Behavior and Design of Selected Elastomeric Bearing Pads

Leonard Tulin
Professor of Civil Engineering Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder. Colorado

I,

``

Alex Aswad
Staff Consultant Stanley Structures, Inc. Denver, Colorado

e general objective of this project was the determination of the behavior of elastomeric bearing pads under monotonic or cyclic compression, cyclic shear and rotation, or combinations of these loading conditions. Two types of bearing pads were tested, random oriented fiber (ROF) pads and Neoprene pads of AASHTO grade. A summary of the test reports supplied with these pads has been included in Appendix A. These pads are intended for general use under stemmed members or beams in the precast concrete industry. The scope of the project can best be defined by describing the parameters

which were considered pertinent: 1. A parameter, which has become an index in representing pad geometry, has been termed the Shape Factor. This quantity is related to the tendency ofthe pad to bulge laterally under compressive loading. Shape Factor; S =(L x W)1[2 (L + W)h The range for S was selected as 2.3 <S u 4.8. This limitation was established as being consistent with common geometries of pads used in actual practice. 2. The selection of the maximum compressive stress to which the pads would be subjected was based upon a compromise between current practice or usage and manufacturers claims or established specification limits. The current AASHTO specifications , limit compression stress on Neoprene pads to a maximum of 800 psi (5.52 MPa). The

Note: The random oriented fiber (ROF) bearing pads, known under the trade name MASTICORD, were supplied by JVI, Inc. It should be emphasized that the results of the tests on ROF pads apply only to this product. 16

level selected in the tests was raised slightly to 850 psi (5.86 MPa) to examine the practicality of the current limitation. While there are presently no published code criteria limiting the compressive stress on ROF pads, current usage in parking structures employs a maximum value of 1200 psi (8.27 MPa) under full code live loads, while recent industry , and manufacturers recommendationsallow a permissible value of 1500 psi (10.3 MPa). The value of 1300 psi (8.96 MPa) for the average compression stress in the shear tests was selected as a reasonable compromise. 3. Three types of deformation of the pad were considered significant. They correspond to shear, compression, and moment loadings as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, the tests were designed to produce such deformations either separately or in combination. Shear deformations of the order of fi 0.70h and rotations, 8 0.03 radians, are recommended values suggested by designers and industry specialists. The probability of reaching all the maximum strains simultaneously is generally quite small in an actual precast concrete structure. In normal building structures, S is usually much smaller as shown in the design example. 4. Creep, aging, or similar long-term effects were not covered in the first phase of the investigation. Limited testing on these effects was done at the end of the program (second phase). Laboratory temperature during the tests varied approximately from 65 to 75F (18 to 24C). For simplicity, the nominal unloaded pad dimensions were used in stress calculations.

Synopsis
Random oriented fiber (ROF) and Neoprene bearing pads were subjected to cyclic compression and shear loading in an effort to determine their characteristics when used as bearing pads for precast concrete parking decks and building structures. The cyclic test program included specimens in the thickness range from 1/a to 1/2 in. (6.3 to 12.7 mm). These specimens were subjected to compressive stress normal to the pad, with both parallel and nonparallel platens, and were cycled up to 5500 times to a maximum shear strain of 70 percent. Apparent shear moduli and coefficients of lateral resistance were determined for these specimens. From the test results, conclusions are drawn and design recommendations are offered. A suggested design procedure, together with a fully worked design example of a precast prestressed parking roof structure, are given.

CYCLIC SHEAR TESTS WITH SIMULTANEOUS COMPRESSION

Load actuators and reaction frames for the cyclic direct shear apparatus are shown schematically in Fig. 2. In addiPCI JOURNAL+May-June 1987

tion, Fig. 3a is an actual photograph of the test equipment. The vertical actuator has a capacity of 220 kips (979 kN), while the horizontal actuator has a capacity of 35 kips (156 kN). Both actuators can be operated in load or displacement control by programming an MTS controller through an IBM -PC microcomputer. The top platen was an 8 in. (204 mm) square concrete member, 3 in. (76 mm) thick, faced with a % in. (9.5 mm) thick steel plate. There were two bottom platens. In Series I, the platen was an 8 x 8 x 3 in. (203 x 203 x 76 mm) concrete block with a wood float surface finish. In Series II, the platen was an8x8x3 in. (203x203x 76 mm) concrete block with a double 3

F5

FC

^M

h I

1
^ E E

TTh
(c)

(o)

(b)

Fig, 1, Three types of deformation corresponding to (a) shear, (b) compression and (c) rotation

L!i1
NORMAL LOAD REACTION FRAME NORMAL LOAD ACTUATOR .LOAD CELL

SPECIMEN LOAD CELL

TOP SUPPORT PLATE SPECIMEN REACTION FRAM E

HORIZ. LOAD ACTUATOR HORIZ. LOAD REACTfON F RA M E

ii
ri

'

iBOTTOM ROLLER SUPPORT SYSTEM

i ;

l ."STRUCTURAL FLOOR ;

ii

Fig. 2. Cyclic direct shear apparatus (side view schematic).

percent slope on the top surface, which was roughened by acid etching (see Fig. 3b). The pads were not fixed by gluing or any other method to the upper or lower platens. All platens were cleaned after each testing cycle using a steel brush and/or a fluted carhorundum stone. The pad specimens were placed between the top and bottom platens and subjected to a predetermined compressive load level in the vertical direction, while cyclic shear displacements equal 18

to 70 percent of the pad thickness were applied horizontally. While some pilot tests were run at full cyclic strains, i.e., displacements between +S and b, the actual tests were operated at half-cycle shear strains (pad displacement between + S and 0). The rates of load cycling varied among the various tests and are indicated on each test report. As time progressed and more familiarity was developed with the response of the pads, the rate was increased to a

Fig. 3a. Close-up view of platens and shear box.

ACID ETCHED SURFACE

PAD 3%

M ^X

X_r^1 X

MESHESH

S HEAR DISPL,

SECTION C-C

Fig. 3b. Bottom concrete platen with sloping face.

maximum of about 1000 cycles per hour for the % in. (9.5 mm) thickness and to 1400 cycles per hour for the ' in, (6.3 mm) thickness. Some of the tests lasted about 4 hours. No noticeable temperature rise was observed in any of the tests. There were two types of specimens as shown below: (a) EOF pads made of random fibers embedded in an elastomeric matrix.
PCI JOURNALIMay-June 1987

(b) AASHTO grade Neoprene pads. The results of the tests are shown in the related force-displacement curves, and the information is summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Copies of the full set of curves may be obtained from the manufacturer. These curves were recorded in slow motion at the beginning, half-way through, and at the end of the test. The displacement shown on the graphs measures the lower platen movement. Two typical load-displacement curves
19

from Test Series II are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The Iower platen had the 3 percent slope. Typical values for the apparent shear modulus, G, and the coefficient of lateral resistance, (defined as the ratio of the shear to compressive stresses on the pad), are listed in Table 3 for selected sizes and shear strains. All of the specimens, except Pad A5, were smaller than the 8 x 8 in. (203 x 203 mm) platens.

All listed or calculated stresses are based on the nominal dimensions. The difference between actual and nominal thicknesses are not significant.

MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC COMPRESSION

The MTS servo-controlled mechanical-hydraulic loading frame has upper and lower smooth platens which are 8

Table 1. Summary of test information on cyclic shear of ROF pads. Total test Maxi- duraCompressive mum tion stress No. of (min(psi) cycles utes) 1300, constant 700, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 700, constant 1304, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1300, constant 1019 490 840 338 570 600 781 183 430 580 4033 470 60 60 100 105 100 105 60 75 105 105 245 61. 62 63 240 Two pads on p laten Two pads on platen Two pads on p late n Two pads on pl aten Two pads on platen

Type of tests I. Cyclic shear with compression; flat parallel platens

Pad label Al Al A2 A2 A3 A4 A4 A5 A6 A6 A7 S1 S2

Pad size (in.) 4x4x% 4x4x% 5x5x% 5x5x% 4x4x ya 4x6x t/a 4x6x 8x8x a 3Y2x4x% 3 6x4x% 3%x4x% 6x6x% 5x5x5a 3Y2x4x% 3V2x4x'/o

Shape factor 2.66 2.66 3.33 3.33 4.00 4.80 4,80 4.00 2.49 2.49 2.49 4.00 2.50 2.49 3.73

Ge neral remarks

393
1024 5543

11. Cyclic shear with compression; nonparallel platens

EL E5

Votes: 1 psi 0.00689 MPa; 1 in. = 25.4 mm,

Top platen was flat and steel lined. Bottom platen had a wood float finish when flat, or acid etched surface and a double 3 percent slope otherwise. 20

Table 2. Summary of test information on AASHTO grade Neoprene pads. Total

test

Type of tests 1. Cyclic shear with compression; flat parallel platens

Pact label NA2

Pad size (in.) 5x5x%

Shape actor 3.33

Compressive stress (psi) 850, constant

duramum tion No. of (mincycles utes)

Maixi-

G eneral remarks Lar ge side bulging, disappears at load removal Large side bulging, disappears at load removal Top face expanded permanently VA in. with respect to bottom (two pads on platen)

540

62

NA6

3 r/ax4x%

2.49

850, constant

520

65

1I. Cyclic shear with compression; nonparallel platens

NE4

3Yzx4x%

2.49

850, constant

4249

240

Notes: 1 psi 0.00689 MP'; lie. = 25.4 mm.

Top platen was flat and steel lined. Bottom platen had a wood float f i nish when flat, or acid etched surface and a double 3 percent slope otherwise.

in. (203 mm) in diameter. The actuator has a 110 kip (489 kN) capacity and can be operated in either force or displacement mode controlled by an IBM-PC. There were three types of tests conducted on the MTS loading frame (see summary in Table 4 and Fig. 4): (a) Monotonic compression on ROF and Neoprene pads: In these tests the 8 x 8 x 3 in. (203 x 203 x 76 mm) concrete platen with a flat top was placed over the 8 in. (203 mm) diameter machine platen and served as the lower platen for the pad. Then a steel plate equal in size to the pad was placed over it before compressive stresses were applied, except for Pads C44 and C45, where the upper machine platen was in direct contact with the pad. The objective was to observe the stress-strain curve for various stress levels. (b) Cyclic compression on ROF Pad 81: In this test the machine platens were in direct contact with the pad. The compressive stress varied with a minimum of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) to a maxiPCI JOURNALMay-June 1987

Fig. 4. MTS vertical loading frame controlled by an IBM-PC.

21

Table 3. Selected values for apparent shear modulus, G, and lateral resistance coefficient, ". Cornpressive stress (psi) 1300 1300 1.300 1300
700

Pad type I. Parallel platens (zero ROF ROF ROF ROF ROF ROF U. Nonparallel platens (3 ROF ROF Neo-

Pad designation A3 (4x4x'/4 in,) A6 (3Ys x4x % in.) S1(6x6x%in.) A5 (8x8x in.) Al (4x4x%in.) A4 (4x6x' in.)

Shape factor 4 2.49 4 4 2.66 4,80 2.49 3.73 2.49

shear strain (percent) 35 70 35 70 35 70 35 70 35 70 35 65 35 70 35 70 35 70

Shear Coeffimodulus cient (psi) 464 390 469 383 452 385 402 328 357 321 345 320 388 344 423 362 224 219 0.125 0.210 0.126 0.206 0.122 0.207 0.108 0.177 0.178 0.321 0.173 0.298 0.104 0.185 0.114 0.195 0.092 0.181

percent slope)

700 1300 1300 850

El (3x4x% in.) E5 (3 1/2x4x 1/a in.)

NE4 (3

percent slope)

x4 x% in.)

prene

' The coefficient is defined as the ratio otthe shear to compressive stresses on the pad. Note: 1 psi = 0.00689 MPa; 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

mum of 1500 psi (10.3 MPa). The cyclic duration was 1 second. (c) Cyclic concentrated bearing on ROF pads: In Test D2, a5 x 5 x % (127 x 127 x 9.5 mm) pad, the machine platen served as the lower platen, and a 4 x 5 in. (102 x 127 mm) steel plate was centered over the pad. In Test D3, a 4 x 4 x 1/4 in. (102 x 102 x 6.3 mm) pad, the 8 x 8 in. (203 x 203 mm) concrete platen was used as the bottom platen, and a 3 x 4 in. (76 x 102 mm) steel plate was placed over the pad. Compressive stresses were applied in a cyclic fashion between a minimum of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) and a maximum of 1500 psi (10.3 MPa) over the 4 x 5 in. (102 x 127 mm) or 3 x 4 in. (76 x 102 mm) plates, respectively. The cycle duration was 1 second. 22

The results of the tests are summarized in Table 4. The curves were recorded in slow motion (over 6 minutes plus or minus) and, in the case of cyclic compression, were recorded before and after the tests. Two stress-strain curves are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Typical values for the compression strain from the monotonic tests are listed in Table 5.

SLOW MOTION SHEAR TESTS WITH SIMULTANEOUS COMPRESSION OF ROF PADS

The testing equipment and setup were the same as those described earlier for the horizontal cyclic shear tests. The

Table 4. Summary of information on compression tests for FtOF and Neoprene pads.

CornType of tests T. Monotonic compression on ROF pads

Maxi-

Pad label C11

(in.)
3x4x'/a

Pad size

Shape factor 3.43

pressive stress (psi) 8620 max.

No, of duration cycles (minutes) 1 6

mum Total test General remarks Bottom: moderate abrasion at maximum load
Bottom: moderate

C33

3x4x%

2.29

8.500 max.

splitting at maximum load

C33 C44

3x4x + 2.29
4x4x 4.00

2500 max. 3300 max.

1 1

6 4

No sign of damage No signs of cracking, splitting, or delamination No signs of cracking, splitting or delamination

C45

5x5x%

3.33

3300 max.

compression on ROF pads concentrated bearing on ROF pads

IIL Cyclic

II. Cyclic

gl

5x5x%

3.33

1000 min. 1500 inax. 1000 min. 1500 max. 1000 min. 1504) max. 3800 max,

1000

17 Top platen: 4x5 in.

D2

5x5x% 4x4x'

3.33 2,96* 4.00 3.43*

3600 1000

60 17

steel plate steel plate

D3

Top platen: 3x4 in.

IV. Monotonic compression NC2 5x5x% 3.33 on Neoprene

* If portion outside of covered bearing neglected. Notes: 1 psi 0.00689 MPa; 1 in. = 25,4 mm, Top and bottom platens were parallel.

bottom platen had the 3 percent double slope with a roughened acid etched surface as shown in Fig. 3h. A single, constant compressive stress level of 1050 psi (7.2 MPa) was used, The maximum shear displacement was set at 0.70h. Two different pairs of pads were tested. In the first test 4 x 3 x 1/4 in. (102 x 89 x 6.3 mm) pads were used while the second test used 4 x 3 1/2 x % in. (102 x 89 x 9.5 mm) pads. Both tests were run at a rate of 4 hours per cycle first, followed by three relatively fast cycles at the rate of 1 minute per cycle.
PCI JOURNAL, May-June 1987

The load-displacement curves from the second test are shown in Fig. 9. The dashed curve is for the slow motion rate.

FAST CYCLING IN SHEAR WITH SIMULTANEOUS COMPRESSION OF PREOZONIZED ROF PADS

Testing proceeded in the same manner described earlier using the double sloped platen of Fig. 3b, Before the mechanical testing, the pads underwent ac23

LOADfKIPS)

Fig. 5. Cyclic shear with compression of 1300 psi (3 percent slope on bottom platen).

LOADIKIPS)

TEST #3 4/2/25 TWO NEOPRENE 3.5x4 x3/8 NE4 DISP =0.262 IN. P=850 PSI CYCLES 4245-4249

DISPLACEMENT (IN.)

Fig. 6. Cyclic shear with compression of 850 psi (3 percent slope on bottom platen).

24

aU) U)

STRAIN IIN./IN.)

Fig. 7. Monotonic compression test for ROF pad (S = 2.29).

-2 U) a

U)2
U)

I
STRAIN IIN. /IN.)

Fig. 8. Monotonic compression test for Neoprene pad (S = 3.33).

PCI JOURNALIMay-June 1987

25

Table 5. Selected values for compression strains. pressive stress

(psi) 1200 2000 1200 2000 1200 2000 1000 1200 Corn-

Pad designation
I. Monotonic C11 (3x4x' in.) C33 (3x4x% in.) C33 (3x4x% in.) II. Cyclic BI (5x5x% in.)

Pad type
ROF ROF ROF

Shape

factor
3.43 2.29 2.29

platen
3x4 in.,

Top

Bottom platen 8x8 in., concrete 8x8 in., concrete 8x8 in., concrete

pressive strain
(percent) 16 21 22 29 26 36 Before and 19-20 22.5-23.5 after the Remarks

Com-

steel 3x4 in., steel

3x4 in.,

steel

ROF

3.33

8 in. dia., K in. dia.. steel steel

cyclic test

concentrated hearing

I 11. Cyclic with ROF 3.33 2.96* 4x5 in.,

1)2 (5 x 5 x % in.) IV. Monotonic

Compression on Neoprene

steel

8 in. dia.,

steel

1000

1200

18.5-21.5

22-25

Before and after the cyclic test

NC2 (5x5x% in.)

Neo- 3.33 prene

5x5 in.,

steel

8x8 in.,

concrete

600

800

1000 if portion outside of covered bearing is neglected. Top and bottom plates were parallel. Note: I psi = 0.00689 \1Pa; 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

16 21 27

celerated aging in an ozone chamber at an Ohio laboratory. In this exposure, the pads were placed flat for 96 hours in the chamber at an ozone concentration of 25 pphm (parts per hundred million). Then they were sent to the University of Colorado for mechanical testing. The compressive stress was a constant 130() psi (9 MPa) and the maximum shear displacement was 0.70h. Two pairs of pads were used; 1/4 and % in, (6.3 and 9.5 mm) thick, both 4 x 3 t/z in. (102 x 89 mm) in plan. Each of the tests lasted 2 hours, and the pads were cycled approximately 2900 times in shear from zero to maximum displacement, then back to zero. Load-displacement curves from the second test are shown in Fig. 10, 26

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Random oriented fiber (ROF) pads were subjected to fast cycles of loading. The behavior of these pads under the tabulated average stresses and uisplacements showed full rebound and no apparent stiffness deterioration at the end of the cycle sequence when the force-displacement curves were compared. Some minor surface abrasion was apparent at the end of the tests, especially at the face in contact with the rough concrete platens. Pads C11 and C33, however, exhibited moderate abrasion and splitting at the lower faces when the maximum compressive stress

LOAD(KIPS) - 6-r-

SHEAR FORCE VS. SHEA 4 DISPLACEMENT 5/25/85 TWO PAD E9 ROF 3,5x4x3/8; P = 1050 PSI 2 IMIN2 /CYCLE 4 HOUR CYCLE -- 1/2 CYCLE,

OT10N

^!

Dlt

-4

-'61

Fig. 9. Cyclic shear with compression of 1050 psi (slow motion and fast cycling of ROF pads).
LOA DIKIPS) I_PS

SHEAR FORCE VS. SHEAR DISPLACEMENT 6/28/85 3.5x4 x 3/8 PRE-OZONIZED PADS TWO PAD R113-R114 6 HALF CYCLES COMPLETED 4 CYCLES 2910-2916 ; P = 1 304 PS I
2
DISPLACEMENT IIN.) .30 '.25 '20 '.w5 - 10 -.05

-2

-6

-B

Fig. 10. Cyclic shear with compression of preozonized ROF pads.

of 8500 psi (59 MPa) was reached. This and the coefficient of lateral resistance, was to be expected since the stress level p, appear to be a function of the cornwas several times greater than the nor- pressive stress, the shear strain, and the platen slope. However, they are not senmal range of 1500 psi (10.3 MPa). (a) The apparent shear modulus, G, sitive to the shape factor within the test
PCI JOURNALrMay-June 1987 27

program range (2.49 < S -_ 4.80). For a' and is also more in line with the findings in. (6.3 mm) or % in. (9.5 mm) thick pad of Ref. 3. subjected to compressive stress of 1300 3. The results of the preozonized, ranpsi (9 MPa), the average values (at 70 dom oriented fiber 1/4 in. (6.3 mm) pads percent shear strain and 3 percent slope) showed surface abrasion only and about are G = 350 psi (2.4 MPa) and = 0.19. in. (3 mm) permanent expansion on It is a known fact that these figures deone side of the pad. The calculated pend on the platen roughness and shear shear modulus G values are 14 percent displacement rate. Because of the greater than in the nonozonized case. visco-elastic behavior of elastomers, The - in. (9.5 mm) pads showed modervery slow rates can result in much lower ate abrasion, residue, and some tear at shear moduli and lateral resistance co- one corner of the pad (the high end efficients. during the tests), In comparing Fig. 10 (h) The compressive strain in the with the test result on Pad El (Table 3), monotonic or cyclic tests was highly it may be observed that G and A. insensitive to the shape factor and roughcreased by about 16 percent. Otherwise, ness of the lower platen. A typical value the general functioning of the pads did for this strain for a pad with a shape facnot seem to be affected, tor, S 3.43, tested against a concrete 4. AASHTO grade Neoprene pads platen under a compressive stress of were also subjected to fast cycles of 1200 psi (8.3 MPa) was 16 percent. loading with a steel upper platen and a 2. ROF pads were also subjected to concrete lower platen. These pads genslow motion shear tests. The purpose of erally showed satisfactory behavior these tests was to simulate the behavior under the given stresses and displaceunder a double tee leg in a parking deck ments without any stiffness deterioraroof. These roofs are subject to a daily tion in shear. Only insignificant surface temperature gradient cycle which could scratching was noticeable at the end of easily reach a 45F (25C) differential on the tests with full rebound except for the a hot day and cause a horizontal pad dis- two specimens (Pad NE4) which were placement of 0.12 in. (3 mm) over a 6subjected to nonuniform hearing, an hour period. The actual equivalent rate average stress of 850 psi (5.9 MPa) and would be about 0.02 in. per hour (0.5 4249 cycles of shear displacement. The mm per hour) or 9 to 13 times slower permanent expansion or set of the top than the test rates. The tests showed that surface, however, was about 4 1s in. (3 the coefficient, p, decreases by 47 to 60 mni), which is considered minor. percent when the rate was reduced from (a) The average value for the shear I minute per cycle to 4 hnurs per cycle. modulus, G, was approximately 200 psi For a compression stress of 105(} psi (7.2 (1.5 MPa) while the lateral resistance coefficient, N., was approximately 0.18 at MPa) and a shear strain of 0.70, p. equals 0.095 for the in. (6.3 mm) pad, and 70 percent shear strain, 3 percent slope, equals 0.082 for the % in. (9.5 mm) pad. and 850 psi (5.9 MPa) compressive It would, therefore, be safe to assume a stress. coefficient of lateral resistance of no (b) The compressive strain corremore than 10 percent for these stress sponding to a shape factor of 3.33 varied and strain levels when the shear deforlinearly from 16 to 27 percent when the mation is due to a very slow motion, stress changed from 600 to 1000 psi (4.1 such as temperature gradient effect or to 6.9 MPa). (c) The lateral bulging under comcreep and shrinkage. It is worthy of note that this value is half the commonly pressive stresses, however, was signifiused figure of 20 percent, which has cantly greater than for the ROF pads. Under compressive stresses of 1000 psi been used by the precasting industry 28

(6.9 MPa), the bulging reached 0.53 in. (13 mm) each side of the specimen over a concrete platen while under 1200 psi (8.3 MPa) it was about 0.75 in. (19 mm). Its vertical deformation was also substantially greater for steel platens (about 50 percent more). 5. This series of tests confirms that the PCI recommendations (Section 6.5.8, Ref. 2) for allowable average compressive stress in random fiber reinforced elastomeric pads are well justified. The recommendations, however, stipulate a maximum rotation limit, 0 < 0. 3t /(b or w), unless testing is done. The tests clearly demonstrated that this rotation limit can be waived provided d _- 0.03 radians. For commonly used ROF pads with a shape factor, S, ranging from 2.66 to 4.80. PCI's allowable average stresses would he 1266 to 1480 psi (8.7 to 10.2 MPa), respectively, based on 1000 + 100 S. Most stemmed slabs and beams in parking or office structures would have average service load stresses falling in that range unless heavy loads are specific (libraries, plaza decks with planters, etc.). Occasional heavy loads, such as parking decks whose access by fire trucks is physically possible, may still he accommodated using ROF pads with a spreader plate. The tests have shown that a rare overstress of 2500 psi (17.2 MPa) is acceptable and would not cause permanent damage. 6. The tests also indicate that PCI's maximum stress recommendation for AASHTO grade, unreinforced chloroprene (Neoprene) pads is conservative for shape factors, S, less than 3.33. The authors would recommend instead an allowable average pressure of 800 psi (5.5 MPa) for all pads with a shape factor of S _- 2.5. The rotation limit 8 c 0.3t1(h or w) is also waived for the same reason mentioned in Conclusion 5 provided it does not exceed 0 = 0.03 radians. 7. An accurate analysis of member deformations due to creep, shrinkage
PCI JOURNALiiMay-June 1987

and relaxation is warranted for non enclosed decks subject to temperature gradients or for long span roofs using lightweight aggregates. In such an analysis, the end rotation effects on the pad displacement should be considered concurrently with axial shortening ofthe member. The design example using a 60 ft (18.3 m) long parking roof made of concrete with a unit weight of 118 pcf (18.6 kN/m y) shows that a typical '/a in. (6.3 mm) thick ROF pad will handle the imposed volume change deformations, including the expected temperature gradient. 8. If the concrete bearing surface supporting a stemmed member is substantially uneven due to air bubbles floating to the top, a % in, (9.5 mm) thick pad is recommended instead of the 1/4 in. (6.3 mm) thick minimum for most floor or roof members. 9. The design engineer is urged to check with the manufacturers of ROF pads on the consistency and uniformity of the product as part of the normal quality assurance program. The tensile strength of ROF products is relatively low and a consistent low fiber percentage may lead to premature tears.

FURTHER RESEARCH
Further research is needed in the following areas: 1. Development of standard test methods for the quality assurance of elastomeric bearing pads used in building construction. 2. Development of guidelines for posterection rotation and displacement values of pretensioned members, including composite floors and noncomposite roofs over the whole range of practical spans. 3. Development of recommended tolerances for the supporting member's surface and dimensional tolerances for the pad itself.
29

DESIGN PROCEDURE
The following procedure is offered as a recommended guideline in the design of bearing pads in precast concrete structures when the shape factor is within the range 2.5 -- S -- 4.80 and the rotation change, 0, is Iess than 0.03 radians: 1. Evaluate the volume changes and end rotations in the precast concrete member using a rational design method such as described in Ref 5. 2. Calculate the pad displacement due to combined member shortening and end rotation. These two effects may he additive when the camber tends to grow with time. Estimate the thermal gradient effects, if any, using Ref. 4, or similar methods. 3. Compute the maximum or daily displacement, fi. 4. Select the minimum pad thickness h _- fi/0.70 but not less than r/4 in. (6.35 mm) for double tee pads anda in. (9.53 mm) for beams. Refer to Conclusion 8 for uneven bearing surfaces. 5. Select a minimum bearing area greater than Reaction11300 psi for ROF pads and greater than Reaction1800 psi for Neoprene pads. Round off dimensions to the nearest practical sizes. Use a steel shim when the pad is larger than the member width.

DESIGN EXAMPLE - DEFORMATION PREDICTION OF A PARKING ROOF PAD

Assume a typical 60 ft (18.3 m) simple span, composite double tee deck consisting of a 10 ft (3.05 m) wide x 24 in. (610 mm) deep precast, lightweight section with 3 in. (76 mm) thick deck as shown in Fig. 11. The concrete unit weight is 118 pcf (18.5 kNIm 3 ) in the precast member and 150 pcf (23.6 kN/m') in the topping. Young's modulus of elasticity at release is assumed to he equal to 2024 ksi (19,350 MPa) and the maximum shrinkage strain is set at 0.00096. Concrete creep and aging follow the AC! 209 recommendations. The pertinent data on section properties, loads and prestressing strands are listed in Fig. 11(c). Using the type of analysis suggested in Ref. 4, the rotations and displacements shown below are obtained. To estimate the temperature effects, assume that the members were erected at 60F (16C) and that the temperature

Parameter Difference in end rotation between erection and final rotation (at 10 years) Half-span shortening Displacement due to end rotation change Instantaneous end rotation under a realistic 18 psf passenger car loading Displacement change due to 8 3
H3 =

Rotation
Ht -

Displacement

a, = 0.0139 radians 8, = -0.290 in.

8, = 0.0139 (21.13)

= 0.294 in.

0.0021 radians
Fi, =

0.0021 (21.13) = 0.045 in.

30

C-) 3"C.I.P. DECK (STONE} 0 C 7) Z

r
D DC

127"

Y bq 21.13"

AT ERECTION TIME 125 F COMPOSITE LIGHT WEIGHT PRECAST MEMBER I 6OF 80F

C.G. SECTION

CD

L.

120"

(o) ROOF CROSS SECTION

b) TEMPERATURE PROFILE

(c) PRECAST PROPERTIES, LOADING AND STRANDS:

iy

A= 498IN, 2 ; 5 5 -1470IN. 3 ;I=25T17IN

DEAD LOAD OF DOUBLE TEE =0.408 k/FT. TOPPING LOAD 0.375 k/FT. ; MAX. REACTION PER LEG=17745 LBS. STRANDS: 1. 12^- 1/2 IN. DIA. LOW-RELAXATION GRADE 270,

i1

52 PAD JACKED TO 070fpu AT ERECTION S4

el ^- O.O 190

ECCENTRICITY AT MIDSPAN = 14.24 IN.

ECCENTRICITY AT ENDS = 7.49 IN_

(d) PAD DEFORMATIONS

Fig. 11. Roof cross section, temperature profile and pad deformations.

profile on a hot summer day is as shown in Fig. 11(b). Then, using standard methods of mechanics and Ref. 5, the following values are derived for a 45F (25C) gradient: End rotation change over 5 hours ..... ..................0, = 0.007 radians Net displacement at leg bottom due to temperature increase and gradient .... ............. 84 = 0.095 in. (2.4 mm) In conclusion, it appears that the net effect of creep and shrinkage (8 2 + 6,) is almost zero in this case while the daily summer temperature swing emerges as the dominant effect with a displacement of about 0.10 in. (2.5 mm). Due to variations in material properties, a value 61 0.12 in. (3 mm) should be considered for daily cycling. The displacement 8;, under an 18 psf (0.86 kN/m 2) live load is opposite to rS. but much smaller in magn itude. The design engineer should be aware that the net effect of creep and shrinkage could be much higher if the tees were highly prestressed either because of lower or no allowable bottom tension or due to unusually large live loads. The service load reaction per stein is calculated and shown in Fig. 11(e) as 17,745 lbs (78.9 kN) based on 40 psf (f.9 kN/m-) live load. Assuming an allowable stress of 800 psi (5.86 MPa) for an AASHTO grade Neoprene pad, the required bearing area would he: 17,7451800 = 22.2 in. 2 (14323 mrn2) Use a S x 5 in. (127 x 127 mm) pad since the stem width is 4.75 in. (121 mm). Shape factor: For a 1/4 in. (6.3 mm) pad, S = 5.0 For a % in. (9.5 mm) pad, S = 3.3 Thickness selection: The allowable shear displacement for a 1/4 in, (6.3 mm) pad is 0.70 x 0.25 = 0.175 in. (4.5 mm), which is greater than the calculated value of 0.12 in. (3 mm). Therefore, it may be used in this case, unless the

bearing surface is significantly uneven. In the presence of extreme roughness, a % in. (10 mm) thick pad would be recommended. Rotation check: The calculations indicate a rotation B less than 0.03 radians at all times. Conclusion: Use a 5 x 5 x'/a in. (127 x 127 x 6.3 mm) pad. An ROF type pad may also be used in the place of Neoprene since its allowable compression stress is 1300 psi (9 MPa) from the test, or: 1000 + 1005 1500 psi (I0 MPa) by Ref. 2. Note that if the precast tee were made of normal weight concrete and had a narrow stem, an ROF pad may be the only feasible solution.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The tests described in this paper were performed in 1985 at the University of Colorado in Boulder for the Colorado Prestressers Association under an original agreement with Stanley Structures, Inc. The principal investigator was Professor Leonard G. Tulin, Ph.D., P.E. The laboratory technician was Eric Stauffer. Special thanks are due to F. J. Jacques of Stanley Structures and Paul Mack of Rocky Mountain Prestress for their helpful comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by JVI, Inc. and member companies of the Colorado Prestressers Association, namely Stanley Structures, Inc., Rocky Mountain Prestress and Stresscon Corporation. A report containing detailed descriptions and log sheets is available to principal investigators as Appendix B from JVI, Inc., 7315 North Monticello, Skokie, Illinois 60076. Telephone: 312/ 675-1560.

32

REFERENCES
1. Standard Specifications for Highway Illinois, 1985, I11 pp. Bridges, Thirteenth Edition, American 4, Aswad, A., "Rational Deformation PredicAssociation of State Highway and Transtion of Prestressed Members," Deflections portation Officials, Washington, D.C., of Concrete Members, Special Publication 1983. SP-86, American Concrete Institute, De2. PCI Design Handbook Precast and Pre- troit, Michigan, 1985, pp. 263-282. stressed Concrete, Third Edition, 1985, 5. ACI Committee 435, "State-of-the-Art Report on Temperature-Induced Deflections Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, of Reinforced Concrete Members," DeIllinois. flections of Concrete Members, Special 3. Iverson, James K., and Pfeifer, Donald W., Publication SP-86, American Concrete In"Criteria for Design of Bearing Pads," stitute, Detroit, Michigan, 1985, pp. 1-14. Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago,

NOTE: Discussion of this paper is invited. Please submit

your comments to PCI Headquarters by February 1, 1988.
PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1987 33

APPENDIX A - SUMMARY OF MATERIAL TEST REPORTS

1. Random oriented fiber (ROF) pads (supplied by JVI Inc.)
Hardness, Shore A: 76 to 78 Maximum compression: 10,200 to 11,200 psi Tensile strength, ASTM D412 (Die C): 1053 to 1297 psi Elongation: 64 to 139 percent Tear strength, ASTM D624 (Die B): 385 to 462 lbs/in. Heat aging, ASTM D573: a. Change in tensile strength: 3 to 18 percent b. Change in elongation: 4.5 to 17 percent c. Change in hardness: +1 to 2 pts Oil swell, ASTM D471: 37 to 56 percent Shear modulus: Constant in all directions parallel to the bearing plane (for a given shear strain).

2. AASHTO grade Neoprene pads (supplied by Scougal Rubber)

Hardness: 62 Compression set, ASTM D395 (Method B): 19 Tensile strength, ASTM D412: 3281 psi Elongation at break, ASTM D412: 460 percent Tear strength, ASTM D624 (Die C): 321 lbs/in. Heat aging, ASTM D573, 70 hrs/212F: a. Change in tensile strength: 1.08 percent b. Change in elongation: 5.4 percent c. Change in hardness: +3 pts. Ozone test, ASTM D-1149 (100 hrs at 100 pphm, 20 percent strain): pass
Note: I psi = O.()689 4MPa; 110. = 25.4 mm; 1 lb 4.448 N.

34

APPENDIX B -- NOTATION
G = apparent secant shear modulus h = pad nominal thickness L = length of pad W = width of pad S = shape factor, ratio of the bearing area to lateral (unconfined) surface of the pad
8 8 C. = uniform vertical N = pad rotation

= horizontal pad displacement pad displacement

E.c = coefficient of lateral resistance, defined as the ratio of the shear to the compressive stresses on the pact

PCI JOURNALYMay-June 1987

35