A Pluralist Approach To The Philosophy Of History Pooper sought to address the problems pertaining to what he called "Philosophy of History";

first, the question, is there a plot to history? Second, what is the use of history? Third, What is the method of history? Outlining the different approaches to history including the Theistic and the Marxist, Popper attacks all schools that adopts "Historicism." While the latter takes the historical events as a reference from which it forms a criterion to understand sciences and set predictions for future events, Popper believes and propagates that instead we should know science "objective knowledge" that exists in world3 in order to understand history. It is a method which would bridge the gap between the "scientific culture" and the "HSS culture." One can discern that the Popperian method here goes in the opposite direction of the other theories, and it postulates that the human objective knowledge induces the process of the evolution of other organisms, though it does not ignore history completely as he mention regarding question two.(135). He confirms his answer to the first question as follows: "The growth of knowledge, more particularly the history of science, is the heart of all history."(ibid.) In fact, Popper does not deny that there is a plot to history, but he argues that the human himself or the knowledge he produces, which goes according to his free will, is the history maker and the metaphorical framework so to speak.(See168). One can agree with Popper insofar we can limit the inordinate "Historicism" adopted by many scholars which can be evidently seen in the Orientalist approach to "Islamology" where the start of Islamic Theology, denominations, and the interpretation of Islamic sciences are taken through historicism. Furthermore, the Theistic approach to which Popper indicated is not fostered by Islamologist. Muslim scholars do not predict the future except in matters that are mentioned in the sacred text such as that of the Signs of the Hour. On the other hand, Popper confirms that the use of history is to learn lessons and avoid possible mistakes, as Ranke's affirm, "To history have been attributed the high offices of judging the past and instructing the present for the sake of the future."(138). Nonetheless, Popper's ambition is beyond that, it is a pluralistic method that endeavors to analyse the history to deduce lessons, and also to interpret and solve its problems. In addition, Popper here again confirms that the correct method of history should be within his methodology of "Critical Rationalism." He stresses on the fundamental of "conjectures and refutations" method. Since Popper argues for the similarity between scientific sciences and HSS in regards to thier researches, he emphasised that the method of "conjectures and refutations" should be applied to both alike. In line with his methodology, Popper repeatedly

confirms that the objective analysis through the "P1-TS-EE-P2" method only can produce objective knowledge (without a knowing subject).(182). It is reasonable to assume that Popper confirmed more strictly in this book, which is more or less the last of his works, what he established before, i.e. "objective knowledge" is attained solely through "Critical Rationalism" in both scientific sciences and HSS.