Iniyan Cafaso

XI B

Chemistry Project

1. Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to remove grease and dirt. 2. There are two type of cleansing agents : a) Soaps

b) Detergents 3. Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids that contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule. 4. Soaps are cleansing agents made from animal fats or vegetable oil by saponification. Soap is a salt of a compound known as a fatty acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid group on one end which is ionic bonded to a metal ion, usually a sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and is soluble in nonpolar substances (such as fats and oils), and the ionic end (the salt of a carboxylic acid) is soluble in water. The structure of a soap molecule is represented below:

Non-polar hydrocarbon chain ionic end. (Soluble in nonpolar substances) (Soluble in water)

The history of soap manufacturing

Soaps can be prepared through saponification.

therefore,

general equation,

What is fat?

What happen to the fat during saponification?

Preparation of soap by saponification

Procedure
1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm -3 measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured in the beaker. 3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. [white precipitate is formed and floats]. 5. The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water. Example-->

Soap Sodium palmitate Sodium stearate Sodium oleat

Chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COONa CH3(CH2)16COONa CH3(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)COOK

Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder

than sodium.

Soaps And Detergent As Cleansing Agents

Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. - Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.

The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. - Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.

The effectiveness of Soaps

Advantages of soaps 1. Soaps are effective cleansing agents in soft water, that is water does not contain Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. 2. Soaps do not cause pollution problems to the environment. This is because soaps are made from chemical found in animals and plants. This means that soaps are biodegradable, that is they can be composed by the action of bacteria.

Disadvantages of soaps 1. Soaps are ineffective in hard water, that is, water that contains magnesium and calcium salts. 2. In hard water, soaps will react with Mg2+ and thus, soaps do not lather in hard water. 3. Scum is grey solid that is insoluble in water. It consists of magnesium stearate and calcium stearate. 4. Soaps are not also effective in acidic water, for example rainwater containing dissolves acids. H+ ions from acids will react with soap ions to produce carboxylic acids molecular size that are insoluble in water. 5. Stearic acids and other carboxylic acids do not act as cleansing agents because they exist mainly as molecules and do not anionic hydrophilic ends (head) that dissolves in water.

DETERGENT

DETERGENT - DEFINITION

detergent also cleaning agents Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.

Molecular structure of Detergent

they are generally refered as non soap cleaning chemicals

Types Of Detergent

chemically a detergent is a sodium salt of sulponic acid with structure as shown below a) sodium alkyl sulphate (anionic detergent)

b) sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate (anionic detergent)

the alkyl chain also has from 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule Example: a) sodium 4-dodecylbenzene sulphonate CH3(CH2)11 - C6H4 - SO3-Na+ b) sodium dodecyl sulphate CH3(CH2)11OSO3-Na+

Preparation of detergent

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATE Step 1: Sulphonation

Step 2: Neutralization The alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide

Alkyl sulphonic acid + Sodium hydroxide

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE

Step 1: Alkylation

Long chain alkene

Step 2: Sulphonation

Alkene Benzene + H2SO4

Step 3: Neutralization

occur between Alkyl Benzene sulphuric acid React with Sodium Hydroxide produce Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (detergent) and Water (H2O)

The effectiveness of detergents as cleansing agents

Advantages of detergents 1. Detergents are cleansing agents that are effective in soft water as well as hard water. This is because detergents do not form scum with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions found in hard water. 2. The detergents ions (R O SO3 - and R SO3 - )react with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions in hard water. However, the magnesium salts and calcium salts which are formed are soluble in water. Hence, the scum is not formed and the detergents are still active in hard water and lathers easily. 3. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents. This means that the structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties. Nowadays, different types of detergents have been synthesised for specific uses such as shampoos and dish cleaner. 4. Furthermore, detergents are also effective in acidic water because H+ ion is acidic water do not combined with detergents ions. Disadvantages of detergents 1. Most detergents have branched hydrocarbon chains and are nonbiodegradable, that is, they cannot decomposed by bacteria. As a result, non-biodegradable detergents cause water pollution. 2. Phosphates in detergents act as fertilizers and promote the growth of water plants and algae. When the plants die and decay, they will used up the oxygen dissolves in water. This will decrease the oxygen content in water and kill fishes and other aquatic lives. 3. Detergents produce a lot of foam in water. The layer of foam that covers the water surface will prevents oxygen from dissolving in water. This condition will cause fish and other aquatic life ti die from oxygen starvation.

4. Additives such as sodium hydrochlorite (bleaching agents) releases chlorine gas in water that is acidic. Chlorine gas is highly toxic and kills aquatic life .

SHAMPOO

Introduction

Shampoos are cleaning formulations used for a wide range of applications, including personal care, pet use, and carpets. Most are manufactured in roughly the same manner. They are composed primarily of chemicals called surfactants that have the special ability to surround oily materials on surfaces and allow them to be rinsed away by water. Ester carboxylates are especially suitable in shampoos; in combination with alcohol ethoxy sulfates, they reduce skin irritation. Most commonly, shampoos are used for personal care, especially for washing the hair.

Raw Materials
New shampoos are initially created by cosmetic chemists in the laboratory. They must decide on aesthetic features such as how thick it should be, what color it will be, and what it will smell like. They also consider performance attributes, such as how well it cleans, what the foam looks like, and how irritating it will be. Consumer testing often helps determine what these characteristics should be. Once the features of the shampoo are identified, a formula is created in the laboratory. The more important ingredients in shampoo formulations are water, detergents, foam boosters, thickeners, conditioning agents, preservatives, modifiers, and special additives. Water The primary ingredient in all shampoos is water, typically making up about 70-80% of the entire formula. Deionized water, which is specially treated to remove various particles and ions, is used in shampoos. Detergents

The next most abundant ingredients in shampoos are the primary detergents. These materials, also known as surfactants, are the cleansing ingredients in shampoos. Surfactants are surface active ingredients, meaning they can interact with a surface. Surfactants are derived from compounds known as fatty acids. Fatty acids are naturally occurring materials which are found in various plant and animal sources. The materials used most often to make the surfactants used in shampoos are extracted from coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and soy bean oil. Some common primary detergents used in shampoos are ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium lauryl ether sulfate.

ammonium lauryl sulphate

Foam boosters In addition to cleansing surfactants, other types of surfactants are added to shampoos to improve the foaming characteristics of the formulation. These materials, called alkanolamides, help increase the amount of foam and the size of the bubbles.

Thickeners

To some extent, the alkanolamides that make shampoos foam also make the formulations thicker. However, other materials are also used to increase the viscosity. For example, methylcellulose, derived from plant cellulose, is included in shampoos to make them thicker. Sodium chloride (salt) also can be used to increase shampoo thickness.

Conditioning agents Some materials are also added to shampoos to offset the sometimes harsh effect of surfactants on hair and fabrics. Typical conditioning agents include polymers, silicones, and quaternary agents. Each of these compounds deposit on the surface of the hair and improve its feel, softness, and combability, while reducing static charge. Shampoos that specifically feature conditioning as a benefit are called 2-in-1 shampoos because they clean and condition hair in the same step. Examples of conditioning agents include guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride which is a polymer, dimethicone which is a silicone, and quatemium 80, a quatemary agent.

Preservatives Since shampoos are made from water and organic compounds, contamination from bacteria and other microbes is possible. Preservatives are added to prevent such growth. Two of the most common preservatives used in shampoos are DMDM hydantoin and methylparaben.

Modifiers Other ingredients are added to shampoo formulas to modify specific characteristics. Opacifiers are added to make the formula opaque and give it a pearly look. Materials known as sequestering agents are added to offset the dulling effects of hard water. Acids or bases such as citric acid or sodium hydroxide are added to adjust the pH of a shampoo so the detergents will provide optimal cleaning.

Preparation Of Shampoo