JABATAN KEJURUTE RAAN MEKANIKAL POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU

CHAPTER 1

MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM

JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

WHAT IS MATTER?

Atom Elements Compound Mineral Rocks Smallest Largest

ATOM
Is the smallest par ticle of an element and has the same chemical proper ties of the element Atoms: the stuff that builds elements the smallest particle that uniquely defines an elemen Par ticles that make up an atom: Protons: positive (+) charge Neutrons: no charge Electrons: negative (-) charge

Protons + neutrons define the nucleus of an atom.

Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy -level shells.

ATOM STRUCTURE

ATOM STRUCTURE

ELEMENTS
A substance composed of a single kind of atom Elements contain one or more of the same type of atom! Cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means.

COMPOUND
A substance in which two or more dif ferent elements are CHEMICALLY bonded together

MIXTURE
Two or more substances that are mixed together but are NOT chemically bonded.

PERIODIC TABLE ELEMENTS

DEFINE PERIODIC TABLE

The arrangement of the chemical elements with increasing atomic number according to the periodic variation in electron structure. Nonmetallic elements are positioned at the far right-hand side of the table.

WHAT HAVE INSIDE THE BOX OF EPT?

Atomic Number

Symbol of Element Atomic Weight Name of Element

WHAT IS ATOMIC NUMBER?

Atomic Number Atomic numbers represent the number of protons in one atom of the element.

WHAT IS ATOMIC MASS?

Atomic Number A sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

WHAT IS SYMBOL?

Symbol of Elements Explains name of the element.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Arrangements of electrons in an atom. Each orbital can have only 2 electrons and with dif ferent quantum numbers.

EXAMPLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

1) Oxygen
Atomic Number=8 Shell Number=2 Group=? lets determine it through atomic orbit. Solution 1) Filled up electron at first shells 2) The balance of electron number left will be fill up at outer shell. Then it shows the group of Oxygen.

Oxygen-atomic orbit

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
cr ystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice exhibiting long -range order and symmetry. Patterns are located upon the points of a lattice, which is an array of points repeating periodically in three dimensions. The points can be thought of as forming identical tiny boxes, called unit cells, that fill the space of the lattice. The lengths of the edges of a unit cell and the angles between them are called the lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are embodied in its space group. A crystal's structure and symmetry play a role in determining many of its physical properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical transparency.

CRYSTALLIZED STRUCTURE
Simple cubic
No of atoms: 8 corner atom x 1/8 = 1 atom Total atom = 1 atom

Body -centered cubic

No of atoms: 8 corner atom x 1/8 = 1 atom 1 centre atom = 1 atom Total atom = 2 atoms

CRYSTALLIZED STRUCTURE (CONT.)

Face-centered cubic
No of atoms: 8 corner atom x 1/8 = 1 atom 6 face corner x = 3 atoms Total atom = 4 atoms

Hexagonal close-packed
No of atoms: 12 corner atom x 1/6 = 2 atoms 2 centre atom x =1 atom 3 centre atom =3 atoms Total atom =6 atoms

TO BE CONTINUED UNTIL ALL STUDENT SUBMIT THE ASSIGNMENT!!!