12 Measure

GCSE 2010 Specification concepts and skills

Chapter notes

Know that measurements using real numbers depend upon the choice of unit (GM o): 12.1 Convert between units of measure within one system (GM p): 12.1 Convert metric units to metric units (GM p): 12.1 Convert imperial units to imperial units (GM p): 12.1 Convert between metric and imperial measures (GM p): 12.1 Know rough metric equivalents of pounds, feet, miles, pints and gallons (GM p): 12.1 Convert between metric speed measures (GM p): 12.2 Understand and use compound measures, including speed (GM s): 12.2 Recognise that measurements given to the nearest whole unit may be inaccurate by up to one half in either direction (GM o): 12.3 Calculate the upper and lower bounds of calculations, particularly when working with measurements (N s): 12.3

Support materials
Support sheet 12.1 You can read time and convert between 12-hour time and 24-hour time Support sheet 12.2 You can work out durations of time and use a timetable

Resources
Graph paper, rulers that show both centimetres and inches

Prior key knowledge, skills and concepts

Students should already know how to: use common metric units, choose appropriate units to carry out practical measurements and make simple estimates use time notation, change between durations of time and understand the complications with performing time calculations on a calculator measure lengths and read scales write numbers to a given accuracy.

Main teaching and learning

[12.1] Ask students to recall as many metric units as they can, and classify them into length, weight and capacity. Ask them to estimate measurements for some real-life objects. Discuss which units are appropriate for measuring different things; stress the importance of stating units with any answer, making sure also that the answer is sensible. Discuss changing units, especially the difference between multiplying and dividing by multiples of 10. Remind students of the need to convert measurements to the same unit before ordering or calculating, and the need to change the units back for the final answer, always stating the units used. Ask students to give examples of where we still use imperial units in our lives, and why it is important therefore that we still understand them. Work through the conversion of common imperial units. Work through conversions between metric and imperial units. Remind students that they will need to know all the conversions for the exam. [12.2] Check students understanding of speed and the relationship between speed, distance and time. Discuss the most common units associated with these three variables. Work through Examples 4, 5 and 6 to make sure students understand how to calculate each of speed, distance and time when given the other two variables.

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12 Measure

Chapter notes

Make sure students understand how to tackle calculations involving conversions between different units of time, in particular how to use decimals in time calculations and how to convert between hours, minutes and seconds. [12.3] Discuss with students problems concerning accuracy of measurements, what it means when something has been measured to the nearest unit, e.g. centimetre. Use Examples 7 and 8 to discuss what it means for something to be half a unit above or below a particular measurement. Emphasise that students should read the question carefully; sometimes a measurement is given in one unit but its accuracy is given in another unit, e.g. Exercise 12C question 4. [H] If students are comfortable with the above, move on to discuss bounds. [H] Explain to students that the lower bound of a number written to a given degree of accuracy is the smallest number that, when rounded to that given degree of accuracy, gives the number. [H] Explain to students that the upper bound of a number written to a given degree of accuracy is the largest number that, when rounded to that given degree of accuracy, gives the number. [H] Students can think of the lower bound and the upper bound as being the lower and upper end of an interval centred on the given number. [H] Decimal places are easier to understand than significant figures. For any number written correct to 1 decimal place the upper bound is obtained by adding on 0.05; for any number written correct to 2 decimal places, the upper bound is obtained by adding 0.005.

Exam tips
Remember always to include units with your answer if the question involves units. Make sure you know the common imperialmetric equivalents. Remember to make sure your answers make sense and are appropriate for the problem.

Enrichment
Ask students to investigate other units not stated here, such as those used in science, and discuss conversions between uncommon metric units. Students could investigate speed records, or convert speeds between different metric or imperial units. What are the fastest recorded speeds on land or sea? What was the average speed of the 100 m world record holder? [H] b = 54 correct to 2 significant figures. What can you say about the upper and lower bounds of (a) 10b, (b) b 10? ((a) 545, 535, (b) 5.45, 5.35))

Plenary
Have a class quiz to test the students knowledge of imperialmetric equivalents. Test students understanding of converting between units of time. [H] What are the upper and lower bounds of 400 (3 significant figures)? (400.5, 399.5) What are the upper and lower bounds of 400 (2 significant figures)? (405, 395) What are the upper and lower bounds of 400 (1 significant figure)? (450, 350)

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12 Measure
Questions in this exercise are targeted at the grades indicated.

Support material

12.1 You can read time and convert between 12-hour time and 24-hour time (GM o) Key Points
A 12-hour clock goes from 0 to 12, using am for times before noon, and pm for times after noon. A 24-hour clock goes from 0 to 24, where 0 and 24 are midnight.
12
23 22 21 24 13 14 15 16 19 18 17

11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4

20

Example 1
The time shown on this clock is in the afternoon. Write the time using both 12-hour time and 24-hour time.
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

The time is quarter past five, or 5.15 pm, in 12-hour time. In 24-hour time, this time is 17:15

Make sure you write time using the correct notation.

Example 2
a b
a

Change 9 pm to 24-hour clock time. Change 05:03 to 12-hour clock time.

9 + 12 = 21 So, 9 pm is the same as 21:00 This is 9 oclock in the evening. Add 12 onto 9.

05:03 is the same as 5.03 am

05:03 is 3 minutes past 5 in the morning.

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12 Measure

Support material

Exercise
G
1

The clock faces below show times in the morning. b

11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 10 11 12 1 2 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 10

c
11 12 1 2 3

d
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

e
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

Write each of the times in both 12-hour time and 24-hour time. G
2

The clock faces below show times in the afternoon. b

11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 10 11 12 1 2 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 10

c
11 12 1 2 3

d
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

e
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

Write each of the times in both 12-hour time and 24-hour time. G
3

Change the following 12-hour times to 24-hour times. 8 am 8.55 pm 10.15 pm 11.25 pm b f j n 11.15 am 3.25 pm 7.20 am 2.50 am c g k o 3.40 pm 2.30 am 9.45 am 1.50 pm d h l p 8.20 am 5.25 pm 1.15 pm 12.20 pm

a e i m G
4

Change the following 24-hour times to 12-hour times. 11:10 14:17 13:20 03:42 b f j n 08:20 09:35 13:10 22:16 c g k o 7:40 18:16 08:30 09:17 d h l p 23:35 17:25 13:35 13:37

a e i m

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12 Measure
Questions in this exercise are targeted at the grades indicated.

Support material

12.2 You can work out durations of time and use a timetable (GM o) Key Points
Remember when working out durations of time that there are 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute. Do not use a calculator to solve time problems.

Example 1
The two clocks below both show times in the morning. What is the time difference between the clocks?
11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 10 11 12 1 2 3

3.30 am to 4.00 am is 30 minutes 4.00 am to 6.00 am is 2 hours 6.00 am to 6.15 am is 15 minutes Total time: 30 minutes + 2 hours + 15 minutes = 2 hours 45 minutes

Start with the earliest time and count on to the next hour. Count the number of full hours. Count the minutes to the end time.

Exercise A
F
1

Work out the time difference between each of the following times. b d f h j l 07:30 h to 08:20 h 13:45 h to 00:15 h 09:17 h to 13:27 h 03:42 h to 22:14 h 9.15 am to 1.05 pm 18:35 h to 21:50 h

a 9.50 am to 10.15 am c 12.15 pm to 2.25 pm e 10 pm Monday to 7 am Tuesday g 9.37 am to 1.15 pm i 8.30 am to 11.15 pm k 09:15 Tue to 08:05 Wed F
2

Saima leaves her house at 6.15 am. She travels to her parents home, arriving at 10.35 pm. How long does her journey take? A man arrives at work at 08:55 and leaves at 17:05 For how long is he at work?

A ferry sets sail from Portsmouth at 08:50 and arrives in France at 15:40 How long does the crossing take?

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12 Measure

Support material

Example 2
Part of a bus timetable is shown below.

Aldwich Burton Camberley Didcom Earlstown

a b

09:16 09:28 09:35 09:55 10:08

10:05 10:17 10:34 10:54 11:07

Ali gets the 09:28 bus from Burton. How long does it take him to get to Didcom? Chelsea arrives at her bus stop in Camberley at 09:40. She is going to Earlstown. What time will she get there?
The 09:28 bus arrives in Didcom at 09:55. 09:28 to 09:55 is 27 minutes.

b Chelsea has just missed a bus! The next bus to Earlstown leaves Camberley at 10:34 and arrives at 11:07.

Exercise B
F
1

Use the following bus timetable to answer the questions below.

07:30 07:35 07:41 07:43 07:54 07:57 08:04 08:10 08:14 08:24 08:40 08:30 08:35 08:41 08:43 08:54 08:57 09:04 09:10 09:14 09:24 09:40 18:30 18:35 18:41 18:43 18:54 18:57 19:04 19:10 19:14 19:24 19:40 19:00 19:05 19:10 19:19 19:22 20:00 20:05 20:10 20:19 20:22 21:00 21:05 21:10 21:19 21:22 22:00 22:05 22:10 22:19 22:22

Ordsall, Salford Quays Trafford Rd Pendleton Precinct arr. Pendleton Precinct dep. Lower Kersal Agecroft Butterstile Lane Prestwich Besses oth Barn Unsworth Bury, Interchange

06:43 06:54 06:57 07:04 07:10 07:14 07:24 07:40

07:13 07:24 07:27 07:34 07:40 07:44 07:54 08:10

08:13 08:24 08:27 08:34 08:40 08:44 08:54 09:10

and every 30 mins until

a How long does it take the 06:43 Pendleton bus to get to Besses oth Barn? b How long do buses wait at Pendleton? c At what time does the last bus arrive in Bury? d At what time does the first bus call at Trafford Road? e How long does it take to travel from Lower Kersal to Unsworth? f How long does it take to travel from Ordsall to Prestwich? g How many buses call at Trafford Road before 10:00? h How many buses call at Butterstile Lane during the day? i j Shaun arrives at his bus stop at Prestwich at 7.30 am. How long will he have to wait for a bus to Unsworth? Jane arrives at her bus stop in Trafford Road at 7.50 am. How long will she have to wait for a bus to Agecroft?

k Umar lives 5 minutes away from his bus stop in Agecroft. What is the latest time he can leave his house to get to Bury by 9 am? l Eko wants to catch a bus from Pendleton to Prestwich, to arrive in Prestwich no later than 12 noon. What is the departure time of the latest bus he can catch from Pendleton?

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Questions in this worksheet are targeted at the grades indicated.

Skills worksheet

Average speed
Remember:

Distance Time Distance Time = Speed

Speed =

D S T

Distance = Speed Time

What is the speed of a car that takes 4 hours to travel 120 miles?

.........................................................................................................................................
Hint: The units here are miles and hours, so the speed will be given as miles per hour (mph).

What is the speed of a man who takes 3 hours to travel 9 miles?

......................................................................................................................................... D 3 What is the speed of a cyclist who takes 5 hours to ride a distance of 200 miles?

......................................................................................................................................... D 4 A car is travelling at a speed of 45 mph. How far will it travel in 3 hours?

.......................................................................................................................................
Hint: The question is asking you to find the distance travelled.

1 A car is travelling at a speed of 90 mph. How far will it travel in 2 hours? 2

......................................................................................................................................... D 6 A man runs at a constant speed of 6 mph. How long will it take him to run a distance of 9 miles?

.........................................................................................................................................
Hint: The question is asking you to find the time taken.

A plane is travelling at a speed of 200 mph. How long will it take to fly a distance of 900 miles?

.........................................................................................................................................

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12 Measure

Skills worksheet

Inaccuracy of measurements
Example: A coin is placed on a digital weighing scale, accurate to the nearest gram (g). The reading is 26 g. What is the lightest and heaviest possible weight of the coin? To the nearest gram means the true weight could be 0.5 grams more or less than the measurement. So the lightest possible weight of the coin = 26 g 0.5 g = 25.5 g And the heaviest possible weight of the coin = 26 g + 0.5 g = 26.5 g

8 a

A garden centre fills bags of compost to the nearest kilogram. What is the lightest possible weight of a bag marked 12 kg?

......................................................................................................................................... b What is the heaviest possible weight of a bag marked 25 kg? ......................................................................................................................................... C 9 An elastic band was stretched to 19.4 cm, to the nearest mm. What is the furthest possible distance it was stretched?

.........................................................................................................................................
Hint: Be careful with the units in this question.

10

Better Batteries claim one of their AA batteries will run a toy car for at least 12 hours, to the nearest hour. Jean finds that her toy car runs for 11 hours and 40 minutes. Is the claim of Better Batteries correct?

.........................................................................................................................................

Bounds
Questions 1114 are Higher tier only A 11 Write down the lower bound of each of these numbers written correct to 1 decimal place. a c 6.6 ............................................ 11.1 ............................................ b 10.8 ......................................... d 12.0 .........................................

Hint: For 1 decimal place, the lower bound is found by subtracting 0.05.

12 Write down the upper bound of each of these numbers written correct to 1 decimal place. a c 6.6 ............................................ 11.1 ............................................ b 10.8 ......................................... d 12.0 .........................................

13 Write down the lower bound of each of these numbers when written to the number of significant figures shown. a c 46 (2 significant figures) ..................... 400 (1 significant figure) .................... b d 3.8 (2 significant figures) ...................... 400 (2 significant figures) .....................

14 Write down the upper bound of each of these numbers when written to the number of significant figures shown. a c 68 (2 significant figures) ...................... 3.14 (3 significant figures) ................... b d 370 (2 significant figures) ...................... 2.718 (4 significant figures) ...................

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12 Measure
Questions in this test are targeted at the grades indicated.

Chapter test

AO2/3 1

The picture shows a man standing next to a flight of stairs between two floors in a school. The height of the man is 170 cm. The man and the stairs are drawn to the same scale.

Estimate the height of the stairs. F 2 Use your calculator to work out the value of the following. a The weight of an elephant is 12 320 lbs. Convert this weight to kilograms. The distance between York and Manchester is 120 km. Convert this distance to miles.

(2)

(2)

(2)

AO2/3 3

Shown below is an incomplete timetable for some train times from Swindon to London, Paddington. Depart Arrive Duration a b c SWINDON 13.29 PADDINGTON 14.32 1 h 3 min SWINDON 13.41 PADDINGTON 0 h 58 min SWINDON 14.04 PADDINGTON 15.09 SWINDON 14.11 PADDINGTON 15.14 1 h 3 min (2) (1)

Copy the table and complete the empty boxes. Write down 15.09 in 12-hour time. George leaves home at 1.30 pm to catch the train from Swindon to Paddington. The journey from his home to the station takes 25 minutes. At what time should he reach Paddington?

(2)

AO2

A carton contains 2 litres of orange juice. a b How many cartons of orange juice are needed to serve 80 people each with 150 ml of orange juice? How many gallons of orange juice is this? (3) (2)

A sprinter completes a 100-metre race in 12.5 seconds. Work out his average speed. (2)

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12 Measure

Chapter test

The height of Blackpool Tower was measured to be 150 m correct to the nearest metre. a b Write down the minimum possible height it could be. Write down the maximum possible height it could be. (1) (1)

AO2/3 7

A snail moves at a speed of 1.4 cm/s. How far will the snail have moved in 3 hours? Give your answer in metres. (3)

AO3

Shown below are the times that it took each of the four members of a swimming team to complete their part in a swimming relay. Each swimmer swam 200 m. 1 minute 58 seconds 1 minute 59 seconds 2 minutes 0 seconds 2 minutes 0 seconds Work out the average speed of the swimming team in this relay race. Give your answer in m/s, correct to 3 significant figures. (4) There were 36 800 people at football match, to the nearest hundred people. What is the greatest number of people there could have been at the match? (1)

AO2

10 a

715 metres has been rounded to the nearest 5 m. Write down the lower bound. (1)

300 kilometres has been rounded to the nearest kilometre. Write down the upper bound.

(1) (Total = 30 marks)

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