Compressibility Factor: RT B V V A P

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Compressibility Factor
Definition
Z= v actual v actual pv actual = = v ideal RT p RT
-AT-
Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University (Study Programs of Engineering Physics & Nuclear Engineering) Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281, (+62 274) 580882, http://www.tf.ugm.ac.id/
Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering Study Programs of Engineering Physics & Nuclear Engineering
Joule-Thomson Experiment
a measure of deviation from ideal gas behavior approaches unity at low pressures Z for real gases is correlated in terms of reduced pressure and reduced temperature
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Model Gas Real

Perbedaan dengan model gas ideal
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Persamaan van der Waals

Persamaan keadaan dari van der Waals
a p + 2 (v b ) = RT v
Volume molekul memperkecil ruang gerak bebas molekul. Antar molekul terjadi interaksi.
Salah satu cara untuk modifikasi dari gas ideal adalah dengan menetapkan Faktor gas real.
Z = pv RT
dengan a, b: konstanta karakteristik dari gas

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dengan:
Z =1+ B (T ) C (T ) D (T ) + 2 + 3 +L v v v
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b: Kovolume a: Tekanan kohesi, merupakan koreksi dari penurunan tekanan gas ke dinding akibat adanya gaya interaksi antar molekul.
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Diferensial Total
Difenrensial total dari suatu fungsi f(x,y)
f f df = dx + y dy x y x
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Persamaan Gas
Entalpi:
v dh = c p dT + v T dp T p
2 f 2 f = x y y x
f f y = y x x y y x x
Energi internal:
p du = c v dT + T p dv T v
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Joule Experiment
Measurement of the change in internal energy when a gas expands isothermally. The heat absorbed by the gas is proportional to the change in temperature of the bath.
lim p 1 0, Tbath = 0 p 1 : pressure of the gas & it expands into the bulb at p 2 = 0 U = q + w w = 0 & q = C V T when a low pressure gas (ideal gas) is expanded it does so without a change in internal energy, U. U U dU = dT + dV T V V T From Joule' s experiment , dU = 0 & dT = 0 U hence = 0 for an ideal gas. V i.e., U = f(T) only for an ideal gas.
T
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Joule Thomson Experiment

The gas expands through the porous barrier, which acts as a throttle, and the whole apparatus is thermally insulated. This arrangement corresponds to an isenthalpic expansion (expansion at constant enthalpy). Whether the expansion results in a heating or a cooling of the gas depends on the conditions.
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Joule Thomson expansion

The pistons represent the upstream and downstream gases, which maintain constant pressures either side of the throttle. The transition from the top diagram to the bottom diagram, which represents the passage of a given amount of gas through the throttle, occurs without change of enthalpy.
H
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Joule-Thomson Coefficient
H (T , p ) H H dH = dT + p T p for isenthalpi c dp T
For ideal gas, H = f(T) only H p =0 T for real gas H p 0 T
= U + PV
H 0 = C p dT + p T p
H = U + (PV )
First law of thermodyna mics :
dp T T
H =
w w
+ p 2 V2 p 1V1 = p1dV
V1 0 V2
1 H = C H p p
Qq = 0& H = 0
p 2 dV = p 1V1 p 2 V2 0
(isenthalpi c )
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T = JT p H
Joule-Thomson Coefficient
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Apparatus
Measurement of the isothermal Joule-Thomson coefficient (JT) is given below. The electrical heating required to offset the cooling arising from expansion is interpreted as H and used to calculate (H/p)T, which is then converted to .
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Inversion
The sign of the Joule-Thomson coefficient, , depends on the conditions. Inside the boundary, the shaded area, it is positive and outside it is negative. The temperature corresponding to the boundary at a given pressure is the `inversion temperature' of the gas at that pressure. For a given pressure, the temperature must be below a certain value if cooling is required but, if it becomes too low, the boundary is crossed again and heating occurs. Reduction of pressure under adiabatic conditions moves the system along one of the isenthalps, or curves of constant enthalpy. The inversion temperature curve runs through the points of the isenthalps where their slopes change from negative to positive.
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Inversion
The inversion temperatures for three real gases, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium.
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Pencairan Gas
Penentu aplikasi teknik pencairan gas adalah titik kritis. Gas NH3 dikompresi menjadi 10 bar, didinginkan dengan suhu lingkungan dan diekspansikan.
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Udara
Titik kritis pada suhu -147C
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Proses Linde
Secara bertingkat, udara dikompresi isotermal, kemudian didinginkan dengan aliran berlawanan dengan udara lebih dingin yang belum mencair.
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Linde refrigerator
The gas is recirculated and, so long as it is below its inversion temperature, it cools on expansion through the throttle. The cooled gas cools the high-pressure gas, which cools still further as it expands. Eventually liquefied gas drips from the throttle.
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Claude liquefaction process

Replace the throttle valve by an expander:
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Gas expander saturated or slightly superheated vapor cooled and throttled to produce liquefaction (as in the Linde process) unliquefied portion mixes with the expander exhaust and returns for recycle.
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Liquefaction processes
Common use for:
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Liquid propane as a domestic foil Liquid oxygen in rocket Liquid natural gas for ocean transport Liquid nitrogen for low temperature refrigeration Gas mixture are liquefied for separation By heat exchanger at constant pressure By an expansion process from which work is obtained By a throttling process
Cooled to a temperature in the two-phase region:

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Compressibility Factor: RT B V V A P

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UGM

Model Gas Real

Persamaan van der Waals

dengan a, b: konstanta karakteristik dari gas

Joule Thomson Experiment

Joule Thomson expansion

For ideal gas, H = f(T) only H p =0 T for real gas H p 0 T

Claude liquefaction process

Cooled to a temperature in the two-phase region:

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