liu (bng cch bi en) th ch thay i trong phm vi chn. Tng t vi cc dng nh dng khc. Lu ch ting Vit vi kiu g TCVN th c k hiu ".Vn...", cn ch in th ui c thm ch H. V d: ".VnTime", ".VnTimeH". Bn c th s dng kiu g Unicode vi cc font ch cn li. Kch c ch (Font Size): chn kch c ch trong Size hoc chn Mu sc ch (Color): chn mu sc ch trong Color hoc chn nh mu Automatic. Gch chn di ch (Underline): chn kiu gch chn di ch di Underline hoc chn - Strikethrough - Subscript . C gch n, gch kp, gch ri,... Mc nh None. : Ch b gch gia, v d nh 1000. . . Mc
V tr ch trn dng (Effects): chn kiu v tr ch trn dng, c cc kiu sau: - Superscript : Ch trn cao, v d nh 103. : Ch di thp, v d nh 103.
18
b. Thay i v tr ch trong mt hoc nhiu (tab Alignment- hnh 3.3) V tr ch theo phng ngang (Horizontal): Bn c th chn v tr ch theo phng ngang i vi nh sau: - Left hoc chn - Center hoc chn - Right hoc chn : cn tri ch trong . : cn gia ch trong . : cn phi ch trong .
Mc nh canh l General, tc l khi d liu dng chui th t canh l bn tri, khi d liu dng s th t canh l bn phi.
Hnh 3.3: Hp thoi nh dng Alignment V tr ch theo phng ng (Vertical): Bn c th chn v tr ch theo phng ng i vi nh sau: - Top - Center : v tr trn trong . : v tr gia trong .
- Bottom : v tr di trong . Dng ch quay trong (Orientation): Bn c th chn dng quay theo mun bng cch chn gc quay. Kiu ch phn b trong : Bnh thng d liu trong 1 t trn sang cc khc khi n c di ln hoc c chiu rng hp. khc phc nhc im
19
ny, tu yu cu ca ngi s dng m Excel a ra nhiu dng x l khc nhau, c th nh di y: - Wrape Text: Cho ton b d liu th hin trong 1 hin hnh, cc ch t ngt v c dn theo hng ngang (hnh 3.4a). Mun xem c ht th phi ko rng chiu cao hng ra. - Shrink to fit: Nu d liu trong nm gn trong th khng tc dng, nhng khi di hn th s t ng co nh li hin th ton b d liu cho va (hnh 3.4b). - Merge Cells: Ghp cc c chn thnh 1 , d liu s th hin trn ton b ghp (hnh 3.4c). Ch : Khi ghp cc u c d liu th d liu ca u s ln d liu sau. V d: A2 cha d liu "Tin hc ng dng", ni dung th hin s khc nhau theo mc ch khc nhau.
(a)
(b) Hnh 3.4: Cc kiu ch phn b trong
(c)
c. Thay i ng vin trong mt hoc nhiu (tab Border- hnh 3.6) Khi bn th hin d liu trn cc , chnh sa li, cng vic tip theo l cn t cc ng vin, khung cho chun, cho p (hnh 3.5).
20
Hnh 3.5: T ng vin (khung) ca
Hnh 3.6: Ca s t ng vin (khung) ca
Ni dung gm cc phn sau: V tr ng vin trong (Border): Bn chn v tr cc ng vin (nt chm xung l c tc dng). Kiu ng vin (Style): Chn kiu nt ng vin nh nt n, nt i, nt t, nt m,... Mu sc ng vin (Color): Bn c th tu la chn mu sc trong hp cun th xung. d. Thay i mu nn trong (tab Patterns- hnh 3.7) Bn c th thay i mu nn ca cc . C hai s la chn l mu sc ca nn (Color) v k hiu nn (Pattern).
21
Hnh 3.7: Ca s t mu nn ca
Thay i mu nn (Color): Chn mu trn bng mu. Thay i t nn (Patterns): Chn k hiu nn trn hp cun th xung. e. nh dng s (tab Number- hnh 3.8) Theo quy nh Vit Nam, s thp phn c du "," phn chia, nhng theo tiu chun ca nc ngoi (do my tnh ci t t ng), du c k hiu ".". V d: 15,35 (TCVN) c ngha l 15.35. Bn c th thay i theo quy nh Vit Nam bng cch thay i trong phn Start\Settings\Control Panel\Regional Options\Numbers\Decimal symbol.
Hnh 3.8: Ca s nh dng s

22
D liu dng s mc nh (General): Trong Excel, d liu trong mc nh dng General. Ty dng d liu vo m Excel c th t ng chuyn sang Number, Time, Date,... D liu dng s (Number): Dng ny c ph bin dng trong tnh ton. Bn c th la chn s ch s sau du "." bng cch vo gi tr Decimal places (hnh 3.8). Bn c th tng (hoc gim) s ch s sau du "." bng cch la chn (hoc ) trong thanh Formatting Toolbar.
D liu dng ngy (Date): Bn c th chn th t ngy, thng, nm theo mun, c th hin trong Type. V d: 10-12-1989 hoc 10-12, 12-1989,... D liu dng gi (Time): Bn chn kiu quy nh thi gian, c nhiu kiu c th hin Type. K hiu AM l biu th thi gian t 0h0 n 12h0, PM l biu th thi gian t 12h0 n 24h0. D liu dng chui (Text): Khi dng chui, d liu s t ng nm bn tri (k c vo bng s). D liu t la chn (Custom): Khi bn mun la chn kiu d liu cho ring mnh, bn chn Custom. Trong Custom, chui nm trong c t ng in vo d liu (hnh 3.9).
Hnh 3.9: Ca s nh dng Custom
23
f. Bo mt (tab Protection- hnh 3.10) Khi bn mun bo mt cng thc hoc phng vo nhm th bn chn ch bo mt . Lnh bo mt ch c tc dng trong trng hp kha Sheet hoc Workbook(hnh 3.10). Trong lnh bo mt c hai la chn nh sau: Locked: Kho (khng cho thay i ni dung ) nhng vn nhn thy ton b ni dung . Hidden: Kha vo khng cho hin ni dung , phng v tnh thay i. Khi chn nhng cn bo mt xong, bn vo Tools\Protection\Protect Sheet hoc Protect Workbook. Ca s Protect Sheet hoc Protect Workbook hin ra v bn vo Password, ni dung Password c m ha thnh *** (hnh 3.11).
Hnh 3.10: Ca s lnh bo mt
Hnh 3.11: Ca s lnh bo mt Sheet
24
Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 2. X l ct, hng v
a. Thay i rng ca ct v chiu cao hng Thay i rng ca ct: Gi v ko chut trn bin cnh phi ca tiu ct (a ch ct) sang phi tng rng ca ct hoc sang tri gim rng ca ct (khi gi v ko con tr chut c dng ). Xem hnh 3.12.
Gi v ko chut Gi v ko chut
Hnh 3.12: iu chnh rng ca ct v chiu cao hng Thay i chiu cao ca hng: Cch thc hin tng t nh thay i chiu rng ca ct. Lu : - Bn c th thay i rng cho nhiu ct (chiu cao hng) bng cch chn cc ct (hng) cn thay i ri mi thc hin s thay i. Cc ct (hng) c sau khi thay i s c rng ( cao) bng nhau. - Nhp p chut trn bn cnh phi ca tiu ct lm cho rng ct va kht vi d liu di nht m ct cha. - Nhp p chut trn cnh di ca tiu hng lm cho chiu cao hng va kht vi ni dung trn n, chiu cao t ng c chnh ny ph thuc vo kch c ch ln nht c chn trn hng. b. Chn , hng hoc ct Chn trng Chn phm vi cc cn chn thm cc trng mi, s c chn s ng bng s c chn. Cch thc hin nh sau: - Chn cc cn chn.
25
- Chn Insert\Cells... Khi hp thoi Insert hin ra. Chn Shift cells righ nu bn mun chn cc mi vo bn tri cc c chn v di di cc c chn sang bn phi. Chn Shift cells down nu bn mun chn v di di cc tng ng xung pha di (hnh 3.13).
Hnh 3.13: V d v thc hin chn cc trng Chn c sao chp hoc di chuyn vo gia cc c sn - Chn cc cha d liu cn di chuyn hoc sao chp. - Chn Cut sao chp. - Chn gc tri ni cn di chuyn hoc sao chp n. Chn Insert\Copied Cells (nu bn sao chp) hoc Cut Cells (nu bn di chuyn). Khi ca s Insert Paste hin ra nh hnh 3.14, bn la chn cc hng di di. nu bn mun di chuyn, chn Copy nu bn mun
Hnh 3.14: Sao chp v chn cc Chn hng Chn mt (hay khi cha cc a ch hng) trn hng pha di hng cn chn thm mt hng mi. Chn Insert\Rows hoc nhp nt phi chut vo tn a ch hng trong cc hng c chn v chn Insert. S hng c chn thm tng ng vi s hng c chn thng qua s .
26
V d: Bn chn thm hai hng pha trn hng s 5. Cch thc hin: chn hai cha a ch 2 hng 5 v 6 nh A5:A6, hoc chn ton b 2 hng 5 v 6. Chn Insert\Rows. Chn ct Chn mt (hoc khi cha cc a ch ct) trn ct pha bn phi ct cn chn thm ct mi. Chn Insert\Columns hoc nhp nt phi chut vo tn a ch ct trong cc ct c chn v chn Insert. S ct c chn thm tng ng vi s ct c chn thng qua s . V d: Bn chn thm 3 ct pha bn tri ct B. Cch thc hin nh sau: Chn ba cha a ch 3 ct B,C,D nh B1:D1 hoc chn ton b 3 ct B,C,D. Chn Insert\ Columns. c. Xa , hng hoc ct Xo Chn hay khi cn xo bng cch bi en, chn Edit\Delete...(hnh 3.15)
Hnh 3.15: Hp thoi xa , hng hoc ct. Ca s hp thoi Delete hin ra. Chn Shift cells left nu bn mun xo khi v ko cc bn phi sang lp ln khi b xo. Chn Shift cells up nu bn mun xo khi v ko cc t di ln trn lp ln khi b xo. Xo hng, ct Chn hay khi c cha cc a ch hng hay ct cn xa, hoc chn ton b hng hay ct cn xa. Chn Edit\Delete..., ca s hp thoi Delete hin ra (hnh 3.15). - Chn Entire row : xa hng. 27
- Chn Entire Column : xa ct.

3. Lm vic vi workbook v worksheet
a. Chn worksheet mi Khi bn mun thm worksheet mi, bn c th chn cc cch sau: Cch 1 : Chn Menu\ Insert\ Worksheet (hnh 3.16).
Hnh 3.16: Thm 1 worksheet mi Cch2 : Nhp nt phi trn tn sheet cn chn vo pha bn tri ca n, chn Insert, sau chn biu tng ca worksheet trong General v OK. Worksheet mi s c chn trc Worksheet hin hnh. b. Di chuyn v sao chp sheet M cc file cn di chuyn hoc sao chp cc sheet n. Thc hin cc bc sau: Bc 1: Chn cc sheet mun di chuyn hoc copy, chn Menu\ Edit\ Move or Copy Sheet, ca s Move or Copy s hin ra (hnh 3.17). Bc 2: Trong hp To Book, nhp chn workbook no s nhp cc sheet. Trong hp Before sheet, nhp chn v tr sheet c di chuyn hoc copy trong workbook mi. Bc 3: nh du chn Create a copy nu mun sao chp, cn khng th l di chuyn.
28
Hnh 3.17: Ca s sao chp hoc di chuyn cc sheet
Lu : H y cn thn khi di chuyn hoc sao chp cc sheet. Cc tnh ton hoc biu da trn d liu trong worksheet c th tr nn khng ng. c. Xa cc sheet trong workbook Bc 1: Chn cc sheet mun xo. Bc 2: Chn Edit\Delete Sheet hoc nhp nt phi chut trn tab Sheet, chn Delete (hnh 3.18).
Hnh 3.18: Ca s xa sheet trong workbook
d. Giu ton b hay mt phn ca workbook Giu workbook: Chn workbook cn giu, vo Menu\Window\Hide. Hin th li workbook b giu: Chn Menu\Window\Unhide. Trong hp Unhide workbook, nhp p trn tn ca workbook c giu hin th li. Giu sheet: Chn cc sheet cn giu, vo Menu\Format\Sheet\Hide (hnh 3.19a). Hin th li sheet b giu: Chn Menu\Format\Sheet\Unhide. Trong hp Unhide sheet, nhp p trn tn ca sheet c giu hin th li (hnh 3.19).
29
(a)
(b) Hnh 3.19: Ca s n- hin cc sheet
Giu hng hoc ct: Chn cc hng (ct) cn giu, vo Menu\Format\ Row (Column), chn Hide (hnh 3.20). Hin th hng v ct b giu: Chn cc hng pha trn v pha di ca cc hng b giu. Vo Menu\Format\Row\Unhide. Thc hin tng t i vi cc ct.
Hnh 3.20: Ca s nhin cc ct (hng)
e. Hin th nhiu workbook cng mt lc Phng php ny c dng khi bn mun m nhiu workbook cng lm vic. d iu khin, chn Window\Arrange, cc dng sp xp v tr cc workbook s hin ra bn la chn (hnh 3.21).
Tiled
Horizontal
Vertical
Cascade
Hnh 3.21: Ca s hin nhiu workbook cng mt lc
30
f. Gi cc nh n ct v hng thy c khi bn cun mn hnh Bc1: Bn chn cc kiu pha di. - c nh khung theo chiu ngang pha trn, chn hng di ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin. - c nh khung theo chiu ng, chn pha bn phi ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin. - c nh c hai phn pha trn v bn tri, chn pha di v pha bn phi ni bn mun ng phn chia xut hin. Khi phm vi gia cc khi c phn chia bi ng thng mu en. Bc2: Chn Menu\Window\Freeze Panes. Phc hi ca s chia ct: Chn Menu\Window\Unfreeze Panes. g. Cc phm tt trong Excel Cc phm chc nng
Phm chc nng F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Hin th gip Sa ni dung Vo ch thch vo nh khi ngha Thot
SHIFT
CTRL
ALT
Chn sheet biu t tn mi (Save as)
CTRL+ SHIFT
ALT+ SHIFT
Chn sheet mi Lu
Dn tn khi vo Dn hm cng thc cng thc Lp li (Repeat) Go to Find Next
To tn khi mi
ng ca s Phc hi kch thc ca s
Tm kim (Find)
F6 F7 F8
Di chuyn n Di chuyn n Di chuyn phn ca s k phn ca s trc n book k tip tip Spelling Chn Di chuyn ca s Chn thm khi Thay i kch Hin th hp chn khc thc ca s Macro
Di chuyn n book trc
F9
Tnh ton tt c Tnh ton trn Thu workbook cc sheet trn tt worksheet hin thnh biu c cc book m hnh tng
31
Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh F10 F11 F12
Chn thanh thc Hin th thc n Phng to ca n lnh phm tt s To biu t tn (Save as) Chn mi mi Lu worksheet M Hin th ca s VBA. In
S dng phm tt cho nhp d liu Phm g Enter ESC F4 (Ctr+ Y) Alt+ Enter Backspace Delete Ctrl+ Delete Phm mi tn Home Shift+ F2 Ctrl+ Shift+ F3 Ctrl+ D Ctrl+ R Enter Shift+ Enter Tab Shift+ Tab ngha Hon thnh nhp / iu chnh d liu trong Hy nhp / iu chnh d liu trong Lp li hnh ng cui cng Bt u hng mi trong cng mt Xo k t bn tri im chn/ phn chn Xo k t bn phi im chn/ xa phn chn Xa n cui hng Di chuyn Di chuyn v u hng Vo ch hiu chnh ch thch To cc tn t cc nh n ct v hng in t pha trn xung di in t bn tri sang phi Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn xung di Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn ln trn Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn sang phi Kt thc nhp d liu vo v di chuyn sang tri
S dng phm tt cho chn, xo v sao chp d liu Phm g Ctrl+ C Ctrl+ Y Ctrl+ X Delete Ctrl+ Z ngha Sao chp vo vng m ca b nh Dn chn la t vng m ca b nh vo v tr tng ng Ct (di chuyn) d liu vo vng m ca b nh Xo ni dung ca cc chn Hu b hnh ng cui cng
32
4: S dng cc hm trong Excel Excel c nhiu hm c nh ngha trc hoc t to. Cc hm c th c s dng thc hin nhng tnh ton n gin hay phc tp. Trong Excel c danh sch cc loi hm sau: Most Recently Used : Cc hm va mi s dng. All Financial Date & Time Math & trig Statistical d liu (CSDL). DataBase Text Logic Information User Defined : Hm v CSDL. : Hm v x l chui d liu. : Hm v ton t logic. : Hm v thng tin. : Hm do ngi s dng lp. : Tt c cc hm. : Hm v ti chnh. : Hm v ngy v gi. : Hm v ton hc v lng gic. : Hm v thng k.
LookUp & Reference : Hm v tm kim, tham chiu s liu trong c s
Mt cng thc n gin c k hiu nh sau: " =Tn_hm(dliu1,dliu2, dliu 3,...)". Tn hm c lp sn bng cch chn Insert\Function, khi danh sch cc hm s hin ra trong Paste Function (hnh 4.1). D liu c th l mt s, chui, mt hoc nhiu tham chiu trong Excel. Ngoi ra, mt s hm cn c kh nng lng vo nhau.
33
Hnh 4.1: Danh sch cc hm c lp sn. Vd: "=AVERAGE(2,3,5,8,C3:C5)"; "=IF(C2>=8,"Gii",IF(A2>=6,"Kh","Trung bnh"))". Ty theo yu cu cng vic m s dng cc hm khc nhau. Di y l mt s hm thng hay s dng trong k thut :
1. Hm Math & trig
a. Hm tnh tng: SUM (number1, number2,...) Tnh tng s ca tt c cc tham s number1, number2,... Cc tham s c th l s, a ch hoc phm vi khi . V d hnh 4.2. b. Hm lm trn: ROUND (number, n) Lm trn s number theo con s n. Gi tr n c quy nh nh sau: Nu n=0: Lm trn n hng n v hoc ly 0 s l. Nu n=1: Lm trn ly 1 s l. Nu n=2: Lm trn n 2 s l,... Nu n=-1: Lm trn n hng chc. Nu n=-2: Lm trn n hng trm,... V d: Round(1265.263,1) bng 1265.3; Round(1265.263,0) bng 1265; Round(1265.263,-1) bng 1270.
34
Hnh 4.2 : V d v hm tnh tng. c. Hm ly phn nguyn: INT (number) Ly phn nguyn ca number, phn thp phn b ct b. V d: Int(26.63) bng 26. d. Hm ly phn d: MOD (number,divisor) Ly phn d ca number chia cho divisor. V d: Mod(12.3,6) bng 0.3; Mod(26,5) bng 1. e. Hm cn bc hai: SQRT (number) Ly gi tr cn bc hai ca number. V d: Sqrt(81) bng 9; Sqrt(18) bng 4.242. f. Hm m: POWER (number, power) Ly gi tr m bc power ca number. V d: Power(10,2) bng 100; Power(10,4) bng 10000. g. Hm logarit: LOG (number, base) Ly gi tr logbase number. V d: Log(9,3) bng 2; Log(15,4) bng 1.95. h. Cc hm v lng gic: SIN, COS, ASIN, ACOS, TAN, ATAN (number) Xc nh gi tr sine, cosine, arcsine, arccosine, tangent, arctangent ca gc number. Gc number l gc c tnh bng radian (ch khng phi bng ). V d: sin(0) bng 0; sin(0.52359) bng 0.5; tan(0.7855) bng 1.
35
Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 2. Hm Statistical
a. AVERAGE(number1, number2,...) Tnh gi tr trung bnh s hc cc tham s. V d: =Average(11,3,5,6,9) bng 6.8. b. MAX(number1, number2,...) Ly gi tr ln nht trong danh sch cc tham s. V d: =Max(11,3,5,6,9) bng 11. c. MIN(number1, number2,...) Ly gi tr nh nht trong danh sch cc tham s. V d: =Min(11,3,5,6,9) bng 3. d. COUNT(range) Tnh tng cc c cha d liu kiu s trong range. e. LARGE(range,k) Xc nh phn t ln th k trong range. f. MODE(range) Xc nh phn t hay gp nht trong range. g. RANK(number,range,option) Xc nh th hng ca number trong danh sch range. - Xp gim dn: khi khng c gi tr option hoc option bng 0. - Xp tng dn: khi gi tr option ln hn 0. h. VAR(range) Xc nh phng sai ca ca vng range. S2 =
1 (x i x)2 1+ n
36
i. STDEV(range) Xc nh chuyn v ca lch bnh phng trung bnh ca vng range. S=

1 n (x i x)2 n i=1
k. STDEVP(range) Xc nh lch bnh phng trung bnh ca vng range. SCM =

1 n (x i x) 2 n 1 i =1
l. COV(array1,array2) Xc nh hip phng sai ca hai mng array1, array2. Hip phng sai l gi tr trung bnh tch s ca lch tng cp gi tr tng ng trong hai mng array1, array2. Cov(X,Y) =
1 ( x i x ) ( y i y) n
Hnh 4.2: V d v mt s hm s
37
Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 3. Hm TEXT
a. CONCATENATE(text1, text2,...) Ni cc on d liu text1, text2,... thnh mt d liu. V d: =CONCATENATE("B mn"," a cht"," cng trnh") cho kt qu "B mn a cht cng trnh". b. LEFT(text, num_chars) Ly mt on d liu tnh t u bn tri di num_chars k t ca text. V d: =LEFT("Gii hn",4) cho kt qu "Gii"; =LEFT("Gii hn",6) cho kt qu "Gii h". c. RIGHT(text, num_chars) Ly mt on d liu tnh t u bn phi di num_chars k t ca text. V d: =RIGHT("Gii hn",3) cho kt qu "hn"; =RIGHT("Gii hn",5) cho kt qu "i hn". d. UPPER(text) Lm bin i tt c cc ch thnh ch hoa. Tuy nhin, vi ch ting Vit th vn gi nguyn. V d: =UPPER("tiNg Vit") cho kt qu"TING VIT". e. REPT(text, number_times) Lp li number_times ln d liu text. V d: =REPT("",5) cho kt qu "". f. TRIM(text) Xo b k t trng trong text. V d: =TRIM(" Microsoft Excel2003". g. VALUE(text) Xo b k t trng trong text.
Excel
2003") cho kt qu "Microsoft
38
V d: =Value(Right("Microsoft Excel 2003",4)) cho kt qu "2003".

4. Hm LOGIC
a. IF(logical_text, value_if_true, value_if_false) Tr v value_if_true nu iu kin ng hoc value_if_false nu iu kin sai. Trong logical_text l biu thc logic. Cc hm if c th lng nhau n 7 cp. V d: if(7>5,10,20) cho kt qu l 10. b. AND(logical1, logical2,...) Tr v True nu tt c cc tham s ca n c gi tr l ng, tr v False nu c t nht mt tham s c gi tr sai. Hm And thng c lng vi hm if. V d: IF(AND(3>4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "Sai"; IF(AND(3<4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "ng". c. OR(logical1, logical2,...) Tr v True nu c t nht mt tham s ca n c gi tr l ng, tr v False nu tt c cc tham s c gi tr sai. Hm or thng c lng vi hm if. V d: IF(OR(3>4,4=4,1<8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "ng"; IF(OR (3>4,4>4,1>8),"ng","Sai") cho kt qu "Sai".
5. Hm User Defined
Hm do ngi s dng nh ngha phc v mc ch ring vi ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic for Application (VBA). Hm c xy dng trong cc Module. Chng ta s cp n phn sau.
6. Tm hiu cc li tr v bi cng thc
Khi hm b li, s c cc dng bo nh sau: #####, #DIV/0!, #NAME?, #NULL!, #NUM!, #REF!, #VALUE!. T , ta c th tm ra nguyn nhn v sa cha li . 39
a. Li ##### Nguyn nhn do kt qu s tnh bi cng thc qu ln so vi rng ca ct. Bin php khc phc: m rng ct hoc thay i dng thc biu din ca s. b. Li #DIV/0! Nguyn nhn do cng thc chia cho s 0. c. Li #NAME? Nguyn nhn Excel khng tha nhn chui trong cng thc. Li ny thng gp khi khai bo tn hm sai, tn phm vi khi sai, khi nhp chui trong cng thc m khng t trong 2 du nhy kp "", khi b st du hai chm ":" trong phm vi khi . d. Li #NULL! Li ny xut hin khi bn ghi r s giao nhau ca 2 vng m chng khng giao nhau. Li ny xy ra khi s dng ton t giao nhau (thng l khong trng). e. Li #NUM! Li #NUM! xut hin khi c vn vi s trong cng thc hoc hm. Li ny xy ra khi khai bo tham s s khng th chp nhn c. f. Li #REF! Li #REF! xut hin khi a ch khng hp l. Li ny thng xy ra khi xo c tham chiu bi cng thc khc, hoc dn cc c di chuyn ln cc c tham chiu bi cc cng thc khc,... g. Li #VALUE! Li #VALUE! xut hin kiu tham s hoc ton hng c s dng khng ng. Li ny xy ra khi nhp chui m cng thc yu cu l s hoc gi tr logic (True, False).
40
5: Biu Trong Excel, ngoi vic biu din d liu di dng nhng con s, bn c th biu din chng di dng biu nh to , ng thng, hnh bnh, hnh tr,... T cc biu bn c th nh gi c mt cch tng qut v d dng so snh gia cc gi tr, gy c s cm nhn v thuyt phc ngi c. Trong lnh vc CCT, vic ng dng biu c ngha ht sc quan trng. Dng biu trong Excel c th th hin c nhiu cng vic nh v biu ct- nn, thnh phn ht, xuyn tnh, xuyn tiu chun, biu nn tnh cc, nn tnh nn,...
1. To biu
Vi chc nng Chart Wizard, Excel gip bn to ra mt biu qua nhiu bc thc hin v trong mi bc bn c th thay i nhng tu chn hoc khai bo thm cc thng s sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ra. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: a. Chn cc cha d liu cn v biu V d, ta v biu gi tr xuyn tiu chun N30 theo su. Chn cc t A1 n B13 (hnh 5.1). b. Bm nt Chart Wizard Menu\Insert\Chart Xut hin hp lnh Chart Wizard (hnh 5.1). Trong Chart type c nhiu loi biu , bn cnh l cc biu con Chart sub-type. Do thi gian c hn nn ch gii thiu cho cc bn biu ng dng quan trng nht l XY (Scatter). Bn thc hin 4 bc thit lp to biu nh sau: Bc 1: Chn kiu biu cn v- XY (Scatter). Sau n Next. Bc 2: Kim tra li d liu cn v. C hai ca s la chn: - Data Range: bn kim tra li vng d liu vo ng cha. Nu c s thay i th khai bo li trong Data Range (hnh 5.2a).
trn thanh Standard (hnh 1.4) hoc vo
41
- Series: Bn c th kim tra, sa tn ca biu , tn trc X,Y, thm, bt d liu (hnh 5.2b). Sau n phm Next.
Hnh 5.1: Bc th nht ca v biu
(a)
(b) Hnh 5.2: Bc th 2 ca v biu
42
Bc 3: Chn v sa cc thng s ca biu cn v, gm cc phn Titles, Axes, Gridlines, Legend, Data labels (hnh 5.3). Sau y ta i vo tng phn:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Hnh 5.3: Bc th 3 ca v biu - Titles: Bn vo tn ca biu , tn trc X,Y (hnh 5.3a). - Axes: Bt- tt gi tr trc X,Y(hnh 5.3b). - Gridlines: Bt- tt li gi tr ln (major), b (minor) ca trc X,Y. - Legend: Bt- tt ch dn v v tr ca n (hnh 5.3d). - Data labels: Chn None nu bn khng mun hin, chn Show value nu bn mun cho hin gi tr N30, chn Show label nu bn mun cho hin gi tr su (hnh 5.3e). Bc 4: L bc cui cng. Bn xc nh v tr ca biu chn ring mt sheet (As new sheet) hay trong mt sheet c sn (As object in- hnh 5.4). Nhn phm Finish kt thc cng vic, biu hin ra (hnh 5.5).
Hnh 5.4: Bc cui cng ca v biu
43

Chart Title Series
30 25
N30(SPT)
Gi tr N30
Plot area
21 15 16 10 5 6 23 24 20
Legent
22
20 15 10 5 0 0.0
3 9
Gi tr N30
Chart area
20.0 30.0
Value(Y) axis Title
10.0
Value(Y) axis
su(m)
Value(X) axis
Hnh 5.5: Biu c v xong v cc i tng ca n

2. Hiu chnh biu
Khi to xong mt biu , Excel cho php thay i nhng la chn c sn (thm hay bt mt s thnh phn) sao cho ph hp vi yu cu thc t ca bn. Sau khi to ra biu , nu xt v mt kiu dng, hnh dng v nhng yu t c bn xem nh t yu cu. Tuy vy, nhng yu t khc nh kch thc, mu sc, v tr, phng ch,... khng t nh mun. t c biu tng i hon chnh, bn cn phi thc hin thm mt s cc thao tc hiu chnh biu bng cc cng c hoc lnh n c sn. a. nh dng li cc i tng, thnh phn ca biu Bn c th nh dng li cc i tng to sn bn trong biu nh mu sc, ng nt, phng ch,... Ty i tng m c kiu nh dng khc nhau. Cc i tng chnh trong bn v m bn c th nh dng li c trnh by trong hnh 5.5. Yu cu bn xem li phn nh dng bng tnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Chn i tng trong biu (v d Chart area). Chn Format/Format Chart Area, hoc n phi chut, trong menu chn Format Chart Area, ca s nh dng hin ra (hnh 5.6). nh dng mu nn, khung bao quanh: Trong ca s Patterns, bn la chn mu nn v mu cc khung bao quanh (hnh 5.6a).
44
nh dng phng ch (nu i tng c vn bn): Trong ca s Font, bn la chn phng ch, kch c, kiu ch. Auto Scale l chc nng t iu chnh khi thay i kch thc (hnh 5.6b).
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.6: Ca s nh dng mt s i tng ca biu b. iu chnh v b sung mt s yu t trong biu dng XY Trong biu dng XY, chui Series (hnh 5.5) c coi l i tng quan trng v c b sung thm mt s cc yu t v nh dng v iu khin.
Hnh 5.7: Ca s nh dng chui d liu
45
Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Nhn kp vo k hiu Series trn biu , ca s Format Data Series hin ra (hnh 5.7). Trong Patterns, bn c hai la chn l Line v Marker. - Line: la chn loi v mu sc ng ni gia cc im (marker). Chc nng Smoothed line c tc dng lm cong cc ng ni. - Marker: la chn loi, mu sc, kch c cc im. Ngoi ra bn c th lm ni hn cc im trn biu bng chc nng Shadow. c. Xc nh phng trnh tng quan thc nghim Nh chng ta hc, c hai loi phng trnh tng quan dng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. T biu quan h nh trn, Excel cho php xc lp phng trnh tng quan, v ng hi quy v xc nh c h s tng quan Pearson R. V d: quan h gia h s nn ln a(cm2/kG) v m W (%) nh bng di:
W(%) a(cm2/kG)
18.3 0.011 18.9 0.013 19.6 0.018 20.2 0.021 22.3 0.022 24.6 0.026 28.3 0.031 30.2 0.033 33.4 0.036 36.3 0.041 39.3 0.046 41.2 0.049
Bn lp biu quan h gia hai i lng theo 4 bc nh trn. Sau khi v v chnh sa s liu xong, bn bm chut vo k hiu chui (lc tt c chuyn mu khc), bm phi chut v chn Add Trendline (hnh 5.8).
Hnh 5.8: Lp phng trnh tng quan

46
Khi , ca s cc loi phng trnh tng quan hin ra nh hnh 5.9a. C hai ca s la chn l Type v Options. Type: La chn phng trnh tng quan no bn nh. Excel lp sn cc phng trnh sau: - Linear: Phng trnh tuyn tnh, c dng y= ax+b - Logarithmic: Phng trnh logarit, c dng y= aLn(x)+b - Polynomial: Phng trnh bc n, c dng y= axn+bxn-1+...+kx+l. Trong , bn chn bc n trong Order. - Power: Phng trnh Lu tha, c dng y= bxa Trong v d ny, bn la chn trng hp Linear (hnh 5.9a). Options: Bao gm cc la chn di y: - Trendline name: Chn chui s liu (nu c nhiu tng quan) m bn nh lp phng trnh tng quan, mc nh l Automatic. - Forecast: m rng ng hi quy trn th v pha trc v pha sau. Chn 1 v 1. - Display equation on chart: Hin th phng trnh tng quan. - Display R-squared value on chart: Hin th gi tr bnh phng ca h s tng Pearson R2 (hnh 5.9b).
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.9: Phng trnh tng quan v cc thng s ca n

47
Kt qu th hin trn hnh 5.10. Tng t i vi cc phng trnh tng quan khc. Tuy nhin, khi cha xc nh c chnh xc quy lut ca chui d liu, bn th tng loi phng trnh khc nhau v nn chn trng hp no cho gi tr R2 no l ln nht.
Biu W- a
0.06
H s nn ln a(cm /kG)
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0 10 20
y = 0.0015x - 0.0124 R = 0.9749

2
a(cm2/kG) Linear (a(cm2/kG))
30
40
50
m W (%)
Hnh 5.10: Kt qu xy dng phng trnh tng quan d. Mt s hm lin quan phng php bnh phng b nht Khi lm vic vi cc i lng tng quan vi nhau, bn c th s dng mt s hm xc nh cc thng s ca mi tng quan.Vi mi tng quan tuyn tnh y = ax+b, bn c th s dng cc hm Intercept, Linest, Slope, Forecast. Cc hm c m t nh sau: C php hm
INTERCEPT(Known_ys , Known_xs) LINEST(known_y's, known_x's,const,stats)
M t
Tr v gi tr y khi x=0 (tc l y=b) bng cch dng mng gi tr x, y bit. Known_xs l mng c lp, Known_ys l mng ph thuc tng quan. C th ng nhp cc s trc tip. Tr v h s gc a ca kiu tng quan. Const l gi tr logical, nhm nh r c hay khng gi tr b. - Nu const l TRUE hoc b qua, b c tnh ton bnh thng. - Nu const l FALSE, b s c t l 0 phng trnh tr thnh y= ax.
SLOPE(known_y's,know Tr v h s gc a ca kiu tng quan. n_x's) PEARSON(array1,array 2) Tr v h s tng quan Pearson da trn cc gi tr cho. H s ny chnh l h s tng quan R trong l thuyt xc sut thng k.
48
R=
( x x ) ( y y) ( x x ) ( y y)
i i 2 i i
RSQ(known_y's,known_ Tr v bnh phng ca h s tng quan Pearson (R2) da trn cc gi tr x's) cho. FORECAST(x,known_y' s,known_x's) Ngoi suy gi tr y khi bit gi tr x theo ng tng quan y = ax+b.
Hnh 5.11: Cc hm v phng php bnh phng b nht
49
6: In bng tnh Sau khi hon thnh vic x l d liu, tnh ton v trang tr, bn c th tin hnh cc thao tc in n th hin cc kt qu trn giy in.
1. Thit lp cc thng s in
a. Kim tra v ci t my in My in thng c ci t trong Window, my in hin hnh c ci t trong Start\ Setting\Printers. Trc khi in, bn phi kim tra xem my in c ci t hay cha. Khi thc hin lnh in, my in v cu hnh ca n s c hin th trong mc Printer (hnh 6.3). Bn c th xem hoc thay i cu hnh my in trong phn Properties. b. nh dng giy in Chn File/Page Setup, ca s Page Setup hin ra (hnh 6.1). Ca s gm cc phn Page, Margins, Header/Footer, Sheet. Sau y ta lm vic vi tng phn. nh dng trang in: bn chn Page. C cc la chn sau: - Portrait - Paper size : chn giy ng. : chn c giy, thng chn A4- 297x210mm. - Landscape : chn giy ngang.
(a)
(b) Hnh 6.1: Ca s nh dng giy in
50
nh dng l in: bn chn Margins. Bn chn l tri, phi, trn, di ca trang giy (hnh 6.2a).
(a)
(b) Hnh 6.2: Ca s nh dng l v tiu in
Chn tiu u v tiu cui: bn chn Header/Footer. Tn tiu s hin ra, nu bn mun to ring th vo Custom...(hnh 6.2b). c. Xem trang trc khi in Trong qu trnh nh dng giy in, bn c th xem trc trang in trong phn Print Preview (hnh 6.1, 6.2) hoc chn File\Print Preview. Nn xem trc khi in phng sai lm.
2. Lnh in
Khi thit lp cc thng s in xong, bn thc hin in nh sau: Cch 1: Chn File\Print. Cch 2: Nhn phm Ctr+P. Ca s in s hin ra (hnh 6.3). Thng s my in s hin ra phn trn, bn c th thay i c. Bn cn khai bo s trang in trong Number of copies, mc nh l 1. Cui cng l la chn nhng trang in, t trang(From) ... n trang(To) ... hoc in tt c(All).
51
Hnh 6.3: Ca s lnh in
52

Bai Giang Excel

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Bai Giang Excel

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Phn II: ng dng tin hc

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Chng 1: Phn mm Excel

Hnh 1.1: Biu tng Excel

Hnh 1.2: Ca s Excel

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh 2. Ca s ng dng ca Excel

Hnh 1.4: Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar)

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 1.7: Hp thoi khi thot ra khi Excel

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Chn Mt sheet Hai hay nhiu sheet k nhau

3. Cc kiu d liu trong Excel

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Nh hn hoc bng Khc

- Ton t ni chui: Ton t & Tn Ni hai chui V d ="Hoa"&"hng" Kt qu Hoahng

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Cc a ch ct v hng s c gi nguyn khi cha cng thc c sao chp n v tr khc

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

hin. Nu bn khng mun b hnh vi th bm nt Redo c. Lp li hnh ng cui cng

(Menu\ Edit\Cut hoc Ctrl+X) nu bn mun di (Menu\ Edit\Copy hoc Ctrl+C) nu bn

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Bc 5: Bm nt Paste g phm Enter.

(Menu\ Edit\Paste hoc Ctrl+V) dn. Sau

Hnh 2.3: Danh sch in d liu t ng.

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 2.4: in d liu t ng.

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

- Bold Italic: ch m v nghing.

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

(b) Hnh 3.4: Cc kiu ch phn b trong

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 3.5: T ng vin (khung) ca

Hnh 3.6: Ca s t ng vin (khung) ca

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 3.8: Ca s nh dng s

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 3.9: Ca s nh dng Custom

B mn a cht cng trnh- Trng i hc M a cht

Mn hc: ng dng Tin hc trong a cht cng trnh

Hnh 3.10: Ca s lnh bo mt