Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; but courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.

Principles

a fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived.

GROWTH-

Development-

GROWTH-

refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be: Physical (e.g., growth in height) Developmentis systematic and orderly change organisms experience as they live and either gain or lose abilities.

1. Growth is a personal matter 2. Growth comes from within 3. Growth is gradual and orderly but uneven 4. Growth has certain characteristics common at particular stages 5. Development proceeds from the head downward 6. Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. 7. Development depends on maturation and learning. 8. Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more complex. 9. Growth and development is a continuous process. 10. Growth and development proceed from the general to specific 11.There are individual rates of growth and development

MECHANISMS

OF HEREDITY

Mechanism- a fundamental process responsible for natural phenomena.

Heredity-is

the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism

Maturation-

is the emergence of personal and behavioral characteristics through growth processes.

 There

is a set of principles that characterizes the pattern and process of growth and development. These principles describe typical development as a predictable and orderly process;
that is, we can predict how most children will develop and that they will develop at the same rate and at about the same time as other children. Although there are individual differences in children's personalities, activity levels, and timing of developmental milestones, such as ages and stages, the principles and characteristics of development are universal patterns.

Certain characteristics are typical of certain ages, but these are only guides and not set rules. Each child grows in his own way. One child may progress "slower" than another and still he is perfectly healthy and within the range of development appropriate for his age.

 Human

beings are product of nature and nurture. Their development is controlled by the action of both hereditary and environment. They grow and develop over time or on a developmental schedule known as maturation.

HEREDITARY + ENVIRONMENT= DEVELOPMENT

Development should not be confused with maturation.

Development refers to the quality of behaviour, Maturation refers to the state of the body and its readiness for behaviour.

 HEREDITY

is transmission of traits from parents to off-springs. gives the human individual a similarity to other organism and also uniqueness. It partly provides the equipment with which the human organism operates, and hence, control the level of efficiency.

GENES -are submicroscopic particles in chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of heredity.

The nucleus of each human cell holds 46 chromosomes. They are responsible for all genetic traits (such as eye color). Twenty-three chromosomes are inherited from the mother (via her egg) and 23 from the father (via his sperm). These two separate sets of 23 chromosomes carry the same genes and pair up with each other upon conception. As a result, the 46 chromosomes are thus organized into 22 pairs of chromosomes, called gene pairs. The 23rd pair contains the sex chromosomes(X&Y).

 DEVELOPMENT

is systematic and orderly change organisms experience as they live and either gain abilities.

As

a child develops, he or she adds to the skills already acquired and the new skills become the basis for further achievement and mastery of skills. Most children follow a similar pattern. Also, one stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage of development. For example, in motor development, there is a predictable sequence of developments that occur before walking. The infant lifts and turns the head before he or she can turn over. Infants can move their limbs (arms and legs) before grasping an object. Mastery of climbing stairs involves increasing skills from holding on to walking alone.

Development should not be confused with maturation. Development refers to the

quality of behaviour,

Maturation refers to the state of

the body and its readiness for behavior

 HEREDITY is transmission of traits from

parents to off-springs. Heredity gives the human individual a similarity to other organism and also uniqueness. It partly provides the equipment with which the human organism operates, and hence, control the level of efficiency.
GENES are submicroscopic particles in

chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of heredity.

Genes always work in pairs. They are either dominant or recessive. A dominant gene is one whose characteristic will be dominant when paired with another gene. A recessive gene is one whose characteristic will not be produced when paired with a dominant gene.

CAUSES OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

 Genes

from an unbroken line of transmission from one generation to the succeeding generations. What is transmitted through heredity can be changed only by changes in the genes, which is called mutation. All tissues and organs which participate in behaviour, such as brain, the sense organs and muscles, develop according to the direct control of the genes.

 Sex-linked

traits, such as baldness, color blindness and haemophilia, are produced by the genes responsible for determining sex. They usually skip a generation since the females are the carriers of these traits. In some cases of prenatal development, monozygotic or identical twins result. In contrast, dizygotic or fraternal twins develop from two separate zygotes, each produced by the union of a separate sperm cell with a separate egg

Environment

Includes all the conditions in the world that influence behavior, growth, development or life processes in any way. Environment may be external (air, trees, houses, etc.), internal (the lymph fluids and blood, etc.), and social (includes the other human beings who in any way influence us).

 The

development of the organism is controlled by the action of both heredity and environment

formula:
HEREDITY X ENVIRONMENT X TIME = Developmental Level

 Heredity

determines how high a level of development a given environment a given environment can bring about in a given period of time. Environment determines how effective certain heredity can be influencing development over a given amount of time.