MESSENGER DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT INTERNET USING ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

INDEX
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Block Diagram 3. Block Diagram Description 4. Schematic 5. Schematic Description 6. Hardware Components
b. Micro Controllers(AT89S52) c. Power Supply d. ZIGBEE Transceivers e. LCD f. PS2 CABLE g. Keypad(PS2)

1. Circuit Description
2

2. Software components
a. About Kiel b. Embedded C

3. KEIL procedure description 4. Conclusion (or) Synopsis 5. Future Aspects 6. Bibliography

INTRODUCTION 1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically built-in to the device it is controlling. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or flash convector chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory. Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-power, and short-distance wireless communication used for \personal wireless networks." Technology advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational processing, wireless communication, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from homeland security to industry automation and monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for employees in these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of embedded systems and wireless communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radio.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: PERSON 1:

Power supply LCD DISPLAY

K E Y P A D

MAX2 32

MICRO CONTROLLER

ZIGBEE TRANSCEI VER

PERSON 2:

Power supply

LCD DISPLAY

MICRO CONTROLLER PC& KEY PAD MAX2 32 ZIGBEE TRANSCEI VER

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER
2.1.1 A Brief History of 8052 In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred as A SYSTEM ON A CHIP The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8 bits data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I\O ports each 8 bit wide. There are many versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of on-chip ROM and they are all compatible with the original 8051. This means that if you write a program for one it will run on any of them. The 8051 is an original member of the 8051 family. There are two other members in the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are 8052 and 8031. All the three microcontrollers will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in the following aspects. 8031 has 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts. 89S51 has 4KB ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts. 89S52 has 8KB ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, three timers and 8 interrupts. Of the three microcontrollers, 89S51 is the most preferable. Microcontroller supports both serial and parallel communication. 7

In the concerned project 89S52 microcontroller is used. Here microcontroller used is AT89S52, which is manufactured by ATMEL laboratories. 2.1.2 Description of 89S52 Microcontroller The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. 2.1.3 Features of Microcontroller (89S52) Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-Level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters Eight vector two level Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Block Diagram of Microcontroller

Figure: Block Diagram Of 89S52

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2.1.5 Pin Configurations

Figure 2.2 Pin Diagram of 89S52

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Pin Description VCC Pin 40 provides Supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5v GND. Pin 20 is the grounded Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port from pin 32 to 39. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 1 to 8. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in following table. 12

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and program verification.

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 21 to 28.

The Port 2 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 10 to 17. The Port 3 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52 as listed below:

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Table 2.1 Special Features of port3 Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and programming verification. RST Pin 9 is the Reset input. It is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch is an output pin and is active high. Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.

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Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics

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XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 5.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 5.4.

Figure 2.3 crystal connections

Figure 2.4 External Clock Drive Configuration There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

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Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain

active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Power down Mode In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the onchip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

Table 2.2 Status Of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Mode

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Program Memory Lock Bits On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be

programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table 5.4. When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.

Table 2.3 Lock Bit Protection Modes TIMERS Timer 0 and 1

Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52. Register pairs (TH0, TL1), (TH1, TL1) are the 16-bit counter registers for timer/c; ounters 0 and 1. Timer 2

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Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 5.2. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.

Table 2.4 Timer 2 Operating Modes In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle. There are no restrictions on the duty cycle of external input signal, but it should for at least one full machine to ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes. Capture Mode

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In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON.This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. IfEXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H andRCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EXcauses bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, likeTF2, can generate an interrupt. Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter) Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD (see Table 4). Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin. Table: T2MOD-Timer 2 Mode Control Register

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Table2.6:

T2CON-Timer/Counter2

Control

Register

Interrupts The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 2.5

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Figure 2.5 Interrupts source Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that Table 5.3 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89C51, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products.

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Table Interrupts Enable Register Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.

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2.1.6 Special function registers:

Special function registers are the areas of memory that control specific functionality of the 89S52 microcontroller.

a) Accumulator (0E0h) As its name suggests, it is used to accumulate the results of large no. of instructions. It can hold 8 bit values. b) B register (oFoh) The B register is very similar to accumulator. It may hold 8-bit value. The B register is only used by MUL AB and DIV AB instructions. In MUL AB the higher byte of the products gets stored in B register. In DIV AB the quotient gets stored in B with the remainder in A. c) Stack pointer (081h) The stack pointer holds 8-bit value. This is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When a value is to be pushed on to the stack, the 8052 first store the value of SP and then store the value at the resulting memory location. When a value is to be popped from the stack, the 8052 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP and then decrements the value of SP. d) Data pointer (Data pointer low/high, address 82/83h)

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The SFRs DPL and DPH work together to represent a 16-bit value called the data pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM and some instructions code memory. It is a 16-bit SFR and also an addressable SFR. e) Program counter The program counter is a 16 bit register, which contains the 2 byte address, which tells the next instruction to execute to be found in memory. When the 8052 is initialized PC starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executes. It is not addressable SFR.

f) PCON (power control, 87h) The power control SFR is used to control the 8052s power control modes. Certain operation modes of the 8052 allow the 8052 to go into a type of sleep mode which consumes low power.
SMOD --------GF1 GF0 PD IDL

g)TCON(Timer control, 88h) The timer mode control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in which the 8052s two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. Additionally, some non-timer related bits are located in TCON SER. These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupt flags are activated, which are set when an external interrupt occur.

TF1

TR1

TF0

TR0

IE1

IT1

IE0

IT0

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h)TMOD(Timer Mode,89h) The timer mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the two timers. Using this SR your program may configure each timer to be a 16-bit timer, or 13 bit timer, 8-bit auto reload timer, or two separate timers. Additionally you may configure the timers to only count when an external pin is activated or to count events that are indicated on an external pin.

Gate C/ T M1 M0 Gate

C/ T M1 M0

TIMER1

TIMER0

i) T0 (Timer 0 low/ high, address 8A/ 8C h) These two SFRs together represent timer 0. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment value. j) T1 (Timer 1 low/ high, address 8B/ 8D h) These two SFRs together represent timer 1. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

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k) P0 (Port 0, address 80h, bit addressable) This is port 0 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P0.0, bit 7 is pin P0.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level. l) P1(Port 1, address 90h, bit addressable) This is port 1 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 1 is first written on P1 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 1 is pin P1.0, bit 7 is pin P1.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level. m) P2 (Port 2, address 0A0h, bit addressable) This is port 2 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 2 is first written on P2 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 2 is pin P2.0, bit 7 is pin P2.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level. n) P3 (Port 3, address 0B0h, bit addressable) This is port 3 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 3 is first written on P3 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 3 is pin P3.0, bit 7 is pin P3.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level. o) IE (Interrupt Enable, 0A8h)

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The interrupt enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where the MSB bit is used to enable or disable all the interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE 0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit.
___ EA ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

p) IP (Interrupt Priority, 0B8h) The interrupt priority SFR is used to specify the relative priority of each interrupt. On 8052, an interrupt may be either low or high priority. An interrupt may interrupt interrupts. For e.g., if we configure all interrupts as low priority other than serial interrupt. The serial interrupt always interrupts the system; even if another interrupt is currently executing no other interrupt will be able to interrupt the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the highest priority.

___

___ PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0

q)PSW (Program Status Word, 0D0h) The Program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set and cleared by 8052 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary carry flag, the parity flag and the overflow flag. Additionally, it also contains the register bank select flags, which are used to select, which of the R register banks currently in use.

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CY

AC

F0

RS1

RS0

OV

----

r) SBUF (Serial Buffer, 99h) SBUF is used to hold data in serial communication. It is physically two registers. One is writing only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of 8052 via TXD. The other is read only and holds received data from external sources via RXD. Both mutually exclusive registers use address 99h. 2.1.7 Memory Organization The total memory of 89S52 system is logically divided in Program memory and Data memory. Program memory stores the programs to be executed, while data memory stores the data like intermediate results, variables and constants required for the execution of the program. Program memory is invariably implemented using EPROM, because it stores only program code which is to be executed and thus it need not be written into. However, the data memory may be read from or written to and thus it is implemented using RAM. Further, the program memory and data memory both may be categorized as onchip (internal) and external memory, depending upon whether the memory physically exists on the chip or it is externally interfaced. The 89S52 can address 8Kbytes on-chip memory whose map starts from 0000H and ends at 1FFFH. It can address 64Kbytes of external program memory under the control of PSEN (low) signal. The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of

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RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct addressing access SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H) .MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.

2.2 POWER SUPPLY

DESCRIPTION A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for

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testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC .

FIG-10 Voltage Regulator-LM7805

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.

CIRCUIT FEATURES
Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA

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Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of many electronics projects Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer cost

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Step Down Transformer

Bridge Rectifier

Filter Circuit

Regulator section

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FIG-11 Block Diagram of Power Supply

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CIRCUITDIAGRAM

FIG-12Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

BASIC POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Above is the circuit of a basic unregulated dc power supply. A bridge rectifier D1 to D4 rectifies the ac from the transformer secondary, which may also be a block rectifier such as WO4 or even four individual diodes such as 1N4004 types. (See later re rectifier ratings). The principal advantage of a bridge rectifier is you do not need a centre tap on the secondary of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at the output is twice the line frequency (i.e. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier.

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As a design example consider we wanted a small unregulated bench supply for our projects. Here we will go for a voltage of about 12 - 13V at a maximum output current (IL) of 500ma (0.5A). Maximum ripple will be 2.5% and load regulation is 5%. Now the RMS secondary voltage (primary is whatever is consistent with your area) for our power transformer T1 must be our desired output Vo PLUS the voltage drops across D2 and D4 ( 2 * 0.7V) divided by 1.414. This means that Vsec = [13V + 1.4V] / 1.414 which equals about 10.2V. Depending on the VA rating of your transformer, the secondary voltage will vary considerably in accordance with the applied load. The secondary voltage on a transformer advertised as say 20VA will be much greater if the secondary is only lightly loaded. If we accept the 2.5% ripple as adequate for our purposes then at 13V this becomes 13 * 0.025 = 0.325 Vrms. The peak to peak value is 2.828 times this value. Vrip = 0.325V X 2.828 = 0.92 V and this value is required to calculate the value of C1. Also required for this calculation is the time interval for charging pulses. If you are on a 60Hz system it it 1/ (2 * 60 ) = 0.008333 which is 8.33 milliseconds. For a 50Hz system it is 0.01 sec or 10 milliseconds. Remember the tolerance of the type of capacitor used here is very loose. The important thing to be aware of is the voltage rating should be at least 13V X 1.414 or 18.33. Here you would use at least the standard 25V or higher (absolutely not 16V).With our rectifier diodes or bridge they should have a PIV rating of 2.828 times the Vsec or at least 29V. Don't search for this rating because it doesn't exist. Use the next highest standard or even higher. The current rating should be at least twice the load current maximum i.e. 2 X 0.5A or 1A. A good type to use would be 1N4004, 1N4006 or 1N4008 types. These are rated 1 Amp at 400PIV, 600PIV and 1000PIV respectively. Always be on the lookout for the higher voltage ones when they are on special.

TRANSFORMER RATING
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In our example above we were taking 0.5A out of the Vsec of 10V. The VA required is 10 X 0.5A = 5VA. This is a small PCB mount transformer available in Australia and probably elsewhere. This would be an absolute minimum and if you anticipated drawing the maximum current all the time then go to a higher VA rating. The two capacitors in the primary side are small value types and if you don't know precisely and I mean precisely what you are doing then OMIT them. Their loss won't cause you heartache or terrible problems. The fuse F1 must be able to carry the primary current but blow under excessive current, in this case we use the formula from the diagram. Here N = 240V / 10V or perhaps 120V / 10V. The fuse calculates in the first instance to [ 2 X 0.5A ] / [240 / 10] or .04A or 40 ma. In the second case .08A or 80 ma. The difficulty here is to find suitable fuses of that low a current and voltage rating. In practice you use the closest you can get (often 100 ma ). Don't take that too literal and use 1A or 5A fuses.

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2.2 ZIGBEE Technology

2.2. 1 Zig-bee Zig-bee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the Zig-bee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. Zig-bee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. Zig-bee is a low data rate, two-way standard for home automation and data networks. The standard specification for up to 254 nodes including one master, managed from a single remote control. Real usage examples of Zig-bee includes home automation tasks such as turning lights on, setting the home security system, or starting the VCR. With Zig-bee all these tasks can be done from anywhere in the home at the touch of a button. Zig-bee also allows for dial-in access via the Internet for automation control. The Zig-bee standard uses small very low-power devices to connect together to form a wireless control web. A Zig-bee network is capable of supporting up to 254 client nodes plus one full functional devices (master). Zig-bee protocol is optimized for very long battery life measured in months to years from inexpensive, off-the-shelf non-rechargeable batteries, and can control lighting, air conditioning and heating, smoke and fire alarms, and other security devices. The standard supports 2.4 GHz (worldwide), 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (Americas) unlicensed radio bands with range up to 75 meters. 2.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and medium access control for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN's).This standard was chartered to investigate a low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity. It is operating in an unlicensed, international frequency band. Potential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remote controls, and home automation.

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802.15.4 Is part of the 802.15 wireless personal-area network efforts at the IEEE? It is a simple packet-based radio protocol aimed at very low-cost, battery-operated widgets and sensors (whose batteries last years, not hours) that can intercommunicate and send lowbandwidth data to a centralized device. As of 2007, the current version of the standard is the 2006 revision. It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group. It is the basis for the Zig-bee specification, which further attempts to offer a complete networking solution by developing the upper layers which are not covered by the standard. 2.2.3 802.15.4 Protocol Data rates of 250 kbps with 10-100 meter range. Two addressing modes; 16-bit short and 64-bit IEEE addressing. CSMA-CA channel access. Power management to ensure low power consumption. 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band Low duty cycle - Provides long battery life Low latency Support for multiple network topologies: Static, dynamic, star and mesh Up to 65,000 nodes on a network 2.2.4Comparison with other technologies Zig-Bee enables broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low-cost, low-power solutions. It provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive batteries for a host of monitoring applications: Lighting controls, AMR (Automatic Meter Reading), smoke and CO detectors, wireless telemetry, HVAC control, heating control, home security, Environmental controls and shade controls, etc. Table 3.2: Comparison with other technologies

Standard

ZigBee 802.15.4

Wi-Fi 802.11b

Bluetooth 802.15.1

38

Transmission Range (meters) Battery Life (days) Network Size (# of nodes) Application Stack Size (KB) Throughput kb/s)

1 100* 100 1,000 > 64,000 4 32 20 250

1 100 0.5 5.0 32 1,000 11,000

1 10 1-7 7 250 720

Monitoring & Control Web, Email, Video Cable Replacement

ZigBee-compliant products operate in unlicensed bands worldwide, including 2.4GHz (global), 902 to 928MHz (Americas), and 868MHz (Europe). Raw data throughput rates of 250Kbps can be achieved at 2.4GHz (16 channels), 40Kbps at 915MHz (10 channels), and 20Kbps at 868MHz (1 channel). The transmission distance is expected to range from 10 to 75m, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Like Wi-Fi, Zigbee uses direct-sequence spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band, with offset-quadrature phase-shift keying modulation. Channel width is 2MHz with 5MHz channel spacing. The 868 and 900MHz bands also use direct-sequence spread spectrum but with binary-phaseshift keying modulation. 2.2.5 Secure Connections ZigBee leverages the security model of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC sub layer which specifies four security services:

access controlthe device maintains a list of trusted devices within the network Data encryption, which uses symmetric key 128-bit advanced encryption standard (AES). frame integrity to protect data from being modified by parties without cryptographic keys sequential freshness to reject data frames that have been replayedthe network controller compares the freshness value with the last known value from the device and rejects it if the freshness value has not been updated to a new value The actual security implementation is specified by the implementer using a standardized toolbox of ZigBee security software. 2.2.6 Power consumption 39

Ultra-low power consumption is how ZigBee technology promotes a long lifetime for devices with non rechargeable batteries. ZigBee networks are designed to conserve the power of the slave nodes. For most of the time, a slave device is in deep-sleep mode and wakes up only for a fraction of a second to confirm its presence in the network. For example, the transition from sleep mode to data transition is around 15ms and new slave enumeration typically takes just 30ms. To minimize power consumption and promote long battery life in battery-powered devices, end devices can spend most of their time asleep, waking up only when they need to communicate and then going immediately back to sleep. ZigBee envisions that routers and the coordinator will be mains-powered and will not go to sleep. 2.2.7 Zigbee benefits In all of its uses, ZigBee offers four inherent, beneficial characteristics:

Low cost Range and obstruction issues avoidance Multi-source products Low power consumption

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID):RFID Technology This section provides an introduction to RFID technology. It begins with a discussion of the benefits of RFID relative to other automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies. It then reviews the basic components of RFID systems and provides background information needed to understand later material in the document. Readers who already have a strong understanding of RFID technology and applications can skip this section and the discussion in Section 3 about RFID applications. Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) Technology. Identification processes that rely on AIDC technologies2 are significantly more reliable and less expensive than those that are not automated. 40

The most common AIDC technology is bar code technology, which uses optical scanners to read labels.3 Most people have direct experience with bar codes because they have seen cashiers scan items at supermarkets and retail stores. Bar codes are an enormous improvement over ordinary text labels because personnel are no longer required to read numbers or letters on each label or manually enter data into an IT system; they just have to scan the label. The innovation of bar codes greatly improved the speed and accuracy of the identification process and facilitated better management of inventory and pricing when coupled with information systems. RFID represents a technological advancement in AIDC because it offers advantages that are not available in other AIDC systems such as bar codes. RFID offers these advantages because it relies on radio frequencies to transmit information rather than light, which is required for optical AIDC technologies. The use of radio frequencies means that RFID communication can occur:

without optical line of sight, because radio waves can penetrate many materials, At greater speeds, because many tags can be read quickly, whereas optical technology often requires time to manually reposition objects to make their bar codes visible, and

over greater distances, because many radio technologies can transmit and receive signals more effectively than optical technology under most operating conditions. The ability of RFID technology to communicate without optical line of

sight and over greater distances than other AIDC technology further reduces the need for human involvement in the identification process. For example, several retail firms have pilot RFID programs to determine the contents of a shopping cart without removing each item and placing it near a scanner, as is typical at most stores today. In this case, the ability to scan a cart without removing its contents could speed up the checkout process, 41

thereby decreasing transaction costs for the retailers. This application of RFID also has the potential to significantly decrease checkout time for consumers. RFID products often support other features that bar codes and other AIDC technologies do not have, such as rewritable memory, security features, and environmental sensors that enable the RFID technology to record a history of events. The types of events that can be recorded include temperature changes, sudden shocks, or high humidity. Today, people typically perceive the label identifying a particular object of interest as static, but RFID technology can make this label dynamic or even smart by enabling the label to acquire data about the object even when people are not present to handle it.

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RFID System Components:

RFID systems can be very complex, and implementations vary greatly across industries and sectors. For purposes of discussion in this document, an RFID system is composed of up to three subsystems: An RF subsystem, which performs identification and related transactions using wireless communication. An enterprise subsystem, which contains computers running specialized software that can store, process, and analyze data acquired from RF subsystem transactions to make the data useful to a supported business process. An inter-enterprise subsystem, which connects enterprise subsystems when information needs to be shared across organizational boundaries. Every RFID system contains an RF subsystem, and most RFID systems also contain an enterprise subsystem. An RFID system supporting a supply chain application is a common example of an RFID system with an inter-enterprise subsystem. In a supply chain application, a tagged product is tracked throughout its life cycle, from manufacture to final purchase, and sometimes even afterwards. The characteristics of RFID enterprise and inter-enterprise subsystems are very similar to those of any networked IT system in terms of the types of computers that reside on them, the protocols they support, and the security issues they encounter.

43

RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used & supported by our Reader is 125 KHz. The reader has been designed as a Plug & Play Module and can be plugged on a Standard 300 MIL-28 Pin IC socket form factor. Functions Supports reading of 64 Bit Manchester Encoded cards Pins for External Antenna connection Serial Interface (TTL) Wiegand Interface also available Customer application on request

Technical Data:
Frequency Read Range Power supply Current consumption max. Operating temperature Storing temperature Interface Dimensions (l x w x h) Serial Interface Format : 125 kHz : up to 8 cm : 5V DC ( 5 %) : 60 mA : -20 ... +65 C : -40 ... +75 C : RS232 ( TTL),Wiegand and others (on Demand) : 36 x 18 x 10 mm : 9600Baud, No Parity, 8 Data bits,1 Stop bit

Note: The TTL RS-232 Interface can not be connected directly to a PC COM port. Therefore the signal must be converted to RS 232 level for PC connection. This Firmware has the following Functions:

Read Tag-ID Send Tag-ID in ASCII Format through the Serial/ Wiegand Interface.

Sequence starts with Tag ID follows from Carriage-Return/Line-Feed (0Dh 0Ah), Example:

44

'041201938C<CR><LF>'

RFID 125 Reader Module PIN Diagram

PIN NO.

SIGNAL TxD Wiegand DATA HIGH

6 4 8

DESCRIPTION Transmit data (TTL level) output from module to serial interface It will give DATA HIGH signal. Receive data (TTL level) input to the module from serial interface LED will glow for 280 ms when tag is detected It will give DATA LOW signal. Buzzer will buzz for 280 ms when tag is detected

( available in Wiegand ) RxD LED ( active low) (available in RS 232 )

14

Wiegand DATA LOW ( available in Wiegand )

12

Buzzer (active low)

Note:

Reader module has to be mounted on non-metallic surface; else it may affect the operation of reader. Buzzer & LED are Active low signals. For Buzzer & LED current limiting Resister has to be mounted. MAX current is 20mA. (470 or 510 ohms for LED and 240 or 270 Ohms for Buzzer) LEDs Anode and Buzzers Positive marked pin to be connected to Vcc. Wiegand out put format is also available

45

in select readers.

Applications:
Our readers can be used for Access control, Time & Attendance, Vending machines, industrial and other applications where Reading the data from the Card only is required .

LAN Enabled RFID Reader EAD RFID

EAD RFID is a combination of our Ethernet Adapter EAD 01 and the RFID reader module. This unit contains our EAD 01 B Board level Serial to LAN converter, RFID module which can read the Tags and Built-in Antenna to pick up the RFID signal, a buzzer to indicate the successful reading of the card and a LED indication. The Unit can additionally support Time Stamping function with Real Time Clock as an Option. This unit can store up to 20 K of Data in its memory until the Server or PC software polls to pick up the data. (With a 10 digit Tag and Time Stamp, up to 800 records) We can also customize this product for System Integrators or Software developers to meet their software requirement.

Ordering Information Model Description

RFID 125 MD RFID 125 MDV EAD RFID 125 RFID Reader Module ( 125 Khz) RFID Reader Module with Base Board with RS 232 Port( 125 Khz) EAD - RFID Reader Module ( 125 Khz)

RF Subsystem
To enable wireless identification, the RF subsystem consists of two components:

46

RFID tags (sometimes referred to as transponders), which are small electronic devices that are affixed to objects or embedded in them. Each tag has a unique identifier and may also have other features such as memory to store additional data, environmental sensors, and security mechanisms.

RFID readers, which are devices that wirelessly communicate with tags to identify the item connected to each tag and possibly associate the tagged item with related data. Both the tag and the reader are two-way radios. Each has an antenna and is capable of modulating and demodulating radio signals. Figure shows a simple RF subsystem configuration.

2.3.1 Tag Characteristics

The market for RFID tags includes numerous different types of tags, which differ greatly in their cost, size, performance, and security mechanisms. Even when tags are designed to comply with a particular standard, they are often further customized to meet the requirements of specific applications. Understanding the major tag characteristics can help those responsible 47

for RFID systems identify the tag characteristics required in their environments and applications. Major characteristics of tags include: Identifier format, Power source, Operating frequencies, Functionality, and Form factor.

Sections 2.3.1.1 through 2.3.1.5 examine these characteristics in detail.

2.3.1.1 Identifier Format

Every tag has an identifier that is used to uniquely identify it. There are a number of data formats available for encoding identifiers on tags. System designers often want to use identifiers that have a standard structure, with certain groups of bits representing particular fields. A tag identifier format that is used across many industry sectors is the Electronic Product Code (EPC). This format was developed by the industry group EPCglobal. EPCglobal is a joint venture between Global Standards One (GS1), which was formerly known as European Article Numbering (EAN) International, and GS1 US, which was formerly known as the Uniform Code Council (UCC). The tag identifier format consists of four data fields: The Header, which specifies the EPC type. The EPC Manager ID, which uniquely identifies the organization that is responsible for assigning the object class and serial number bits. The Object Class, which identifies a class of objects, such as a certain model of television set. The Serial Number, which uniquely describes the instance of that class of objects.

48

Using a standard identifier format makes it easier for organizations to decode identifiers. When a machine reads a standard identifier, it can parse the identifier and decode its fields. The machine may need to request information from a remote computer to look up an identifier. When the database is distributed across several organizations and many servers, a standard identifier format with specified fields greatly facilitates the look up process. Therefore, standard identifier formats should be used whenever an RFID system will be used across multiple organizations. If an organization does not expect its tag identifiers to be read by external parties or is concerned that the association of a tag with the organization or specific classes of objects is a business or privacy risk, then it may choose to develop and implement its own identifier format that does not reveal this information. Options include random or serialized identifiers that do not reveal information about the tagged item. Such identifiers can be encoded on many standards-based tags. These tags reserve memory for standard identifier formats but the memory does not have to be used for that purpose. The data format chosen for an RFID system should be adequate for the entire life cycle of the system. Certain data formats may not have enough bits to uniquely encode all the tags that will be used in a particular application. For example, a supply chain RFID system may need longer identifiers to identify the large number of items that it will manage. The identifier data format also has security implications. For example, standard formats such as EPC allow an adversary to quickly obtain intelligence about a business activity by decoding the manager and object class fields.

2.3.1.2 Power Source

Tags need power to perform functions such as sending radio signals to a reader, storing and retrieving data, and performing other computations. Tags can obtain this power from a battery or from electromagnetic waves emitted by readers that induce an electric current in the tags. The power requirements of a tag depend on several factors, including the operating distance between the tag and the reader, the radio frequency being used, and the functionality of the tag. In general, the more complex the functions the tag supports, the greater its power requirements. 49

For example, tags that support cryptography or authentication require more energy than tags that are limited to transmitting an identifier. Tags are categorized into four types based on the power source for communication and other functionality: Passive, Active, Semi-active, and Semi-passive. A passive tag uses the electromagnetic energy it receives from a readers transmission to reply to the reader. The reply signal from a passive tag, which is also known as the backscattered signal, 5 has only a fraction of the power of the readers signal. This limited power significantly restricts the operating range of the tag. It also means that passive tags can only support data processing of limited complexity. On the other hand, passive tags typically are cheaper, smaller, and lighter than other types of tags, which are compelling advantages for many RFID applications. An active tag relies on an internal battery for power. The battery is used to communicate to the reader, to power on-board circuitry, and to perform other functions. Active tags can communicate over greater distance than other types of tags, but they have a finite battery life and are generally larger and more expensive. Since these tags have an internal power supply, they can respond to lower power signals than passive tags. A semi-active tag is an active tag that remains dormant until it receives a signal from the reader to wake up. The tag can then use its battery to communicate with the reader. Like active tags, semi-active tags can communicate over a longer distance than passive tags. Their main advantage relative to active tags is that they have a longer battery life. The waking process, however, sometimes causes an unacceptable time delay when tags pass readers very quickly or when many tags need to be read within a very short period of time.

50

A semi-passive tag is a passive tag that uses a battery to power on-board circuitry, but not to produce return signals. When the battery is used to power a sensor, they are often called sensor tags. They typically are smaller and cheaper than active tags, but have greater functionality than passive tags because more power is available for other purposes. Some literature uses the terms semi-passive and semi-active interchangeably.

2.3.1.3 Operating Frequencies

The radio frequencies at which a tag transmits and receives signals have implications for: Tag performance characteristics, including operating range, speed of tag reads and RFID data transfer rate. In general, as a tags operating frequency increases, its signals are able to carry more data.6 As a result; higher frequency readers are also able to read more tags in a given period of time. In addition, RFID systems that operate at ultra high frequency (UHF) and microwave frequencies are typically designed to have a longer operating range than LF and high frequency (HF) systems.7 for most applications, the increased speed and operating range are considered advantages. One exception is applications for which security or privacy is a significant concern, such as those that involve financial transactions or personal data. In these cases, the ability of an adversary to read the data more quickly and from a longer distance typically is considered a risk that requires mitigation. The ability of the tags signal to penetrate materials. As a general rule, higher frequencies are less able to penetrate substances such as metals or liquids than lower frequencies. Depending on the application, the penetration capabilities of a particular frequency can be either a benefit or a shortcoming. For example, LF communication typically is a requirement when tags are placed inside an animal because RF attenuation in living tissue, which is mostly water, increases significantly as frequency increases. In applications in which security is a significant concern, an organization may want to use a frequency range than can be blocked by a particular material because this enables

51

effective security shielding that might not otherwise be available. Table 2-1 summarizes the ability of RF signals to penetrate various substances. The likelihood of radio interference. Radio interference is another reason why transmitted signals may not be properly received. Determining the potential sources of radio interference for a particular RFID implementation requires a site survey. RFID systems may experience radio interference from other systems that operate in the same or nearby frequency band. Interference often is exacerbated when using high power readers or when many readers are collocated. Table 2-2 lists potential sources of interference for RFID systems. The international portability of tags. The types of systems that use various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction because not all regulators assign the same frequencies for the same purposes. If an RFID application requires transporting tags across multiple regulatory jurisdictions, then the system needs to use a frequency range permitted in all of the jurisdictions. Regulations impacting RFID often change, so organizations that use or plan to use RFID technology internationally should monitor relevant developments. Currently, there are frequencies within the LF, HF, and UHF bands that are permitted in most jurisdictions. Also, some tags are frequency-agile, so they can respond to one frequency in one jurisdiction and another in a different jurisdiction.

52

2.3.3 Tag-Reader Communication

53

Tag-reader communication is achieved by using a common communications protocol between the tag and the reader. Tag-reader communication protocols are often specified in RFID standards. Prominent international standards include the ISO/IEC 18000 series for item management and the ISO/IEC 14443 and ISO/IEC 15693 standards for contactless smart cards. The most recent EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 standard is essentially equivalent to the ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard. A more detailed explanation of RFID standards can be found in Appendix A on RFID Standards and Security Mechanisms. Tag-reader communication characteristics that affect performance and security include: How tag-reader communication is initiated, How a reader identifies particular tags, and How far away a tag or readers signal can be reliably detected or interpreted. These are discussed in detail in Sections 2.3.3.1 through 2.3.3.3.

2.3.3.1 Communication Initiation

Tags and readers can initiate RF transactions in two general ways: Reader Talks First (RTF). In an RTF transaction, the reader broadcasts a signal that is received by tags in the readers vicinity. Those tags may then be commanded to respond to the reader and to continue transactions with the reader. Tag Talks First (TTF). In a TTF transaction, a tag communicates its presence to a reader when the tag is within the readers RF field. If the tag is passive, then it transmits as soon as it gets power from the readers signal to do so. If the tag is active, then it transmits periodically as long as its power supply lasts. This type of transaction might be used when it is necessary to identify objects that pass by a reader, such as objects on a conveyer belt. Readers and tags in an RFID system typically operate using only RTF or only TTF transactions, not both types. Active tag TTF operation may be easier for an adversary to detect or intercept, because active tags send beaconing signals even when they are not in the presence of a

54

reader. The adversary could eavesdrop on this communication without risking detection because in TTF transactions the adversary never has to send a signal to ascertain the tags presence.

Security Gate
The Security Gate Codeco is offering has a very efficient detection in all 3 tag directions.

The gate can be supplied in both a single (two antennas) and a double (three antennas) passage version. With 1000 mm between the gates detection of tags in all three directions (x, y and z) are secured. The distance between the gates can be up to 1400 mm; however this limits the antitheft detection to one direction (parallel to the antennas). As standard the gate is supplied with an audible alarm, optionally the gates can be supplied with a visible alarm. RFID Reader the data from the tag and send to the microcontroller. Microcontroller first check the data is valid or not. If it is valid then it will send a signal to the 55

stepper motor to rotate that means DOOR will open. If card is not valid then microcontroller will not send signal to the stepper motor that means it will not open the Door. In our project we are using Passive RFID for security purpose, Because of walmarts initiatives in the RFID domain, it is now possible to obtain very cheap RFID tags and create University/departmental ID cards with them. Passive RFID technology is based on the simple idea that an electronic circuit or tag, powered intermittently through radiation from a distance, can transmit information in air that can be read by a reader located at a distance. These tags are nothing but plain antennae bonded to a silicon chip kept inside a plastic or glass case. Operation of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID system is illustrated in fig. 1. The reader emits an electromagnetic wave which charges up the tag. The tag in return transmits the data back to the reader. These tags have a greater range than their some lower frequency counterparts and can read a multitude of tags simultaneously.

56

Figure: A Schematic of Power and Data Flow in a UHF RFID System.

Purpose To demonstrate RFID in action using Sokymat EM Unique RFID tags and the Adilam RFID reader module. To simply read RFID tag numbers and transmits them to a PC computer for data collection and storage. To expose the user to various tag shapes, styles and applications of RFID tags. Requirements DC Power Supply or battery in the range of 8 to16 Volts PC Computer with an available serial port and Hyper-Terminal or Serial Terminal software. DB9 Male to DB9 Female serial cable not Supplied.

Connection Serial Port Of PC

57

Operation The RFID module is supplied with 8v to 16v and draws on average 30 ~ 40mA in the idle state. During a RFID read the current may peak briefly to 60mA. The Reader module comes configured for ASCII 9600 Baud N, 8, 1 output - ready to Connect to the serial port of a PC via a DB9 serial cable. An RFID tag in close proximity to the ID12 RFID reader will have the following Action: LED will flash Beep from buzzer The RFID number of the tag is transmitted serially out of pin 2 (Rx) of the DB9 Female connector (J1) of the RFID module.

ASCII Configuration 58

The RFID board is shipped configured for ASCII Serial transmission (9600Baud N, 8, 1) D1 - linked to Rx JP1 - ASCII is linked JP2 Open, JP3 Open R4 - Not fitted R5 - Fitted with 100R C3 - Not fitted (only for use with ID2 modules - future design) ANT - No connection (for use with ID2 modules - future design) SERIAL ASCII Output When the ID12 RFID module detects the RFID tag, the following Serial ASCII data Stream is transmitted. Output Format Serial ASCII 9600, N,8,1

Total packet length is 16 bytes Data and Checksum are in ASCII hex format (2 ASCII characters per byte) The checksum is the result of the exclusive OR of the binary data bytes Checksum calculation 04hex . 1Ahex . 21hex . EEhex . 34hex = E5hex Thus the ASCII hex values should be converted in to binary before the checksum Calculation.

59

60

61

RFID Read Range of the RFID module

The RFID read range of this module will vary from approx10mm to 30mm depending On the following factors; The shape and size of the RFID tag. Large Size RFID tags have longer read Range (Smaller tags have a smaller RF radiating field) Any metallic objects near the RFID tag or ID12 Module will effectively Detune the coils operating frequency and reduce the read range Any electrical interference from electrical equipment will reduce read range.

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2.5 LCD
LCD To send any of the commands from given table to the lcd, make pin RS =0.For data, make RS=1.then send a high to low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. As shown in figure for LCD connections.

Table 2.1., Pin assignment for <= 80 character displays Pin Symbol number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vss Vcc Vee RS R/W E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 Level 0/1 0/1 1, 1->0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 I/O - Power supply (GND) - Power supply (+5V) - Contrast adjust I I 0 = Instruction input 1 = Data input 0 = Write to LCD module 1 = Read from LCD module Function

I Enable signal I/O Data bus line 0 (LSB) I/O Data bus line 1 I/O Data bus line 2 I/O Data bus line 3 I/O Data bus line 4 I/O Data bus line 5 I/O Data bus line 6 I/O Data bus line 7 (MSB)

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Table 2.2., Pin assignment for > 80 character displays Pin number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Symbol DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 E1 R/W RS Vee Vss Vcc E2 n.c. Level 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1, 1->0 0/1 0/1 1, 1->0 I/O I/O Data bus line 7 (MSB) I/O Data bus line 6 I/O Data bus line 5 I/O Data bus line 4 I/O Data bus line 3 I/O Data bus line 2 I/O Data bus line 1 I/O Data bus line 0 (LSB) I Enable signal row 0 & 1 (1stcontroller) I I 0 = Write to LCD module 1 = Read from LCD module 0 = Instruction input 1 = Data input Function

- Contrast adjust - Power supply (GND) - Power supply (+5V) I Enable signal row 2 & 3 (2ndcontroller)

Instruction set
Table 2.3. HD44780 instruction set Instruction Code RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Description Execution time**

Clear display

Clears display and returns cursor to the 1 home position (address 0). Returns cursor to home position (address 0). Also returns display being * shifted to the original position. DDRAM contents remains unchanged. S Sets cursor move direction (I/D), specifies to shift the

1.64mS

Cursor home

1.64mS

Entry mode set 0

I/D

40uS

64

Table 2.3. HD44780 instruction set Instruction Code RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 Description display (S). These operations are performed during data read/write. 0 Display On/Off control 0 Cursor/display shift 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L * 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Sets On/Off of all display (D), cursor On/Off (C) and blink of cursor position character (B). * Sets cursor-move or display-shift (S/C), shift direction (R/L). DDRAM contents remains unchanged. Sets interface data length (DL), number * of display line (N) and character font(F). Sets the CGRAM address. CGRAM data is sent and received after this setting. Sets the DDRAM address. DDRAM data is sent and received after this setting. Reads Busy-flag (BF) indicating internal operation is being performed and reads CGRAM or DDRAM address counter contents (depending on previous instruction). Writes data to CGRAM or DDRAM. Reads data from CGRAM or DDRAM. 40uS Execution time**

40uS

Function set

DL

40uS

Set CGRAM address

CGRAM address

40uS

Set DDRAM address

DDRAM address

40uS

Read busy-flag and address 0 counter

BF

CGRAM / DDRAM address

0uS

Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM

write data

40uS

read data

40uS

Remarks: - DDRAM = Display Data RAM. 65

- CGRAM = Character Generator RAM. - DDRAM address corresponds to cursor position. - * = Don't care. - ** = Based on Fosc = 250kHz.
Table 2.4. Bit names Bit name I/D S D C B S/C R/L DL N F BF 0 = Decrement cursor position 0 = No display shift 0 = Display off 0 = Cursor off 0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Move cursor 0 = Shift left 0 = 4-bit interface 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 Duty (1 line) 0 = 5x7 dots 0 = Can accept instruction Setting / Status 1 = Increment cursor position 1 = Display shift 1 = Display on 1 = Cursor on 1 = Cursor blink on 1 = Shift display 1 = Shift right 1 = 8-bit interface 1 = 1/16 Duty (2 lines) 1 = 5x10 dots 1 = Internal operation in progress

2.6 Serial communication

When a processor communicates with the outside world, it provides data in byte sized chunks. Computers transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often more lines are used to transfer data to a device and 8 bit data path is expensive. The serial communication transfer uses only a single data line instead of the 8 bit data line of parallel communication which makes the data transfer not only cheaper but also makes it possible for two computers located in two different cities to communicate over telephone. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers data at a time while the asynchronous transfers a single byte at a time. There are some special IC chips made by many manufacturers for data communications. These chips are commonly referred to as UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter)

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and USART (universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter). The AT89C51 chip has a built in UART. In asynchronous method, each character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In data framing of asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed in between a start and stop bit. We have a total of 10 bits for a character: 8 bits for the ASCII code and 1 bit each for the start and stop bits. The rate of serial data transfer communication is stated in bps or it can be called as baud rate. To allow the compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers, and interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics industries Association in 1960. Today RS232 is the most widely used I/O interfacing standard. This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since the standard was set long before the advent of the TTL logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS232, a 1 bit is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is represented +3 to +25 V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converters such as MAX232 to connect the TTL logic levels to RS232 voltage levels and vice versa. MAX232 ICs are commonly referred to as line drivers.

The RS232 cables are generally referred to as DB-9 connector. In labeling, DB-9P refers to the plug connector (male) and DB-9S is for the socket connector (female). The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller requires a minimum of three pin, TXD, RXD, and ground. Many of the pins of the RS232 connector are used for handshaking signals. They are bypassed since they are not supported by the 8051 UART chip.

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IBM PC/ compatible computers based on x86(8086, 80286, 386, 486 and Pentium) microprocessors normally have two COM ports. Both COM ports have RS232 type connectors. Many PCs use one each of the DB-25 and DB-9 RS232 connectors. The COM ports are designated as COM1 and COM2. We can connect the serial port to the COM 2 port of a PC for serial communication experiments. We use a DB9 connector in our arrangement. The AT89C51 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and are part of the port3 (P3.0 and P3.1). These pins are TTL compatible; therefore they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. One advantage of MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5v power source which is the same as the source voltage for the at89c51. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for receiving and transferring data. The line drivers for TXD are called T1 and T2 while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. T1 and R1 are used for TXD and RXD of the 89c51 and the second set is left unused. In MAX232 that the TI line driver has a designation of T1 in and T1 out on pin numbers 11 and 14, respectively. The T1 in pin is the TTL side and is connected to TXD of the microcontroller, while TI out is the RS232 side that is connected to the RXD pin of the DB9 connector. To allow data transfer between PC and the microcontroller system without any error, we must make sure that the baud rate of the 8051 system matches the baud rate of the PCs COM port.

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CHAPTER 3

FLOW CHART :
start

Initialization of Microcontroller

Initialization of Zigbee

Initialization of serial and LCD

ENETER THE DATA IN LCD

SEND DATA TO ZIGBEE

N o

Yes DISPLAY ON RECEIVER LCD

Stop

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SOURCE CODE: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TX:

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RX:

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CHAPTER 5 5 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Introduction: In this chapter the software used and the language in which the program code is defined is mentioned and the program code dumping tools are explained. The chapter also documents the development of the program for the application. This program has been termed as Source code. Before we look at the source code we define the two header files that we have used in the code. 5.2 Tools Used:

Figure 4.1 Keil Software- internal stages

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Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications 5.3 C51 Compiler & A51 Macro Assembler: Source files are created by the Vision IDE and are passed to the C51 Compiler or A51 Macro Assembler. The compiler and assembler process source files and create replaceable object files. The Keil C51 Compiler is a full ANSI implementation of the C programming language that supports all standard features of the C language. In addition, numerous features for direct support of the 8051 architecture have been added. VISION What's New in Vision3? Vision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. Vision3 is fully compatible to Vision2 and can be used in parallel with Vision2. What is Vision3? Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

A project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger. To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided.

HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface. MEASURE is a data acquisition system for analog and digital systems. TRAFFIC is a traffic light controller with the RTX Tiny operating system. SIEVE is the SIEVE Benchmark. DHRY is the Dhrystone Benchmark. WHETS is the Single-Precision Whetstone Benchmark. 73

Additional example programs not listed here are provided for each device architecture. 7.3 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must: 1. Select Project -(forexample,166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2). 2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project. Creating Your Own Application in Vision2 To create a new project in Vision2, you must: 1. Select Project - New Project. 2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. 3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device Database. 4. Create source files to add to the project. 5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. 6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. 7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Debugging an Application in Vision2 To debug an application created using Vision2, you must: 1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. 2. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function. 3. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on. Starting Vision2 and Creating a Project Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu Project New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file name. 74

We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. Vision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project Window Files. Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your project. The Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device database. Just select the microcontroller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool options for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new application. You may translate all source files and line the application with a click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When you build an application with syntax errors, Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output Window Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in a Vision2 editor window. Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging. After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2 creates HEX files with each build process when Create HEX files under Options for Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1. CPU Simulation Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read, write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory accesses. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from the Device Database selection 75

You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes. Start Debugging You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session command. Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will load the application program and run the startup code Vision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, Vision2 opens an editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available. For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. Program source text of your application is shown in the same windows. The Vision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in the following aspects: The Debug Menu and Debug Commands described below are available. The additional debug windows are discussed in the following. The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build Commands are disabled. Disassembly Window The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording. If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands. You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU instructions. That allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging. 76

SOURCE CODE 1. 2. Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop The following fig will appear

3. 4.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

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5.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

6. 7. 8.

Then Click on Save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

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9.

Select AT89C51 as shown below

10. 11.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

12.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO

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13. 14.

Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

15.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

16.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

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17. 18.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C

19.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

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20.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

21. 22. 23.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

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24. 25.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

26. 27.

Then Click OK Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

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28.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. 30.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully

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5.6 Flash Magic: Features: Straightforward and intuitive user interface Five simple steps to erasing and programming a device and setting any options desired Programs Intel Hex Files Automatic verifying after programming Fills unused flash to increase firmware security Ability to automatically program checksums. Using the supplied checksum calculation routine your firmware can easily verify the integrity of a Flash block, ensuring no unauthorized or corrupted code can ever be executed Program security bits Check which Flash blocks are blank or in use with the ability to easily erase all blocks in use Read the device signature Read any section of Flash and save as an Intel Hex File Reprogram the Boot Vector and Status Byte with the help of confirmation features that prevent accidentally programming incorrect values Displays the contents of Flash in ASCII and Hexadecimal formats Single-click access to the manual, Flash Magic home page and NXP Microcontrollers home page Ability to use high-speed serial communications on devices that support it. Flash Magic calculates the highest baud rate that both the device and your PC can use and switches to that baud rate transparently Command Line interface allowing Flash Magic to be used in IDEs and Batch Files Manual in PDF format 85

 supports half-duplex communications Verify Hex Files previously programmed Save and open settings Able to reset Rx2 and 66x devices (revision G or higher) Able to control the DTR and RTS RS232 signals when connected to RST and /PSEN to place the device into Boot ROM and Execute modes automatically. An example circuit diagram is included in the Manual. This is essential for ISP with target hardware that is hard to access. This enables us to send commands to place the device in Boot ROM mode, with support for command line interfaces. The installation includes an example project for the Keil and Raisonance 8051 compilers that show how to build support for this feature into applications. Able to play any Wave file when finished programming. built in automated version checker - helps ensure you always have the latest version. Powerful, flexible Just In Time Code feature. Write your own JIT Modules to generate last minute code for programming. Uses include: Serial number generation Copy protection and copy authorization Storing program date and time - manufacture date Storing program operator and location Lookup table generation Language tables or language selection Centralized record keeping

Obtaining latest firmware from the Corporate Web site or project intranet

Requirements: Flash Magic works on any versions of Windows, except Windows 95. 10Mb of disk space is required. As mentioned earlier, we are automating two different routines in our project and hence we used the method of polling to continuously monitor those tasks and act accordingly

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SOFTWARE USED:
1. Embedded C 2. Keil IDE 3. Uc-Flash

HARDWARE USED:
1. Micro Controllers(AT89S52) 2. Power Supply 3. ZIGBEE Transceivers 4. LCD 5. PS2 CABLE 6. Keypad(PS2)

RESULT:
According to this project we can implement a data communication system in which ZIGBEE technology is used by which one can communicate with more than one, wirelessly

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RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Advantages 1. The implementation of Zig-bee will make communication wireless like chatting system. Disadvantages 1. This technology can be used only up to range of 100m. Applications 1. This system chatting application and military applications .

RESULT:
According to this project we can implement a data communication system in which ZIGBEE technology is used by which one can communicate with more than one, wirelessly

CONCLUSION
The project MESSENGER DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT INTERNET USING ZIG-BEE TECHNOLOGY has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
NAME OF THE SITES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WWW.MITEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.ATMEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.FRANKLIN.COM WWW.KEIL.COM www.ask.com www.wikipedia.com www.palowireless.com/zigbee www.howstuffworks.com

REFERENCES
9 8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM. Mohd. Mazidi. 10 EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PRIMER. David .E. Simon. 11 ZIGBEE WIRELESS NETWORKS AND TRANSCEIVERS Shahin farahani

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