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Proccesing Gain

Process Gain

= 10log(chip rate/bit rate)

Process gain differs for each service.

If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.

Spreading Technology Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth normally required to accommodate the information. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere each other

Radio bearer Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL

SF 64 16 8 8 4

Radio bearer Speech 12.2 DL Data 64 kbps DL Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL

SF 128 32 16 16 8

WCDMA Channelization Code SF = chip rate / symbol rate High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
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The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels. They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree. SF in uplink is from 4 to 256. SF in downlink is from 4 to 512 Purpose of Channelization Code Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one cell For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one UE Purpose of Scrambling Code Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in one carrier Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 2
24

long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink

signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by RNC.

Principle of RAKE Receiver The RAKE receiver is a technique which uses several baseband correlators to individually process multipath signal components. The outputs from the different correlators are combined to achieve improved reliability and performance

RAB, RB and RL

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RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN. RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User Equipment and Serving RNC. RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer transmissions

What is HSDPA ? High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet swithed DL data service in WCDMA with data rate up to 10Mbps over a 5MHz Bandwidth HSDPA key characteristics The physical layer retransmission (ARQ function) R99: RNC-based ARQ HSDPA: Node-B based fast H-ARQ Packet scheduling R99: RNC-based HSDPA: NodeB-based Power control R99: Fast PC HSDPA: Link adaptation function and AMC (adaptive modulation and coding) Good spectral efficiency HSDPA: up to 15 multi-codes in parallel

Shared channel transmission

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HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) Supports up to 15 codes parallel Fixed spreading factor (16) Works in parallel to DCH

Shared-channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resources of a cell (code space and power) is seen as a common resource that is dynamically shared between users, primarily in the time domain. In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced called high speed DL shared channel. The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is dynamically shared between a set of packet-data users, primarily in the time domain. The codes are allocated to a user only when they are actually to be used for transmission, which leads to efficient code and power utilization. In HSDPA, maximum 15 channelization codes with Spreading Factor (SF)= 16 can be used for this new DL channel. In P4, 5 channelization codes are used enabling user data rates up to 4.32 Mbps (the system is capable of enabling 4.32 Mbps). The main benefit with DL shared channel transmission is to reduce the risk for code-limited capacity. Sharing codes in the code domain, in other words, code multiplexing, is also possible by employing different subsets of the complete channelization code set for different users. Figure 1-6 shows an example of 4 users sharing the time and code domain (8 codes). Sharing in the code domain is useful for providing efficient support of small payloads when the transmitted data does not require the full set of HS-DSCH codes configured in the cell. Useful when supporting terminals cannot despread the full set of codes

Higher-order modulation QPSK 16-QAM

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WCDMA release 99 uses QPSK data modulation for downlink transmission. To support higher data rates, higher-order data modulation, such as 16QAM However, higher-order modulation is also less robust and typically requires higher energy per bit for a given a given error rate. In case of interference-limited capacity, which is the normal case for WCDMA, the use of higher-order modulation is thus not efficient from a system capacity pointof- view. HS-DSCH supports both QPSK and 16QAM 􀁺 16QAM is optional in Node B 􀁺 16QAM allows for twice the peak data rate compared to QPSK 􀁺 16QAM may be used as a complement to QPSK 􀁺 16QAM is mandatory in the UE, except for the 2 lowest UE Categories The modulation scheme is part of the TFRC (Transport Format Resource Combination) 􀁺 Having 16QAM will be more beneficial with more advanced receivers in the UE 􀁺 16QAM more sensitive to interference

Short transmission time interval (TTI) Dynamic channel code allocation interval of 2 ms One reason for a shorter TTI is to reduce the air-interface delay by reducing the RTT (Round Trip Times). This will improve the enduser performance since shorter TTI improves the interaction with TCP/IP. Short TTI is also necessary to benefit from other functionalities such as fast link adaptation, fast scheduling and fast hybrid ARQ Fast link adaptation Adjusts transmission parameters not TX power! Users near Node B: QPSK 16-QAM (for example) In a cellular system, the radio-channel conditions experienced by different downlink communication links will typically vary significantly, both in time and between different positions within the cell. In general, there are several reasons for these variations and differences in instantaneous radio-channel conditions:

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The channel conditions will differ significantly between different positions within the cell, due to distance dependent path loss and location-dependent shadowing. The channel conditions will vary due to variations in the interference level. The interference level will depend on the position within the cell, with typically higher interference level close to the cell border. However, the interference level will also depend on the instantaneous transmission activity of neighbor cells. The transmission activity of a cell could vary significantly, especially when bursty high-rate data traffic contributes a major part of the overall traffic. Note that there may not only be interference from other cells. In case of a timedispersed channel, downlink orthogonality will be lost, causing own-cell interference. The instantaneous channel conditions will vary rapidly due to multi-path fading. The rate of these variations depends on the speed of the mobile terminal. Typically there will be significant variations during a fraction of a second. In WCDMA, power control is used to compensate for differences and variations in the instantaneous downlink radio channel conditions. In principle, power control allocates a proportionally larger part of the total available cell power to communication links with bad channel conditions. This ensures similar service quality to all communication links, despite differences in the radio-channel conditions. At the same time, radio resources are more efficiently utilized when they are allocated to communication links with good channel conditions. Thus, from an overall system-throughput pointof- view, power control is not the most efficient means to allocate available resources. In general, the goal is to ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication links, despite variations and differences in the channel conditions. Power control achieves this by adjusting the transmission power while keeping the data rate constant. .

Fast scheduling Allocates the use of shared channel to UEs with best radio conditions at certain time moment (Multi User Diversity) Scheduling is done at Node-B instead of RNC

Fast Scheduling is about to decide to which terminal the shared channel transmission should be directed at any given moment. Its called channel-dependent scheduling because its dependent on the instantaneous channel condition.
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The basic idea is to transmit at the fading peaks of the channel in order to increase the capacity and to use the resources more efficiently. But this might lead to large variations in data rate of the users .The trade-off is between the cell throughput and fairness against users. In some cases, there might be a particular user who is perhaps on the cell border which might not be allocated the radio resources because he does not have good enough C/I. Remember that we dont have SHO for dedicated shared channel. There are a number of scheduling algorithms that take into consideration the trade-of between throughput and fairness. Round Robin (RR): radio resources are allocated to communication links on a sequential basis, not taking into account the instantaneous radio-channel conditions experienced by each link. Proportional Fair (PF): Schedules all users in the cell but prioritize users with better channel quality but ensure that all users receive a guaranteed minimum throughput. It gives rather high throughput and is rather fair. Max C/I Ratio: for maximum cell throughput, the radio resources should as much as possible be allocated to communication links with the best instantaneous channel conditions.

Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (H-ARQ) Request and retransmit missing data (UE Node-B) Combine information from original transmission (Soft Combining) Signalling with ACKs and NACKs

In a conventional ARQ scheme, received data blocks that cannot be correctly decoded are discarded and retransmitted data blocks are separately decoded, In case of hybrid ARQ with soft combining, received data blocks that cannot be correctly decoded are not discarded. Instead the corresponding received signal is buffered and soft combined with later received retransmissions of the same set of information bits. Decoding is then applied to the combined signal. The use of hybrid ARQ with soft combining increases the effective received Eb/I0 for each retransmission and thus increases the probability for correct decoding of retransmissions, compared to conventional ARQ combining. However, there are two main approaches, frequently referred to as Chase Combining and Incremental Redundancy (IR) respectively. These schemes differ in the structure of the retransmissions and in the way by which the soft combining is
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carried out at the receiver side. In case of Chase combining each retransmission is an identical copy of the original transmission. In case of Incremental Redundancy each retransmission may add new redundancy. Typically, Incremental Redundancy is based on a low-rate code. In the first transmission only a limited number of the coded bits are transmitted, effectively leading to a high-rate code. In the retransmissions, additional coded bits are transmitted. Fast hybrid ARQ allows UEs to rapidly request retransmissions of erroneously received transport blocks The UE attempts to decode each transport block it receives, reporting to RBS its success or failure 5 ms after the reception of the transport block. The hybrid ARQ mechanism in RBS can rapidly respond to retransmissions requests. This leads to shorter Round Trip Times. The UE employs soft combining, which is it combines soft information from previous transmission attempts with the current transmission to increase the probability of decoding the transport block. This reduces error rates for retransmissions. This functionality is mainly sort of fine tuning the effective code rate and compensating for errors made by link adaptation mechanism.

CQI Reporting from UE UE should report the CQI for which the BLER probability would not exceed 10% on HSDSCH in measured condition (PCPICH + G). Algorithm to calculate CQI value is not specified by 3GPP. CQI reporting can have UE specific differences.

Handover -Load balancing- share resource provides continous service. Handover typesIntr frequency
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Inter RAT Inter Freq

Soft, softer,hard

{* In softer HO , the MAX ratio combination is performed at uplink signals at node B. In soft HO, the selective combination is performed on uplink signals at the RNC.. As gain for max ratio combination > seective combination,Softer HO is better than Soft HO.} Phases in WCDMA HO- measurement, Decision, Execution.

Reporting mode: Event based/ Periodic based. Event Based-measurement report is sent when reporting criteria is met Periodic Based- If the RNC does not respond after several events are reported, UE switches to periodic mode.

Active Set: includes the cells to which the mobile is simultaneously connected. Monitored Set: includes the cells that the terminal measures and reports but that are not included in the Active Set. Therefore, they constitute the candidate cells to be added to the Active Set. Detected Set: includes the rest of the cells that the terminal is able to detect (i.e. the measured RSCP and the Ec/No are above specific thresholds) but are not included in the Cell_Info_List. Therefore, no measurement reports are provided for these cells.

Events 1a = (Measured PCPICH Ec/Io) > [(PCPICH Ec/Io of the best cell in Active Set)-Reporting range 1a +Hysteris 1a/2]
Addion-This action is executed when the active set is not full

1b= Measured PCPICH Ec/Io) < [(PCPICH Ec/Io of the best cell in Active Set)-Reporting range 1b +Hysteris 1b/2] Removal
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1C= Replace the worst cell of the active set with the best cell in the monitored set. This is executed when the
active cell is full.

when a mesaured PCPICH Ec/Io of monitor set becomes best the the worst PCPICH is Active Set plus hysteris 1c/2/.

1d= when any cell (active, monitor, detector) cells stronger than the best CPICH Ec/no plus hysterisis 1d/2.

2D-=To start compress mode depending on quality and RSCP, 2F=To stop compress mode depending on quality and RSCP.

Received Total Wideband Power Received total wideband power is the total power of all signals received in the uplink frequency band on the cell antenna, no matter if these signals are uplink physical channels sent by UE or interference from sources outside the UTRAN. It is also correct to say that received total wideband power is the total noise received at the cell antenna on the uplink frequency, because on this frequency each UE is an interferer of all other UEs in the cell and in addition, interference from other signal sources is also measured. Such external interference is any high-frequency signal that interferes with UTRAN uplink frequencies, e.g. sidebands of radio equipment working on different frequencies than UTRAN or interference caused by electronic devices

Main KPI 1) RRC Set up success rate(CS/PS) 2) RAB Set up success rate (CS/ CS Conv/HSDPA/HSUPA/PS-R99) 3) CSSR 4) RAB Drop Rate(CS/ CS Conv/HSDPA/HSUPA/PS-R99) 5) Soft Handover Success Rate 6) ISHO Success Rate
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7) SHO Overhead RT & NRT(Sepertaely available) (Primary and secondary traffic not available) 8) HSDPA/HSUPA/R-99 Throughput 9) CQI 10) 11) CE Utilization UL/DL Payload/Erlangs

Major failures for RRC/ RAB- KPI Name given below. Highlighted are the major

1) AC Fails- admission control fails( Failures are peeged due to UL Load, DL power, Lack of spreading code) 2) BTS Fails- Due to CE Limitation, Alarm, Lower software verisions 3)Transp Fails- Transmiision fails-Due to lack OF Transport resources. 4)RNC Fails- due rnc internal resources 5)Frozen BTS Fails6)Iub AAL2 Fails 7)RNTI Fails 8)ICSU Fails 9)Radio Fails- Poor coverage 10)UU Fails 11)RNC Fails.

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