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  • HTML Overview

    Diunggah oleh

    Proloy Chakroborty
    28 tayangan5 halaman
    HTML Overview walk you through the process of writing HTML to create web pages.

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    HTML Overview walk you through the process of writing HTML to create web pages.

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    28 tayangan5 halaman

    HTML Overview

    Diunggah oleh

    Proloy Chakroborty
    HTML Overview walk you through the process of writing HTML to create web pages.

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 5

    Above you can see a diagram of how we actually see a website on our computer and what steps been

    followed. Notes: Images used in above diagram are for illustration purpose only. In real it may look different. Explanation of Steps (refer to above diagram): 1. When we type the domain name of any website in the browser's address bar, it sends that information to ISP (Internet Service Provider e.g Reliance, BSNL, Tata etc). After receiving the domain name the ISP search its DNS (Domain Name System) database to find the IP address of hosting server of this website. 2. ISP then tries to connect to the hosting server. 3. If connected the server send a OK message. If not connect then the ISP send an error code to our browser. Then browser shows appropriate message for that error code. 4. Once connected the ISP requests the Page which the browser asked for. If the page does not exists the server sends an error code to ISP and ISP in turn sends it to browser. 5. If page requested exists in the server, then the server serves it to the ISP 6. ISP send the page to browser. We see the the page. Remember above steps take place even when we click a link to download file(s). In that case instead of rendering the page the browser give us an option to save the file to our machine.

    DTD A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference. W3C - World Wide Web Consortium The W3C (www.w3.org) is the body responsible for drawing up agreed standards for the Web. Its members include all the big software and technology companies, as well as government and research institutions from over 40 countries. This often leads to slow decisions. Strictly speaking, W3C standards are only recommendations. Thats why theyre not always fully supported by all browsers. Equally important, the recommendations sometimes lag behind the pace of innovation on the Web. For example, browsers began supporting CSS opacity long before its incorporation into a W3C standard. With HTML, you can create your own Web site. HTML is the core technology in which all Web pages are written. What is HTML? HTML is a language for describing Web pages. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language. A markup language is a collection of markup tags. HTML uses markup tags to describe Web pages. What are Tags? HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags or just tags. HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>. HTML tags normally come in pairs, like <b> and </b>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag; the second tag is the end tag. Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags. HTML Documents = Web Pages HTML documents describe Web pages. HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text. HTML documents are also called Web pages. Web browser Web browser is a software. The purpose of a Web browser (like Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as Web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. Popular Web Browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer Version 7, 8, 9 & 10 Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome Opera Safari

    .HTM or .HTML Extension? When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. When the software only allowed three letters in file extensions, we used save HTML file in .htm extensions. In most cases, it is perfectly safe to use .html. HTML Element Syntax HTML elements follow a certain format regardless of how the element is used. An HTML element starts with a start tag/opening tag. An HTML element ends with an end tag/closing tag. The element content is everything between the start and the end tag. Some HTML elements have empty content. Empty elements are closed in the start tag. Most HTML elements can have attributes. Empty HTML Elements HTML elements without content are called empty elements. Empty elements can be closed within the start tag. <br> is an empty element without a closing tag. It defines a line break. In XML and future versions of HTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash to the end of start tag, like <br/>, is the proper way of closing empty elements, accepted by HTML, and XML. Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br/> instead is more future proof. Use Lowercase Tags HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many Web sites use uppercase HTML tags in their pages. Use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML. HTML Attributes Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements. HTML elements can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information about the element. Attributes are always specified in the start tag. Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name=value. HTML Versus XHTML The first thing you should realize is that using HTML is not wrong as long as you specify that youre using HTML with the appropriate doctype, and the HTML you use is valid for that doctype. If you want to use HTML 4.01, no one can stop you! Ignore anyone who tells you that XHTML is way to go, and that using HTML4.01 is somehow backwards. Main Differences Between XHTML and HTML The following list details the main differences between XHTML and HTML. Most of them are related to syntax differences, although there are some less obvious variations that you may not be aware of: XHTML is more choosy than HTMLthere are some elements that absolutely must appear in the XHTML markup, but which may be omitted if youre using HTML 4 and earlier versions. These elements include the html, head, and body elements . In addition, every element you use in XHTML must have both an opening and closing tag (for example, youd write <p>This is a paragraph</p> in XHTML, but <p>This is all you need in HTML, as no end tag is required).

    For empty elementsthose that hold no content but refer to a resource of some kind, such as an img, link, or meta elementthe tag must have a trailing closing slash, like so: <img src="moo.jpg" alt="moo"/>. Evidently, this makes XHTML a little more verbose than HTML, but not to the extent that it has an adverse effect on the page weight. XHTML allows us to indicate any element as being emptyfor example, an empty paragraph can be expressed as <p/>but this isnt valid when the page is served as text/html. To that end, you should restrict your use of this syntax to elements that are defined to be empty in the HTML specifications. In XHTML, all tags must be written in lowercase. In HTML, you can use capital letters for elements, lowercase letters for attributes, or whatever convention you like! All attributes in XHTML must be contained in quotes (single or double, but usually double), hence <input type=submit name=cmdGo/> would be valid in HTML 4.01, but would be invalid in XHTML. To be valid, it would need to be <input type="submit" name="cmdGo"/>. In XHTML, all attributes must be expressed in attribute-name and attribute-value parings with quote marks surrounding the attribute value part, like: class="fuzzy". In HTML, some elements have attributes that do not appear to require a valuefor example, the checked attribute for checkbox input elements. I stressed the word appear because technically its the attribute name thats omitted, not the value. These are known as Boolean attributes, and in HTML you could specify that a checkbox should be checked simply by typing <input type="checkbox" name="chkNewsletter" checked>. In XHTML, though, you must supply both an attribute and value, which results in seemingly needless repetition: <input type="checkbox" name="chkNewsletter" checked="checked">. In XHTML, the opening <html> tag requires an xmlns attribute (XML NameSpace) as follows: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">. However, strangely, if you omit it, the W3C validator doesnt protest as it should. XHTML requires certain characters to appear as named entities. For example, you cant use the & character: it must be expressed using an HTML entity "&amp;". In XHTML, languages in the document must be expressed using the xml:lang attribute instead of lang. A MIME type must be declared appropriately in the HTTP headers as "application/xhtml+xml" (this is the best option), "application/xml" (acceptable), or "text/xml" (which isnt recommended). The MIME type is set as a configuration option on the server, and is usually Apache or IIS. DTDs dont support the validation of mixed namespace documents very well. If you use XHTML and set the proper MIME type, youll encounter a small snag: Internet Explorer. At the time of writing, this browserwhich still holds the lions share of the marketis the only one of the browsers tested for this reference that cant handle a document set with a MIME type of "application/xhtml+xml". When IE encounters a page that contains this HTTP header, it doesnt render the page on screen, but instead prompts the user to download or save the document. When youre using XHTML, text encoding should be set within the XML declaration, not in the HTTP headers. As XHTML is case sensitive, there can be an issue with element and attribute names in DOM methods. For example, onClick and onSubmit are invalid, while onclick and onsubmit are valid. The list above might discourage some newcomers from learning the XHTML syntaxit does certainly appear that, at the very least, XHTML requires more discipline and thought than HTML! However, one advantage of learning XHTML syntax rather than HTML syntax it is that if you stick to the rules outlined above, youll be creating pages that render just as HTML would in the browser, but which also validate as XHTML. The presence of some XHTML-specific attributesnamely the xmlns attribute in the root element, and the use of xml:lang rather than langdoes mean that you cant simply change the doctype of a valid XHTML document back to an

    HTML doctype and have the page validate, though. It will contain features that are not understood by, or accepted in, the HTML specifications. You may have heard or read that choosing XHTML means that you cant use certain presentational elements such as center, font, basefont, or u. But this isnt strictly true. You may use these elements in XHTML Transitional and Frameset just as you could in HTML Transitional and Framesetthe difference is that theyre not allowed in the Strict versions of these markup languages. If you do opt to use XHTML Strict (or HTML Strict), and you thereby lose these presentational elements, youll definitely need to rely on CSS to do the work. This approach also places just a little more emphasis on the use of more structurally orientated elements available in HTML and XHTML. But dont be led to believe that XHTML is in some way more structural than HTML 4.01. Youre not going to be adding new structural features through your use of XHTMLheadings, paragraphs, block quotes, and so on were all present in HTML 4.01. Regardless of the flavor of markup you chooseHTML or XHTMLyou can easily mark up your page using a series of div and span elements, style it entirely in CSS, validate it, and still be left with a document that offers no apparent meaning or structure about the content it contains. In short, the language is only as good as the pair of hands responsible for crafting it, and thus XHTML doesnt guarantee a better end result!

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