The Optics Problem Solver, Fogiel - REA Publishers

ce da
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THE OPTICS PROBLEM
SOLVER@
NON-ACTIVATED VERSION www.avs4you.com
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THE
OPTICS
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PROBLEM
SOLVER
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WHAT
THIS
BOOK
IS
FOR
ce
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which
has
been
long
known
and
practiced,
but
not
published
of
the
or
explained
(c)
extensively.
The
are
examples
few
a
usually
in
number
and
fol owing
too
the
explanation
enable involved.
to
topic
to
too
simple
the
to
student
The
a
obtain
thorough
do
not
grasp
of
sufficient
may be
principles
basis enable
explanations
to
provide
that
on
student
solve
or
problems
given examples
out
subsequently
in abbreviated
assigned
form
and
for
homework
The leaves
examinations.
are
presented
between
which
that
a
much
material
the
the
steps,
themselves.
to
requires
As
-
students
students the
derive find
purpose
omit ed
material
result,
to
examples
dif icult
understand
-contrary
of
the
are,
examples.
da c
state
Examples
manner.
furthermore,
often
worded
in
confusing
the
never
They
Instead,
what
is
do
not
the
problem
and
then
present
solution.
they
to
pass
through
for.
general
discussion,

Examples,
also,
do not
revealing
be
solved
always
include
not
diagrams/graphs,
the
wherever
appropriate,
Students
and
students
do
obtain
training
to
draw
diagrams
or
graphs
to
simplify
and
organize
their
thinking.
to
(d)
can
learn
the
subject
only
by
doing
the
exercises
ce
themselves
in
and
reviewing
them with
in
class,
their
obtain
experience
ramifications.
In
applying
the
principles
themselves,
dif erent
doing
are
the
exercises
to
by
students
more
find
that
they
than
required
other
with
devote
considerably
credits,
selection
It
time
because
to
optics
they
are
to
subjects
regard
and to
of
to
comparable
the
uncertain the theorems students
and
application
often
revealed
to to
of
necessary
principles
discover
those
involved.
is
not
also
for
texts
"tricks"
make
in
their
(or
review
books),
must
that
it
possible
resort
solve
methods
as a
problems
of
result
to
easily.
trial-and-error
find
that
Students
to
usually
these
discover
may
"tricks",
and
they
solve
a
they
problem.
When
sometimes
spend
the
several
hours
sinle
(e)
reviewing
exercises
in
classrooms,
instructors
usually
the
board
request
and
to
students
to
take
to
manner
turns
in class.
writing
Students
the
solutions
on
explaining
explain
not
on
them
the
that
often
interest
to
find
of
the the
it
dif icult
and
in enable the boards.
holds
class,
material
the material
concentrate
does
the
remaining
The
too
students
fol ow
seated
writ en
class
are,
remaining
occupied
to
students
in
the and
furthermore,
the
with
the
oral
copying
explanations
from
on
boards,
methods is
to
listen
the
of
to
solution.
aid
students
in
This
the
book
intended
optics
il ustrations
to
to
overcome
dif iculties
solution
methods
described,
which
are
by
are
supplying
usually
by
for
class
not
detailed
of students.
from
the
apparent
The those
solution
that
are
methods
most
il ustrated
problems
work
selected
and
da c
often
assigned
are
given
complexity topic
on
examinations.
to
The
problems
to
arranged
in
order
of
enable
students
the
learn
and
understand
particular
are
by

with detailed
reviewing
problems
in
sequence.
The
problems
il ustrated
step-by-step
of
explanations,
often
to
save
the
students
the
large
amount
time
that
is
needed
to
fil
in
the
gaps
that
are
usually
found
between
steps
of
il ustrations
in
textbooks
or
review
/outline
books.
The
staf
ce
of
REA
considers
optics
the
subject
of
to
that
is
best
and
learned
by
allowing
students
to
view
methods
analysis
solution
techniques
matter
themselves.
This
approach
learning
scientific
the
subject
laboratories,
In
is
similar
to
that
practiced
fields.
may
in
various
particularly
in
the
medical
using
problems
allowed
this
book,
at
students
review
and
are
study
not
the
to
il ustrated
the
their
own
pace;
on
they
the
board
limited
in class.
time
When
for
students
explaining
want to
problems
look locate up
a
particular
it in
type
the
book
of
problem
and
to
solution,
the
they
index
to
can
readily
has been
by
It
referring
is
also
at
which
extensively
type
of
prepared.
possible
just
the
locate
particular
the
boxed
problem
To has
a
by
facilitate
glancing
rapid
border
material
within
the
portions. problem
problem
is
at
scanning
around
of
it.
problems,
each above
each
heavy
tified
Furthermore,
the
iden
with
number
immediately
problem
the
right-hand
margin.
To
obtain
themselves in
the meet
maximum with
benefit
the
from
the
book,
"How
To
students
Use This
should
familiarize
located
To have
section,
Book,"
front
the
pages.
objectives
problems
and
of
this
encountered
book,
staf
in
members
of
REA
and
to
selected
usually
have solved
are
assignments
meticulously
for
students
examinations,
il ustrate
the
each
problem
dif icult
added
steps
which
usually
for
to
comprehend.
this
area,
Special
is
due
to:
gratitude,
outstanding
support
in
ce
da c
HOW
TO
USE
THIS
BOOK
ce
da c
TO
FIND
PARTICULAR
PROBLEM
ce
da c
CONTENTS
ce
da c
REFRACTION
Determination
AT
The
Method
CURVED
of
SURFACES
95
Image
of
Positions
95
of Wavefront
of
Change
120
Curvature
115
Derivations Partial The
Reflection
Rainbow
128
130
ce
da c
The
Cornu
5iral
Dif raction
281
Double-Slit
Dif raction
287
Gratings
Power
290
302
Resolving
Half The The
Period
Elements
of the
303
Color
y
304
Huygen-Fresnel
Theory
305
ce
da c
Number Between
of
Two
Images
Plane
of
Luminous
Point
Placed
Mirrors
462
ce
da c
Luminous Luminance nlumination
Flux 705
and 706
Radiant
Flux
703
ce
da c
CHAPTER
ce
da c
PROBLIM
1-2
ce
da c
becomes
_a(z2+
=
b
a
t
+
+2
/(b/a)
zt)
-a(z+
/(b/a)
the
t)2.
left,
z
Thus,
y(z,t)
1)
exp[-a(z
The values
wave
/ (b / a)
is
.t)
].
toward
or
traveling
since
as
toward
negative
smaller
of order
to
z,
increases,
the
same.
must
in
get
keep
the
exponent
ce
da c
(d)
the the the

wave.
speed
direction
maximum
of
the
of
transverse
wave;
(e)
(f)
propagation
speed
of of
the
a
wave;
and of the
particle
ce
da c
Dif erentiating
with
respect
to
gives
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
THE
RESULTANT
OF
TWO
OR
MORE
WAVES
ce
da c
0N
( 2;t
complete
ex)
Now
the
to
parallelogram,
the
OP
OP
P P
by
2
P
drawing
through
PC
P
PIP
2 to
through
parallel
YOY
PI
to
parallel
the
radius
I
.
OP
and
radius
Drop
perpendicular
the
line.
Applying
resultant
the
principle
at
of
superposition,
t
=
we
have
OA
the
+
displacement
time
OP
=
OA
2
are
OAl
equal
C,
since
or
OAl
resultant
(because
I
OC.
and
and
parallel),
displacement
ce
da c
PROBLEM
1-7
ce
da c
For
the
given
wave,
ce
da c
PROBLEM
1-8
ce
da c
At
-2
see,
1
2
(x,
-2
see)
exp
sin
2m
(x
12
[ em)],
-
(x
12
ern
em)
2
25
J
<
and
-20
em
<
-4
em
ce
da c
The f
solid
T
line
the dotted
graph
lines
indicated
in
Figure
the
is
the of
while
graph
f
of
and
represent
graphs
ce
da c
".. .
"
, J'
\
,
, I
I
,
,
*"
,
4:
,
,
ce
da c
Now,
using
the
trigonometric
identity
for
the
sum
of
two
cosines,
ce
da c
(3)
Draw
graph
of
wave.
the
two
initial
wave
motions
and
of
the
resultant
ce
da c
Now
plot ing
these
values
yields
the
figure.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
1-12
ce
da c
and
applying
it
three
times,
it
is
found
that
ce
da c
Now,
factor
wave
look
wt
can
at
one
particular
(Note
it
value that
of
if
t,
the
so
be
eliminated.
is
zero,
that resultant that
the
amplitude
every
=
is this
=
zero
for
t
value
S1-nce
of
w
=
ti
27T
thus,
'
is
everywhere; perfectly
=
is,
Let
valid.)
27T
T.
wt
(T )
27T
(T)
and
so,
ce
da c
Substituting
(5)
this
expression
2
for
sin(9/2)
-sin
2
into
equation
0
gives
Sin(34)/2)(}COS4>+3
One
cos
(34)/2)
is
(34)/2U
=
solution
if
=
to
this
=
equation
mTI,
sin(3/2)
is
an
0,
which
Choose
is
satisfied
m
3/2
where
integer.
1.
Then
ce
da c
This
equation
can
be
rearranged
to
the
fol owing:
ce
da c
affected
out
by
of
two
simple
by
would
TI.
harmonic
As
can a
vibrations
be
seen
at
right
above
angles,
phase
the
two at
from
to to
the
analysis,
This
means
the that
particle
trace
are
components
an
straight-line equivalent
the
path.
a
single
component, components
If
the
vibration
angle
ratio
of
on
tan-l(b/a)
the
slower of
b/a
the
being
incident
the
two
two
the
amplitudes
the
the
the
an
of
light
entering
directions,
that
plate. plate
then
b
=
planeof
polarized
to
light
transmission
is
striking
so
at
a.
angle
is
The
45
it
resolved
into
equal
is of
thus
components
light angle
plate.
plane-polarized
0
in
each
direction
emerging making
an
-45
with
of
the
principal
directions
in
the
ce
da c
Since
occurs
m
=
both when
l
m
and
=
2 and
are
fi
integers,
=
the
situation
when
m
=
first
2
50
l
occurs
51,
again
every 51
100,
for the
102,
fence
etc.
Since
this
after
51
times
first distance
(in
between
effect,
beats is
"wavelengths"),
the
ce
da c
CHAPTER
ce d
ac
DETERMINATION BY LIGHT
OF IN
A
THE
DISTANCE
TIME
TRAVELLED
GIVEN
PERIOD
ce d
ac
nv'
speed
are
the
index
of
of
refraction
of
vacuum
=
vacuum
1,
and
light
to
in
be
3
m,
10
Vv
n
the
and
m/sec,
AV
given
1.50
and
500
respectively.
ce d
ac
=-
2wQ,
8
ce d
ac
(dark),
two
were
divided
One
by
beam
was
was
the
half
silvered downwards back
mirror
into
M

1
,
beams.
reflected
by
M

1
,
mirror
and
was
struck
mirror
traveled
reflected
the
M

1
,
through
D.
finally
transmit ed
back
D.
two
to
detector struck
The
M
other
l
,
beam
was
through
to
mirror
the
2
were
reflected
to
mirror
the
'2
which
M
reflected
l the
and
M
beam
the
detector
If
mirrors
crests
equidistant
flashes
and
a
from
reached
moment
M,
the
the
bright
cell
of
light
the
photothe
two
electric
dark
simultaneously,
arrived
later
troughs
strongly
together.
at
Thus,
the
output
signal
fluctuated
chopping
frequency.
ce d
ac
STELLAR
ABERRATION
ce d
ac
Therefore,
equation
for
v
(1)
and for
becomes
e
or
and
substituting
gives
miles
see
18.53
e
=
(20.47
see
( 60
min
see
)(
degree
60 min
)(
1T
radians
180
degrees
ce d
ac
Since
and
so,
is
small,
the
approximation
tan
is
valid,
ce d
ac
The
nodes
are
given
condition
by
cos
the
to
condition
for
all
t.
Applying
o
=
this 2r
an
equation
Since
and
so,
(4)
cos
gives
the
=
result
sin
odd
( 2;t )
1nteger,
x
( 2X ).
2TIX
1T
x
=
0,
_
-
where
mA
is
Y between
=
-XA
-
mTI
mTIA

5A
'
lGr
the
li
distance
Thus
for
two
3A
'
4
successive
li
'
li
nodes
etc.,
.
and
1S
so,
3A
A
-
li
ce d
ac
equation
y
=
(3)
2r
becomes
sin
[ 221T (
( 2;t )
cos

+
TI cos[
221T ( -(
-
)
(5)
2r
sin
( 2X )
-
ce d
ac
CHAPTER
ce
da
{l
: J
ce
da
of
light)
or
ce
da
fect,
is
ce
da
Solving
for
Sine
using
-
the 0
quadratic
formula,
+
43
Sine
J(
043)2
2(3003)
4(3003)
(0.98)
(3)
Sine
a
r
=
0.50,
or
30
ce
da
We
at:
wil
for
now
use
dimensional
first
analysis
equation
momentum
we
=
to
see
how
the
units
were
arrived
the
had
Energy
speed
J
=
m/sec
ce
da
1.2
10
13
pho;ons
m
1.33
10photon
27
kg-m/sec
ce
da
PROBLEM
3-8
ce
da
The
c
diagram
has
a
indicates
the of
20
situationo
.
The
beam
traveling
flux F.
with
velocity
flux
watts/cnf
F
=
Call
=
this
Power
area
Ener
(area)
in 1
mm
(time)
3
the lmm.
=
If
where
we
want
the
A
energy
enclosed
arc
of
the
1
mm
beam 3
we
have
and
T
t
FAt
is
is
the
of
one
surface
beam
to
of
volume,
the
te
required
t
for
the
=
travel
1mm
=
.001
20
wattS
cnfA
) (l\1
(3
cuP
X
10
:)
uP
m/sec)
-, )
=
3.3
10watts
12
sec.
10
-4
20
10
uP
20
ce
da
PROBLEM
3 -10
ce
da
THE
POYNTING
VECTOR
ce
da
PROBLEM
3 -12
ce
da
in
an
electromagnetic
on
field
1
m
in
vacuum
is
fal ing initial y

in
the
H2
in
in
cross
tu
second
E2
section
The
energy
of
in
the
a
earth's
atmosphere
1 travels to
m 2
is
and
the in earth
contained
cylinder
Hence
energy 3 X
10
8
m
length;
space
all of
1
this
second.
energy
the
3
end
of
the
near
cylinder
the
the
1.35
3
X X
energy
density
-2
is
H2
Here,
6QE2
ti
vi
10
l W.l
m
i>
is
the
permi
ty
X
of
free
3
space. -2
1.35 8.85
1.
35
X X
10
W.m
10
7
-12
2 C.N.m
W
-1
-2
X
10
26.55
-l
.m.
-1.
ce
da
Converting
60
km/hr
to
ce
da
or
the
total
angle
of
the
2 e
cone
is
=
then l
Sinwe
v/v
said the
As
we
developed
was
velocity
radiation
V
in the
c/nj
medium.
equation
or
(1),
for
So
we
that
light,
can
c
=
-
phase
write
also
Sin
nv
ce
da
2rr
10-
i+
mm
ce
da
invariant.
In
the
=
fol owing
0
diagram,
the
at frame
the
time
in
the
frame
and
time
t'
in
is
S'
at in
origins
The
sees
of
both
coincide frame
is
and
light
pulse
emit ed
that
either
origin.
frame
S'
his
of
an
moving
inertLal. reference
with
velocity
v
of
to
the
An
right.
observer is emit ed
frame
as
light
from
the
origin
inertial
ce
da
which
We
we
we
have.
want to
same
x we
show
kind
+
that
of
+
get
the
by spherical
=
using
2
these
wave
transformations
form
in the in
3
on
the
inverse
S'
the
system.
S'
formations
frame,
ya
z2
+
2
.
By
+
we
substituting
get
y2[x'
By
ytt]3
equation,
yt3
z'3
now
y2 3y2
t'
x:J
+
12
expanding
the
+
above
+
y
have
y2[x'3
2x'yt'
t'3]
y'3
zt3
[t'3
ce
da
CHAPTER
ce da c
}6IN.
ce da c
PROBLEM
4-4
ce da c
VERGENCE
ce da c
Solution
a
If
the
the
source
is
of
point,
umbra,
the
to
shadow
which
is is
at
divided
finite into
size
a
instead
of
being
called
central
a
part,
the
called
uniformly
which
its
outer
dark,
is
and
peripheral
dark
at
part
its
inner
penumbra,
graded
edge,
where
screen
from
edge
in
of
bright
to
it
that
source
becomes fal s
brightness
the
shadow
and
equal
outside
a
the
In
part
the
of
the
shadow.
finite its
figure,
object
is
The
the
an
is disk
of
size,
on
and
the
bright
which
throws
disk is
of
opaque the
the
the
screen.
umbra
annular
shadow
disk-
shaped,
penumbra
is
(ring-shaped).
ce da c
edges
is
not
see
of
due
see
a
shadow
the
cast
by
An
frosted
observer
one
bulb within
incandescent
the
the umbra
lamp
can-
to
penumbra.
part
of of the
the
source,
source
any
source,
within from
penumbra
outside
the
can
portion
the
while
can
points
penumbra
entire
be
seen.
ce da c
Thus,
it
d
X.
the is and
also the
length given
distance
width of
of
the
the
between
line
segment
distance the is
CDE
are
AB
is
disk
2r. the and

as
so
In two
addition,
disks
screen
that
between
is is
the
opaque
the
Y
The
the
ABC
penumbra
and
figure.
relation
Triangles
is
valid:
represented similar,
in
the
fol owing
ce da c
AB
the
radius
of
the
sun
miles;
(864,000
miles)
432,000
ce
da
(
(
<
(
(
(
( ( (
represent
the
the
plane
and
of
section
the about it
of south
the
earth,
parallel
This
means
to
a
equator
the
earth
viewed is
from
pole.
its
own
that clockwise
rotating
Since
any
axis
hours
in
to
or
counterone
direction.
takes
on
24 the
rotate
make
on
complete
circumference
revolution,
of
this
point
circle
equator
the
wil
through
ce da c
PROBLEM
4-12
ce
da c
CHAPTER
ce
da c
Am
p litude
1(1
cos
180
2
1
2
(1
1)
ce
da c
velocity
the earth
earth's and
waves
decreases
as
the is
density
greatest
increases.
at
The
the
surface
As
are
density
of
a
of the
atmosphere
decreases
with
increasing
the
elevation.
result,
a
light
deviated
entering
as
shown
in
Fig.
earth's 1.
atmosphere
The
line
A-A'
continuously
represents
ce
da c
for the
its
production
shall
require
be
that
the
ground
is
rays. the
which
sun's reach
sometimes
less found from the
dense
over
than
an
area
air that
nearer
the
surface
a
of
above,
situation
intensely
portion
of
two
an
heated
by
in
may the actual
as
the
Light
eye
upper
object
shown
of
the
an
observer with
that its
by
the
the
paths
is
seen
figure, position,
a
with
result
object
in
its
together
inverted between desert the
image
object
same
below and
the
it,
observer.
though
for
under
reflecting
weary
as
surface
traveler
a
lay
in
the
water.
The surface the

a
interprets
This
reflecting
accounts
body
a
of
phenomenon
of
a
"wet"
hot
a
sun,
appearance when
of
the in
the
surface
smooth
rise
highway
it
when
to
road
are
ahead
also
at
verse
glancing
conditions
angle. arise,
Mirages
which
permits produced
the
be
the
over re-
seen
is
sometimes
case
ce
da c
ce
da c
5.
y
tan
=
<P
a
D
+
5 b
1 2
-
tan
c
45
then
.
and y
-
since
17
1.0
tan
+
21 0.5
+
m
6.5
tan
em
14
tan
45
5.0
ce
da c
the
internal
angles
Cf"
=
of
-
Hence,
Draw
90
90
triangle
e
line
=
add
up
to
180
0
0
BA,
by
of
sin
construction
at
A
to
n
parallel
e
.
to
mirror.
But index
n
Angle
Snell's
air
=
BAC
is
n
also
sin
and
equal

n
=
Law,
(n
n
=
sin
',
of
where
1)
.
is
that
glass.
Cf"
sin
ce
da c
angle
8
an
of
'
incidence strikes
8
'
refracted
into
the
fiber
at
at
angle
B
and
the
;
core-coating
be the ray
8 1
to
interface
point
than)
the
at
angle
Note
must
equal
to
to
(or
greater
e
critical
fiber.
angle
that
e
for
be
if
3
is
the
total y
3
increased,
critical
value
of
reflected wil
and
down
the
decrease;
thus,
for
e
setting
l
to
equal
the
angle
8
solving
permits
wil
be
yield
transmit ed
largest
through
which
light
the
fiber.
ce
da c
angle
critical flected
mum.
of
at
incidence;
if
all
this wil
thus of of
the
angle
is
set
equal
be losses
to
the
rea
angle,
the
rays
interface,
the
necessarily reducing
critical
of
total y
to
mini-
Since
of the
sine indices
angle
the
two
is
given
media
by
in-
the
ratio
refraction
volved,
ce
da c
tan
ce
da c
object
distance.
to
so
the
front
side
the
of of
the
slab,
incidence of
and
on
be
the
apparent
sur-

it
at at
is is
at
angle
the
the
or
first
the
face,
of
also the
angle
second
refraction,
e
angle
of
re-
emergence,
the
surface.
is
the
the
angle
angle
fraction incidence basic
first
the
second
surface
and,
surface.
We
similarly,
start
of
some
by
applying
trigonometry.
ce
da c
into face.
account
the
refraction
of
the
light
ray
at
each
sur-
ce
da c
Dividing
(1
by
sin
x
( 3) <P
results
in
1.65
-
sin
tan
tan
cp
17.4
ce
da c
1.33
sin
1.50
sin
.
ce
da c
law
of
refraction,
we
have:
ce
da c
PROBLEM
5-15
ce
da c
(b)
does
Oil the
of beam
index
1.2
is
now
spread
on
the
water.
Where
go?
ce
da c
<Pc
64
ce
da c
(d)
critical of
the air
Using
angle
the
law
of
,
refraction
can
and
given
index
of
is
above
89
we
find
the
that refraction
the
just
the
hot
pavement
by
ce
da c
in rays rise defined
region
wil
to
then
there
wil
to
be
critical
angle
I
above
which
I
can
not
be
the
internal
able reflection.
go
-
from
region
This
critical
then
the
or
to
region
angle
for
giving
then be
by
angle
cos
rg
cg
n
=
0,
n
equation
cg
is
this
problem
0.9999785
ce
da c
radius
of
curvature
determined
the
case
by
il ustrated
the
index
the
gradient.
For
example,
for
in
figure
shown,
in
ce
da c
and
ce
da c
PROBLEM
5-21
ce
da c
o'A
d d
o'B
o'A
d
-
(o'A
'
d'
ce
da c
x-axis,
equation
(3)
can
be
reduced
to
one
dimension:
ce
da c
TRANSVERSE
DISPLACEMENT
ce
da c
Solution
dent ray
an
From
the
upon
wil ,
arc
theory entering
R
of
Schlieren
the
optics,
stratified
the
incides-
medium,
cribe
of
to
radius relation
determined
by
the
index
gradient
according
the
ce
da c
since
R

is
so
=
large
1.48,
n(B)
n(A)
very and
lit le
then
error
is
made
if
we
assume
ce
da c
Solution
First
construct
ray
lem
(see
figure
diagram
the
1).
picture
object
A
of
this
to
ray
from
probG
proceeds
ce
da
Using
Snell's
law
ce
da c
PROBLEM
5-27
ce
da c
face transmit ed
case.
has
higher
wave
index,
does
not
there
is
phase
a
change phase
change
of
n.
The
experience
in
either
ce
da c
CHAPTER
ce
da c
1.0 20
+
rom
1.5 S'
24
mm.
_ -
1.5 40
nun
Hence,
S'
Thus,
surface.
the
image
appears
24
rom
to
the
right
of
the
spherical
ce
da c
focal focal
length length
of of
the
a
spherical spherical
interface.
Recall of
that
R
the
mirror
radius
is
R/2.
ce
da c
",
ce
da
Solution surface
The
equation
be
wil
used
in for
equation
axis:
holds
only
for this small
the
refraction
at
spherical
this
problem,
distances
noting
from
the
that
optical
ce
da c
1
u
1.5
1.5
-
front
1
-
14.58
nun
25
rom
1
-
front
50
0.102
0.02
0.102
0.082
nun
-1
ce
da c
(n
u
and
,
n
u
denote
the
the
indices
of
refraction
of distances
the
from
media,
the
curva-
and
of
represent
object
with
and
and
curved
ture
image
R
surface,
the
curved
respectively,
curved
is
the
for
radius
each
at
of
of each
surface)
three
surfaces,
successively
zero
separation
the surface.
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
15d
2d
-
360 63
2d
_
2
-
63d 2d
15d 63
360
ce
da c
mirror
gives:
ce
da c
n
'
ce
da
Solution
(a)
solved
The
glass
rod
is
shown
in
the
figure
refraction
at
1. the surface
at
The
problem
at
is the
easily
first The
by
and distance
considering
the
left
next.
surface
-
surface
object image
given
by
is
refraction for
the
right
the
the
first
refraction
distance
(VI)
first
the
is
(=
+20cm).
the
Considering
formed the
at
surface,
first
surface
s
from
fol owing
equation:
ce
da c
PROBLEM
6-8
ce
da c
4
-
U'
90
1
-
15
10 90
ce
da
high,
80mrn
to
at
right
the and and left
angles
of the
water
to
vertex
the of
axis
of
the
rod,
surface.
if the
is
Find
rod
located
the
of
the index of
the
position
(a)
first air.
air
and
magnification
(b)
second
focal
image
1.33. the
of
(c)
Find surface
is the
in in
lengths
spherical
ce
da c
Thus,
in l85mrn
water
Sl
to
-185mrn.
Hence,
when
a
the
glass
rod
is appear
immersed
about
of the
index left
1.33,
of
the
virtual surface
image
of the
wil
glass.
ce
da c
is
the
radius
of
the
fish, normal),
a.
of is
the the
sphere, angle
is
the
OS'
is
the
apparent
from
size
of
incidence
of
(measured
refraction.
the
and
8t
angle
ce
da c
and
ce
da c
Another
an
a
way
at
are
to
find
the which
of
image
says
point
that
Then the
is
all
at
to
make
use
of
approximation point
fish
first,
the
center
small
rays
fish
from
is
the
are
sphere.
not
the surface surface

radial be
radial
the
8
are
and
refracted
are
the
spherical
at
since
radial
=
rays 0
normally
incident
the
(i.e.,
rays
i
not
and
therefore
of
ft.
8t
the the
0).
sees
Since
them
the
to
refracted,
the
center
-
observer
converging
distance
to
sphere.
So,
again
the
image
is
0.5
ce
da c
Rll Ro
Coss.
ce
da c
Substituting
the
given
gives
values
1.5
and
nt
1.0
into
equation
(11)
ce
da c
FI G.
ce
da c
Figure
acts
2
a
shows of the
what
happens
When
when the
move
wave
plane
wave
wave
interis in with
with all
convex
surface.
plane
to
air,
parts
c
plane
of
the
When
right
the
the
convex
velocity
the
(the
wave
on
speed
part
with
the of
a
light
first
in
wave
c
air).
encounters
part
wil
of
the
con-
of
plane
the
to
on move
axis
the
surface,
tinue
wave
plane
with
Since
a
off while
that
c
the
axis
velocity
the
to
the
axis
moves
velocity
index determine
the
surface.
part (the
refraction,
relative
speed
of
n,
light
=
in
c
the
m
,
medium).
this
can
wave
of
the
be
used
when the
convex
us
x
Dosi
tions
wave
of interacts
least
to
move
the
front
off
the
axis
necessary
x
part
Fermat's
of
for
the
plane
the
with
action
a
principle
the
a
of
wave
tel s
that
distance
necessary
in
for
the
the
time medium
wave
is
move
same
amount
of
time
or
to
distance
xl
in
air,
ce
da c
Then,
solving
for
Rl
yields
ce
da
derived
in
the
r
preceding
2
problem,
2R
ce
da c
where
represents
the
distance
from
window
to
window.
ce
da c
face
is
ce
da c
Snell's
law
of
refraction
states:
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
For
the
mirror,
ce
da c
Letting
the
u,
the
initial
object
distance,
(10)
becomes
and
'
-
u',
final
image
position,
equation
ce
da c
sinS.
a
-
(u
a2)
a"
+
(a)
sinS.
'
a
-
b
+
[(a
'
-
b)2
b
+
u2]
(e)
sine
(a"
ull2)
(b)
sinS
(b
r2)
a"
2
(f)
sinS.
a"
-
(u,2
sinS.
=
a"2)
(c)
sinS
'
-
[(r-u")
+a"]
(g)
sinS
n
(d)
ce
da c
Cross-multiplying
gives
ce
da c
The
a"
terms
cancel
and
so,
ce
da c
13.
incidence there
ray
of of
light,
60 reflected the
and
entering passing
and
the
over
sphere
to
at
an
the
other
angle side,
of
is
partly
Show
at
partly
ray and
refracted.
(a)
that
reflected
to
the
emergent
ray
are
right
angles
each
other.
ce
da c
to
ray
striking
the
surface
so
rays
and
wil
be
as
shown.
ce
da
to
180
138
42.
The
corresponding
for
angle
colors
light
between
is
40,
these.
while
that
other
lies
for intermediate
violet
ce
da c
CHAPTER
ce
da
Substituting
these
values
into
equation
(1)
gives
ce
da
The
power
of
the
first
surface
is
found
by
making
use
of
the
relation
ce
da
and
ce
da
making
use
of
the
fol owing
expression:
ce
da
PROBLEM
7-5
ce
da
Thus
the
D
=
power
is
given
-
by
the
fol owing
equation:
(n
1)
( -.L
Rl
R12 )
ce
da
placed length
in
f
can
contact
with
be
each
as
other,
fol ows;
the
resulting
focal
calculated
ce
da
PROBLEM
7-10
ce
da
0.6
16
ce
da
the
The thickness
lens
-s
problem
and
of
finding
the
the
focal
of
curvature
length
can
in
terms
of
radius
of Consider
surface
be
two
at
solved surfaces
a
by
of
considering
the
the
refraction
first
light
an as
at
the
consecutively.
from
of
the
shown
object
in
distance
fig.
1.
ce
da
Hence,
1
-
1
-
1
-
t
n
sIt
1
s
1
_
and
so
1
-
t
-
1
5
1: .) f
n
-
(IT 5
1
f
Thus,
t
n
-
1
-
1 f
5"
1 f
(4)
ce
da
ss"
( nf
2nf
+
+
t
t
ce
da
hi
2f
2f(nf
2nf
+
t)
t
ce
da
f'
:t
nf 2nf
:t
2n f
+.. .t.
f2
f'
=
when
f
-
2
n
hence,
f'
2n f
t
-
f2
ce
da
or
ce
da
CHAPTER
ce
da c
PI
1
-
eff
dP
ce
da c
FAR
POINT
OF
EYE
ce
da c
.1
So
+..l:.
Si
'
eff
ce
da c
ce
da c
eyes the
see
which
focus
rays
from
the
infinity
combination
behind
of the
the
two 8
retina. lenses.
the
This In order
reduces
to
focal
the the
length
nearest
of
object
its
placed
image
must 8 the
at
be then
eye.
we
distance
from distance
and
lens,
is denoted
seen
formed
at
=
infinity.
Th1s
object
If
the
a
distance
by
lens
i'
81
have
ex>.
is
virtual
image image
is
clearly
the
Us1ng
by formula,
ce
da c
LEAST
FOR
DISTANCE
DISTINCT
VISION
ce
da c
Then,
1
p
=
-
-3
20
600
17
600
Therefore,
600
17
ce
da c
where
is
the
into
focal
length
of
the
eyeo
u';
1/6Om
.0167m.
Substituting
equation
(1),
ce
da c
1.8
10
-3
m,
and
u'
0.0166m
1.8 .0166
X
into
the
x
above
equation,
em.
10
-3
21
ce
da c
CHAPTER.
ce
da
The
ratio
the
of
vacuum
velocity
is and
of
in
medium
just
(2)
A
n
the
index
equations
(1)
yields,
air
d
.
me
um
ce
da
(see
are
Figure
incident
We
1).
normal
can
We
see
shall
to
the
consider surfaces
ray
B
that
both
rays
a
and
(only
travels Therefore
m,
an
small
extra
we
approxidistance
mation).
2t
that
the
to
some
a
in
2t
the
must
gap
between be
plates.
that
equal
to
integer,
times
=
would the
+
say
wave-
length
have for
a
of
light
have
maximum,
if
we
and
2t
(2m
Fresnel
1)
minimum.
However,
recall
the
equations
(A/to
refraction,
ce
da
FI G.
ce
da
ison
can
with
be and
the
distance
a
between
the
slits,
at
the
arc
S2B
to
considered
straight
the
line
right
S
angles
is
a
PS
PA,
similar
lat er
PSI.
to
Then
triangle
the
BS
right
dsinS.
triangle,
This
r
-
POA,
and
distance
SIB
in
P
equals
path
two
distance
the
waves
is
the
dif erence
from
and
length
slits.
start
at P
between
waves
reaching
out
the
The
out
spreading
phase place integral
but
from may
not
Sl
be
S2
in
necessarily
because
in
they
in
at
dif erence
take
some
length
the number
of
path.
P only wavelengths.
phase Complete
when the
of
this
wil is
reinforcement
point
of
path
Thus,
dif erence
ce
da
PROBLEM
9-4
ce
da
tanS
sinS
ce
da
between
two
slits.
From
that
the
intensity
Qf
the
standard interference
optics
pattern
text
on
we
find
N
slits
is,
ce
da
Now
we
insert
of
sheet
n
of
glass
front
now
of
of
one
thickness
of
a
and
index
The
light
to
of
a
refraction this
in
on
the
0.01 slits.
rom
slit
was
wil
x
travel
screen.
dif erent
optical
before
distance the
position
was,
the
Initial y
of
glass
dif erence
plate
inserted
in
front
the
slit,
the
path
ce
da
Substituting
for
i
in
equation
(17),
ce
da
Hence,the
E
-
total
amplitude
+
at
is,
El
E
a
E3
(w
t-kx)
-ikh
sin
<P
ikh
sin
ce
da
DOUBLE-SLJT
EXPERIMENTS
ce
da
PROBLEM
9-8
ce
da
ce
da
The
two
standing
wave
waves
are
obtained
by
the but
trains direction.
of
equal
These
amplitude
may be
site
represented
superposition travelling by,
of
in
oppo-
y 1
sin
21T
(;
)
ce
da
If
occur
is
whenever
L
the
length
e
of
the
photographic
plate,
the
antinodes
sin
ce
da
reflections
of the
by
50
percent
an
and
hence
amount.
as
reduce
No
no
the
intensity
in
the
fringes
pattern
by
would
equal
be
change
new
fringe
is
observed
screen.
path
dif erence
introduced
by
the
opaque
ce
da
The
intensity
is
I
-
then
1 t
I
given
4 2
by
1
e
Il-r
i o
ce
da
Thus,the
intensity
varies
as
ce
da
So,
4R
(1
2
R)2
=
sin
(:'Y2)
1
-
1,
and
sin
(/:'Y2)
1
-
4R
(1
R)2
ce
da
PROBLEM
9-12
ce
da
2t
ce
da
ce
da
It
Ii
1 1
+(
2r'
1
-
r'
)2
sin
cS
2
ce
da
contrast;
namely
when
at at
the maximum
contrast
between
the
and
In
fringe fringe
sents
when the
minimum
reflection
and
intensity intensity.
coefficient,
rays, and
the
intensity intensity
(1)
dif erence
of of
r
the
the
0
the
the
I's
the
cident tion
when
multiply
(1)
sin
2
we
reflected transmit ed
can
equation path
represent
repre-
of
the
equa-
inoccurs
intensities.
see
that
and the
By
maximum
minimum
when
of
the
considering
the sin
2
function
0/2
maximurn
0/2
so
the
ce
da
of
incidence
electric
and

field
represents
is
the
properties
to
when
the
the of inci-
inci-
dent
perpendicular
plane
dence.
ce
da
we
can
decide
A
+
that A
at
two
an
sources
are
just
to
resolved
half
and
have
intensity
equal
2.
From
the
intensity that,
8,
in
Figure
equation
(1)
when maximum this
both
says
ce
da
Substituting
for
sinee
and
o,
we
have
ce
da
distance
X,
then
the
fol owing
relation
is
true:
ce
da
For
m1n1mum
visibility
to
for
sodium
the
a
light
nm
(consider
and
one
sodium
light
we
be need
at to
primarily
to
doublet)
to
wil
have
of
589.0 maximum
the
of other
589.6 of
In
nm
the
essence
lines
how
be
located
we
then,
the mirror
want must
the find
be
minimum
the
line.
a
distance
so
d,
measure
of
far
moved
that,
ce
da
BEAM
SPLITTER
ce
da
and
the
path
dif erence
is
then
ce
da
ce
da
INCIDENT
RAY
ce
da
1:1
n(
ACD
AB
ce
da
sin8
1
-
1 1
.
52
ce
da
FIG.
ce
da
center
of
are
the observed
the
circular
fringe
within
a
pattern.
cone
How
fringes
normal
to
of
1/30
many radian
bright
of
the
surface?
ce
da
For
verse
an
E-M
wave
perpendicular
again
on
to
the
plane
see
of
that
incidence
ray
I
the
re-
is
true. at
phase reflection,so
there
Looking change
is
I and
an
figure
and
to
1,
ray the
noted
we
has
TI
in
reflection addition
It
has
phase
dif erence shift
change
between
2
on
optical
phase
that
path
rays
additional
2.
half-wavelength
is
the further
rays
o
beyond
from
have 2.
phase
shift
plus
optical
path
dif erence
ray
ce
da
and
the
fringes
a
dif erence that number
between wil
be
and
Note
observed.
ml
we
is
that
can
the
here
number
we
of
can
bright
use
decimal
between
of
fringes,
by
a
since
estimate
that
we
are
maxima
certain
fraction.
ce
da
to to
the
odd
integer multiple multiple
multiple,
one,
so
that
second order
odd
integer
integer
first order
order
order
corresponds
to to
odd
three,
five
seven.
third
fourth
In
wave.
a
integer integer
harmonics
multiple multiple
of
a
and
corresponds corresponds corresponds

way
we
odd odd the
to
similar
look
at
standing
ce
da
From
the
triangle
CPP',
ce
da
(since
is
small,
tan
e)
ce
da
and
the
screen,
ce
da
slit
can
be
seen
if
the
condition
ce
da
SCREEN
ce
da
Therefore,
ce
da
IMAGE
OF
DUST
ce
da
Solution
lens.
to
Figure
lens
shows
the
an
arrangement
of of
the
source
Bil et
split
according
The
the
wil
lens
form
thin
image
formula
ce
da
and
let
xl
of
two
and
be
the
distances
from
as
the
edge
in
the
of
the
wedge
consecutive
fringes,
shown
figure.
ce
da
FIG.
ce
da
Destructive
interference
+
wil
to
rn
occur
when
the
phase
of
o.
dif erence, (2m

tive rnA.
1)
The
A/2,
phase
related where
the
an
is
wavelength, integer
when
A,
the
light,
Construc-
is
including
the from
interference dif erence

and
wil dif erence
occur
phase
the
dif erence
dif erences
is
in
results in
path
is between
as
a
lengths phase
two
phase
to
shifts.
half
a
Since
there
dif erence
rays, goes
from and
to
equivalent
the
wavelength
at to
a
first
being
index
the
second
the
ray of of
to
high
of
reflected refraction
ray of
surface
a
low
index index
need
refraction refraction remember
which
goes
we
from
do
wave-
low
not
high
ray which the
index
has
ray total
refraction,
which shift
are
the has
equivalent
the
zero
half
length
because
phase
we
and
phase
shift
between
comparing
phase
dif erence
the
rays.
ce
da
A
A
med1um
"
vacuum
me
"
urn
ce
da
The
source
actual
fringe
2,
is
spacing,
in
terms
of
the
distance
to
ce
da
ce
da
INTERFERENCE
DISTRIBUTIONS
ce
da
of
order
n,
an
integer,
and
when
ce
da
Since face interface.
reflection
and
ot
at
B at
is
C
reflection
a
at
reflection
and
glass-air
an
an
inter-
since
where
the

is reflection is
the
a
reflection
at
at
air-glass
extra
length
and
26,
condition
+
distance
has between is
path
B
points
(1)
C,
our
for
=
2
"A/2
bright
ring
mA
ce
da
2(R2
2
cas
2(R
)R
cos
ce
da
FI
G.
ce
da
A A
2
2
2a
2
2
2a
+
cos
2a
(1
to
cos
0)
If minimum
we
or
wish
a
determine
we
the
points
the
at
which method:
is
maximum,
employ
fol owing
ce
da
s1n
wt
CDS
4>2
wt
S1n
4>2
wt,
CDS
wt
Factoring
y
=
out
sin
and
cas
cas
sin
wt[a
cas
<PI
cos
cP
cos
2]
<P 2
<P 2
cas
wt[a
A
cas
sin
<PI
(1)
(2)
wt
sin
4>
2]
Now
let
<PI
and
sin
-
<PI
A
A
cos
sin
wt
+
sin
0
8
cas
then
y y
sin
sin
sin(wt
8)
ce
da
ce
da
6
-
10x
1.33
0.5
ce
da
where
is
the
the film.
and
speed
If
of
light
in and
free
are
we
space, the
may free
and
is
its
speed wavelength
in
AO
of
fa
light,
space write
frequency
ce
da
AIR
SOAP
AIR
ce
da
\
-
'\
"
"
ce
da
ce
da
accompanying eventually
back second the Then
to
this hits
the
beam
problem.
mirror
One
beam
is
transmit ed
it the
observer.
and
Ml'
and
at
which
to
point
is
reflected
The back
to
plate
is
is
reflected
to
reflected
M
mirror
M2'
to
reflected
the
the in
2d 2 If
,
plate
there
by
wil
in
d
and
then
a
transmit ed
observer. number
be
2d l
are
,
bright
minus
shown the
fringe
number
when
of
an
wavelengths
where
l
is the
integer,
number
and
in
the
figure.
of
ce
da
ce
da
and
ce
da
downward
at
in the
air-oil
the
figure
interface, interface,
So
regardless
the
so our
of
same
what
phase
shift in between wil
shift
occur
occurs
phase
dif erence dif erence dif erence
at
the wil
two
oil-glass
be
rays
zero.
the
phase
expressed
shift
and
wil
total be
the
of
phase path
a
the
by
equation
(16)
in
fractions
wavelength.
ce
da
FIG.
(A)
INTERFERENCE
PATTERN
ce
da
curvature
of the
+
the
lens square
is
root
+
large.)
in
We
may
approximate
(1
(3)
2
+
..
by
the
therefore binomial
theorem
x)n
nx
n(n2
n
=
1)
1
Therefore,
choosing
_d
R
2
2
and
2"
ce
da
FI G.
ce
da
1
-
1
-
2d
r
Rl
and
so,
and
1
-
1
-
2d
-
Rl
d
=
2"
r
Then
1
-
2d
-
-1
,
Rl
and
2"
r
substituting
for
R
7A
T
we
[equation
get
(1)
the
values
given
and
A,
ce
da
b)
water
Fil ing just

between
the
space
between
the of
glass
the
so
surfaces
with
as
changes
the
the
wavelength glass
surfaces,
light
equation
it
travels
(1)
becomes
ce
da
Yl
FIG.
ce
da
1
R
ce
da
CHAPTER
10
ce
da
1.0003.
ce
da
20
(n
1)
150
O.
00004
ce
da
Solution
With
no
The in
gas numbers fal s

to
double either
slit cell
apparatus
A
or
is cell
shown
in cells the
the
figure.
contain
is
adA
B,
and
P.
both
equal fringe
mit ed
but
of
at
wavelengths
the
of
light
point
wavelengths
n
central
gas
symmetric
there
are
After index
cell
A,
in
1n/A
is
only
the
1/A
gas.
cell
to
B,
the
where the
the
in of
is
cell refraction shifted
of
Therefore,
cell
central
fringe previously
contains
20
towards
20th than
A,
position
cell
A so,
now
occupied
more
by
wavelengths
the
fringe.
does
Thus,
cell
B
and
ce
da
1.01
from
cm,
is
the
enclosed
air
of Find
and
can
in
be
one
box exhausted.
with
when
transparent
It
windows
is
pressure of
pressure, the found that
which
is
a
there
shift
fringe
the
at
the
is
which
by
at
6.46
room cm
cm
Hg.
index
the
of
refraction
changed
air
was
temperature
Hg.
original
77
ce
da
Solution wil of
pass interference
(a)
In
an
interferometer,
cuvette
the
split
the
light
conditions
beam
through
are
the
twice.
at
Thus, top,
the
t
(a)
mA
the
at
the bottom
optical
the the of
path
length
length
the
is
is
2 2
nl
n2
nl
and
+
(b)
optical
thickness
the
path
of
(m
the
16)A,
index
where of
cuvette
is
cuvette,
at
is
refraction
and
at
n
2
brine
solution
the
top
the
an
of
the
is
the
index
of
refraction
cuvette,
ference
of is
A
brine
solution
to
integer
the
provide
of the
the constructive
bottom
of
interused.
the
and
is
wavelength
light
ce
da
and this
substituting equation
the
computed
d
1
2
values
for
nl
and
n2
into
gives
'
461\ .4625)
2
=
ce
da
of coherent
green
and then
a
light. light,
the
set
Now,
one
if
beam
the
sample
passes
accepts
an
two
beams 5
cm
of
of
which
sample
and
the
two
other
beams
going
are
through
recombined
wil of
be
through equivalent
as
distance,
in
as
an
interferox
meter, if
the
of
a
fringes
variation
there is used the
there
5
cm
is
sample
be
wil
If and beam
on
2.5 be
the the
x a
produced lO-8m
distortion other
output.
of
2.5
lO-G
4.5%,
Michelson
Now,
cm
in
which in
should interferometer
one
arm
detectable.
of
wil the
cause
hand,
5
to
cm
sample
then
is
the
placed
the
Michelson
in
a
interferometer,
pass
fections
through
of
the
impersample
of
9%
twice,
the
resulting
distortion
fringes
of
fringe
separation.
ce
da
aperture
(see
the
figure)
then
ce
da
where
is
the
separation
8
of
the
interferometer;
is
the
angle
of
mirrors subtended
from
For
see
in
by
that
a
the the
star
stel ar star;
and which
Hecht and
J
1

is
is
the
the
mean
wavelength
order Bessel of this
light
result,
first
a
function.
reference
gives Zajac,
derivation Addison
"Optics,"
Wesley,
1974,
pages
435-6.
ce
da
is the dif raction
light
on
a
intensity
pattern.
star to
a
at
minimum, generated Assuming

and
an
of
an
The
light
aperture
at
interferencethe
the
each
to
dif erent
star
points equivalent
area
of
the of surface
star
mination
over
the
the
yield
V
the
fol owing
Jl
2
is incoherent. circular contributes stel ar of the result:
that
that
amount
equal
aperture
element the added
is of
il uto
interferometer,
circular
the
can
contributions be
I (1ThSlAJ
I
1ThS/X
o
ce
da
Solution
V
The
I
-
visibility,
max
max
-
V,
I
I
+
is
defined
as
fol ows:
min min
(1)
where is dif raction the
max
is
the
light
at
intensity
a
at
maximum
an
and
mn
light
on a
intensity
pattern.
star
minimum
of
interferenceat
a
The
points
in
is
incoherent.
light
it
across
generated By
is
using
the necessary slits
the
dif erent double

to
slit
add
to
up
two
front all
of
the
telescope,
contributions
stars.
then
to
of
the
due
the
separated
the
This
of the
leads
for and
visibility
Addison
fringes
1974,
page
(see
fol owing "Optics,"

427):
equation
Hecht
Zajac,
Wesley,
ce
da
the
coefficient
of
linear
expansion
of
steel?
ce
da
Therefore, 2(to
-
t)
-
2to
2t
(n (n
2DaT
1/2)A
m)
-
(m
1/2)A
A, (n
-
and
so,
2(to
t)
m)
ce
da
complete
the
n
=
destructive
minimum
1.70
is
thickness found
+
interference of
upon
the
coating
the
of
reflection. index
So
of
refraction
by
=
applying
equation,
(1)

where A
2dn

of
A of the the
is
the
is
the
thickness
of
the
wavelength
incident
and
n
light
is
the
coating,
in index
air,
of
refraction
coating.
ce
da
filter
can
be
e
=
found
for
=
thicknesses
of
cryolite
such
that
ko
2n
koeo
(2)
ce
da
one
mirror
of
tensity
a
is the
moved
distance
to
of
the
next
x
from
the
maximum where
in-
fringes
of
x
maximum and
position
the
relation the
there
between
is is
intensity
the shorter
the
fringes,
of
wavelength
doublet,
A2
ce
da
CHAPTER
11
ce da
the
8
top
with
and
bottom
to
of
the
the normal
aperture
to
and the
going
aperture
n s
direction
a
respect
sin
8.
ce da
from
the
which
sin
e 1000
to
lens
the
from
also
is slit
mm
rom
5.461 then
screen,
10
can
-4
.
If
assume
the
focal
that
the beam
length
is distance focused
of
we
the
where
the
is
1000
as
shown
in
the
figure.
ce da
PROBLEM
11-3
ce da
maximum
from
one
extreme
first
point
other
extreme
of
this
slit
fal s
the
on
the
com-
minimum
wil
lost.
of
the
not
distribution
point,
pattern
and
intensity
wil
be
show
any
pletely
ce da
A of shown
is the
the
wave
length
of
exit
in
and
then
pupil
the
R
(the
the circular
If
x
light
is
between the
used,
is
and
the
8 1
aperture),
radius
the
diameter is
as
figure.
is
from
the
of
the
first
and
the
dark
ring
screen,
distance the
aperture
figure
ce da
the
dif raction
of
the
slit.
ce da
sin
mA
ce da
screen
is
and
then
we
placed
wish
to
3.8
determine the
10
km
away
the
from diameter
the of
at
covers
circular
the
aperture
fracted
screen.
difthe
spot
From
(to
any
first
standard
of
a
dif raction
minimum)
text
optics
circular
that
Fraunhofer
dif raction
aperture,
ce da
O.Imm
SLit
ce da
lO,OOO(m+l)A
a
lO,OOOmA
_ -
lO,OOOA
a
'
ce da
(0.25>( \5 )=
where
1.5
101.5mm
f
3
,
the
relation
tan
can
be
determined
of
the
from
the
figure.
Solving
for
the
focal
length
lens,
ce da
1(0)
ce da
PROBLEM
11-13
ce da
sin
A
-
sin
2A
-
1
-
b sin
8
sin
A
-
ce da
So
we
must
determine
at
over
what
point
distance with
in
the
tance
and
not
aperture-screen
vary the
a
source-aperture phase
Fresnel
zones,
disof the
does
we
light
zone
divide
the
aperture
zone.
surface. into
dif raction
each
circular
the
screen
boundary
the
a
producing
previous
that
half-wavelength
Now
path
or
dif erence
source
from
if
Fresnel
is
to
or
at
such than
distance
the
the
aperture
first
between
size
zone
is
and 1
zone.
equal
we
less
the
to
see
radius
a
of
would
not
expect
difdetermine
dif erence
Then of
Fresnel
at
Fraunhofer
need
We want to
fraction. the
looking
the
figure
we
radius
first
Fresnel
ce da
we
have
ce da
wil
From
just figure
be
the
outer
radius
of
the
second
Fresnel
zone.
(2),
ce da
PROBLEM
11-16
ce da
In
this
.
problem,
Then
lnun
Po
1m,
r 0
1m,
1/2mm,
and
PI
Po
r
0
/af
2
r 0
-
r 0
ce da
where
1S o
the
electric
distance
vector
at
source
the
source
point,
detector;
the
It
can
w
(p
the
+r
o 0
is
the
between
of
vector
and
t
is
k
angular
the
an
frequency propagation optics

textbook the
th Fresnel
the
of
light;
the
is
time;
be
zone
and
is
in
can
that
for
light. single
at
found
we
Fresnel
for
express the
electric
zone
field
as
vector
the
detector
ce da
Let
be
the
distance
from
from
the
the
screen
source
to to
the
aperture
so
and
that
be
the
distance
the
aperture
ce da
length
the
10 the
x
A
zone
40A.
if in
What
should it
are
be
to
the
25
outside
zones
plate
is
contain
be
context?
diameter and What role
of
if
details
does
lO-3
wavelength
mm
size
to
resolved?
play
in
this
ce da
now
Po
just
if
is
the
we
just
image
define
s
the
object
distance the
focal
distance
so
from
we
the
the
aperture
and
ro
a
is lens
have
as
equivalent
of
length
2
m
mA
ce da
SOOnm?
What
are
the
next
two
focal
lengths?
ce da
amplitude
tude Thus the
acts
Al
at
A3
coming intensity
the
AS
through
..,
where
the
of
a
the
very
light large
plate
lens
th
on
Ai
unblackened the
The
the
amplizone.
is
screen
produced
axis
zone
of
zone
as a
position.
length
(2).
plate
b
=
whose
focal
is
given
by
2
n
(fol ows
from
equation
/nA
ce da
A
m
_
2
m
[!
+
a
!b]
ce da
(e)
The
first
r
bright
2
l
-
spot
appeared

at
(.8xIO-3)2m
l.17xlO
-6
54.7
em.
Jt1
ce da
OB,
the
in
Figure
AB
2.
=
AO,
the
distance
Since twice
the the
to
distance distance
the
OB OB.
the
distance
since
the
Then,
of
intensity
the
is
proportional
ratio
square
ampli-
tude,
required
ce da
the from
source
to
the
aperture
surface
to
surface;
the
screen,
r o
is
k
t
the
=
distance
the
aperture
w
=
2n/A;
the
the
wavelength;
variable
and
2nf;
the
frequency;
is
time
ce da
to
00
or
00.
wil
If
then
we
depend
are
on
where
we
are
located with
u
=
the
along edge
then
our
the of
screen.
at
source
the
vector
screen
and
the
start
at
point point
=
in and
y go
=
line
0;
to
u
-
0,
This
2
wil
to
00
l
As
O.
is
and
figure
equivalent intensity
the
vector
labelled
(3)
in
in 3.
point
labelled
(3)
figure
V10
1.5
ce da
ce da
where
ce da
equivalent
Cornu The the
position
spiral
starting
center
we
vI
have
a
1.5
then
2.12
and
from
our
small
length
(small
intensity).
with
points point
of
vI
the
represent
screen.
positions
respect
to
ce da
is
one
the
t8
amplitude
slit
of
the
light
arriving
at
the
screen
due
alone,
ce da
Whenever
conditions
are

satisfied
is
for
an
integer,
dif raction
then
for minima
and
certain
interference
directions,
maxima
both
ce da
and
ce da
sin
ce da
Since order second second.
the is
angular
less than the
In
position
the
for
violet
of
the
third
red
of
angular
order
position
spectrum
be
for wil shown
the the
order,
third
it
overlap
that whatever the
third
general,
wil
can
easily
the
order
grating
spacing
always
may
overlap
be.
second,
the
ce da
:
width slits
sin
of and maxima
with
each
the
of
wavelength
the
of
of
the
a
light
the
we are
used,
d of from
the
slit
0
we
grating,
interference-dif raction
=
spacing
interested the
the
a
the
to
want
angle
the
perpendicular
the
(sin
gratin. Na)
Since 1
in
or
for
first
secondary
maximum
ce da
mA
-
sin
ce da
A
cos
1 A
!J8
2
-
Al
s
A
-
2
s
Al
Thus,
8
2
cos
Al
8
.
ce da
l1y
d
-
sp
ce da
Since
there
are
5000
lines/em
ce da
we
can
make
the
approximation
'V 'V
sin
tan
a
-
l500mrn
8
'
-
and
sin
'
-
tan
a
,
l500mm
where
and
are
as
ce da
number,
Thus
the
21T
=
amplitude
the
U
wavelength
is
of
the
transmit ed
beam.
given
by
ce da
The where
intensity
is
is
2
=
U*
the
proportional complex
to
conjugate
sin
8
8
lul
2
.
of
lul
sin
i kh
2
=
U.U*,
U.
IU '
-Ce
ika
ik
-1
sin
) (1
1
e
-
ikNh
sin
8)
8
ce da
[ S1 ]
.
a
S1n,NY N
S1n
ce da
RESOLVING
POWER
ce da
be
neglected.
(1J-1)
Then
Hence,
R
-
NW(
N(1J-l)t
A
t
w
d Jl
dA
)
dlJ
dA
Nm
Nt
d1J
dA
Nt
ce da
Since
OB
BC
=
--
d
=
--
d
,
and
at
0
since
shown
DO
also
l 2
__
(the
radius
of
the
circle
centered
in
it
Figure
fol ows
1),
at
once
by
simple
that
BD
geometry,
using
triangle
BOD,
ce da
THE
HUYGEN-FRESNEL
THEORY
ce da
which
has
zeros
-
for
2+z
=
-
2
=
nA.
This
is
-
so
since
exp(ik(z+nA}}
=
exp(ikz}
1].
exp(ikz}exp(iknA)
exp(ikz}
exp(ikz}
[exp(iknA)
ce da
CHAPTER
12
ce
da c
6.007
10-
11
ern
ce
da c
(b)
How
large
rate
the
of
of 589
prism change
m,
is
of
needed index 5.30

x
to
resolve
these
lines,
at
a
if
wave-
with
wavelength,
5
length
is
10-
per
mil imicron?
ce
da c
where
ce
da c
PROBLEM---12-5
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
Solution
ter
The
resolving
by
2.6
1
power
of
is
given
Fabry-Perot
interferome-
P
-
a
r
Ir
ce
da c
and
assumes
that
fal s
the
off That
to
intensity
contributed
at
by
one
bright
the
fringe
two
4/2
the
central
I
the
midway
for
point
the
between
the from
maxima. interference
is, pattern
the
expression
for
intensity
in
in
light
maximum
dif ering
is
phase
by
light
at
given
2
by
max
+Gr
/(1-r
)2JSin
(O/2)
ce
da c
41T
nd
cos
ce
da c
A
_
cos
-
A
AO
(47Tnd)
41Tnd
AS
cas
8.
ce
da c
and
for
part
(b),
0.999
and
ce
da c
As
the
wavelength
for of
two
one
dif erence
increases,
A
the
th
order
fringe
order the
wavelength
other
are
wil
,
approach
Thus,
be
the the order
(m
l)st
to
the lines
,
wavelength
resolvable wil

A. the
which
yielded
minimum
by
resolvable
equation
(5)
with
phase
increment
corresponding satisfying
to
the
Rayleigh
Criterion.
ce
da c
from
the
equation
ce
da c
Then,
ce
da c
Substituting
in
the
expression
for
ce
da c
1=2
max
ce
da c
64
(l\
ce
da c
increases
when
decreases,
is
omit ed.
In
addition,
since
ce
da c
1.75
10
ce
da c
Solution
From
the the
two
figure,
successive
the the
same.
b.
since
r
any and
a
optical
of
path
wavefront,
decreased
between
must
positions
Now
the is
be
suppose
the
wavelength
the
wave-
by
the
must
oA,
is
now
optical
(
+
path
o)b
an
length
and
of
base
of
front
prism image
for it
then
turn
the
emergent
oD
=
through
may
be
angle
resolved

a
in
order
the
that
the rion oD
a
the
forms resolution
just
is
given
the
by length
oD
of
(i.e., Ala).
the upper
criteSince
ray
oc/a,
A
this
increases
by
length
ce
da c
S f4
-
I
0.0:5
an
ce
da c
then
Snell's
n
=
law
states:
sin sin
cp
ce
da c
From
table
of
indices
of
refraction
of
light
glass;
for
flint:
ce
da c
from
or
which
is
found
to
be
approximately
20,626.5
inches
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
Hence,
the
reduction
Power.
in
diameter
implies
reduction
in
Resolving
ce
da c
Solution
Two
stars
so
of
at
equal
a
light
detector
the of
for
incoherent
wil
be
1
intensity
resultant
wil
produce
pattern
light,
the
we
sum
of
an
the
intensities
the
one
figure
star
have
also
light.
star.
Thus,
The be dark other
in
wil
Airy
an
pattern
have
star
from
the
2
two
Figure
the
we
first is
stars.
Airy
the
pattern
radius
the of
of
but
it
wil first
by
the
To
the
the
of
then
add
displaced ring.
of
Out-
superposition
find
Airy
the
curves.
pattern
intensity
of
combination,
need the of
side
tern
only
two
one
the is
ordinates
the
two
maxima
star
while
as
essential y
between of shown
the the
two
just
two
the maxima dashed line
intensity
there
but in
patis stil
a
substantial detectable
interaction
intensities,
the
minimum,
by
figure
2.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
12-20
ce
da c
DETERMINATION SIZES
OF
OBJECT
AND
IMAGE
ce
da c
Normal
magnification
is increased of eye.
x
=
means
that
the
image
Aperture
of 250
by
the
ratio
to
the of
size
the
maximum
of Maximum numerical is
the
retinal Numerical
objective
Thus,
the times. size
the
of the
aperture
enhanced
the
0.5
image
125
ce
da c
minimum
A
=
reduces
550
to
1.22
and
d
=
/d
0.2
where
cm,
(10-
cm
ce
da c
Now
the
8
=
Rayleigh
1.22
A d
criterion
for
resolution
is:
ce
da c
of
the
mm.
sun,
the
diameter
of
the
pinhole
should
be
about
0.22
ce
da c
ex
1.22
100
x x
550
10em
ern
-
10-
6.71
10-
rad
for
m,
ex
1.22
-
550
100
10em
em
-
6.71
10
-7
rad
ce
da c
CHAPTER
13
ce da c
PROBLEM
13-2
ce da c
tude of their
and
5
cm,
intensity
10
cm,
of
25
cm,
the
and
light
50
cm
after
traveling
in the medium
distances
values
initial y.
compared
to
ce da c
o
E
-a.x
ce da c
PROBLEM
13-4
ce da c

L
os
Kd
sin
Kd
ce da c
27T A
ce da c
Let
be
the
amplitude
the
surface
of
the
at
incident
A at
an
beam
(not
of incidence
its
intensity)
8
.
striking
.
angle
ce da c
reflected.
tween
Thus,
rays
2nd
cosS
the
2
-
expression
is
for
the
interference
be-
and
r
mA
minima.
and
2nd
CDS
(Jr
(m
)
maxima.
ce da c
Then,
IT
Intensity
of
the
transmit ed
beam
ce da c
coso
sin
ce da c
IT
I
0
1
-
4 ( .04)
(1
.04)2
1
sin
27f(l.S)
5
x
10-
001]
7
1
108
x
0.16 .9216
sin
of
[108
0
10
21T
]
radians. Since
10
is
multiple
360
or
ce da c
and
so,
ce da c
(the
refractive
2
index
of
flint
glass)
1.62
Thus,
R
-
( (
(1.
2 2
+
)2
1.333)2 1.333)2
(1.62
62
(.287)2 (2.953)2
8.237
-
10
-2
8.720
0.94
0.94%.
10-
ce da c
or
PROBLEM
13-8
the
film.
ce da c
for
the
high
of The index the
(n
overall
n
)
and
and
low
(n
of
)
matrix
index
materials,
for
n
respectwo
tively.
(one
transfer
L
one
such
layers
by
multo
index
is
calculated
tiplying
each
individual
transfer
M
-
matrices
corresponding
layer.
Then,
ce da c
( ) \ jN ( H )N (-nn: J
-nH I1r,
(
-n
()N
-
(:L )N ( -n:H)N ( :L )N

the
values
n
( -n:) ( :H )
=
2N
-
2N
Upon
N
=
substitution
4
of
L
we
1.4,
see
2.8,
and
into
the
preceding
equation,
that
ce da c
(2),
fi
jK
into
and
the
ft*
expressions
preceding
jK,
and
equation
substituting
these
gives
ce da c
into
the
standard
form
Ce
i y
To
once
his
is
done,
ratio
an
n
-
the
phase
into
change
the
a

form
+
is
Ce
just
iy
y
,
tan-Iy.
write is
get
a
the
amplitude
part
+
it
as
real
jbi
then
simply
b/a.
Using
fi
imaginary jK,
part,
ce da c
Thus,
ce da c
Taking
the
exponential
of
both
sides
of
this
equation
gives
ce da c
1.5141 2.303
0.6575
=
.
(2)
When
0.52
O.D.
1
-
2.303
R.n
.1 )
52
0.6539
-
2.303
-
0.2839
=
When
98%
0.98,
1
O.D.
2.303
R.n
(O.8)
.0088
=
NON-ACTIVATED VERSION 2.03 C2 ) www.avs4you.com

.
When
O.D.
ce da c
.0202
-
2.303
2%
02
R.n
3.9120 2.303
FIG.
ce da c
T
-
2
-
T
+
2
-
(1
2
R)2
-
4R
2R
4R
T
R
T
+
2
-
(0.05)2
25
-
10-
2R
-
(R
.
1)2
(1.9)2
3.61
0.0007
ce da c
PROBLEM
13-15
ce da c
CHAPTER
14
ce
da c
Solution:
For
this
problem
we
can
use
the
relation
ce
da c
from number
the of
to
quartz
waves
crystal,
of
right
there and
wil
left
be
dif erence
in
the
equal
circularly
polarized
light
dif erence.
is
L
This
).:
dif erence,
8
(). ).lR)
-
Ad [nL
as
path
angle
path
expressed
=
phase
2).1Td
(n
ce
da c
duced
by
10
cm
column
of
liquid
with
gram/cubic
centimeter
active
substance.)
ce
da c
Solution netic
The
faraday
B,
and
rotation
the
8,
is
of
related
the
to
the
the
mag-
flux
density
the
8
=
length
constant
medium
light
traverses/,
Verdet
B
V,
by
the
relation
ce
da c
12.57
-
6.25
60
0
1.3
ce
da c
Solution:
us
To
investigate
at
polarization
the
Fresnel
on
first
look
equations
coefficients
for
for found
to
reflection reflection.
E
waves
let
The lar
amplitude
(1..)
and
reflection
parallel
perpendicu-
are
be
ce
da c
Since sin
sin
8.
and
8
.
8t
-
are
connected
8. 8.
1
=
through
tan
equation
=
( 3)
1
-
sin
8
.
(90
cos
8.
nt
-
n.
ce
da c
parallel
where
to
the
plane
Eo
of
incidence
I
the
must
cos
<I>
Er
of
co
E'
the
co
<1>'
of
re-
(2)
<I>
in
is
and
the
angle 4>'
is
case
of
incidence,
is
angle
The
flection
vector
angle
refraction.
magnetic
(3)
this
satisfy
H
=
0..L
H'
are
H'
where
netic
vectors.
Hr
and
the
reflected
and
transmi
t ed
mag-
ce
da c
or
cos
Eo
cos
Er
n'
cos
'
E'
ce
da c
2)
be
Two
circularly
to
added
form
polarized linearly
waves
(a
right
wave:
and
At
a
x
=
left) 0,
can
polarized
ce
da c
Using
cas
one
of
+
the
double
=
angle
(2'ITvt
+
a
formulas,
2
we
a
-
find
(2'ITvt
cas
a)
+
cas
cas
2
cas
sin
().
(2'ITvt
+
cas
)
sin
sin
2"
(21T\)t
we
cas
a
-
2
use
sin
of
the
21\\)t formula
21T\)t
1)
sin
a.
where
have
made
ce
da c
multiplies
everything
by
-1)
ce
da c
ce
da c
Hence
ce
da c
Thus
to
the
the
axes.
polarization
It
is
has
linear,
amplitude
Eo/l2
along
.
line
at
45
degrees
ce
da c
1/4
1/8
ce
da c
vertical,
on
and
(c)
transmission
light
linearly
polarized
in
axis the
at
x
-
45 direction.
to
the
horizontal,
ce
da c
light
linearly
polarized
in
the
horizontal
direction.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
14-17
ce
da c
PROBLEM
14-18
ce
da c
Solution
Let
as
us
choose
OX
the and the

OY
spectively
system.
surface
XOY
on
the
OZ
fast directions
and
slow
of
of
directions coordinate
The
be
re-
Then
is
the
direction
propagation.
may
taken
which
light
is
incident
as
the
plane.
ce
da c
or

B
Ex
-
cos
cS
[1
cos
(wt
kz)]1/2
sin
cS
sin
cS
11
l
( E:
we
)1/2
have
squaring
and
rearranging,
ce
da c
nents,
are
cos
and
sin
"
8.
at
These
two
components
Now
out
of the
of
phase
components
the
when
E
they
and
are
arrive
E
the
analyzer.
to
only plane
parallel
the
principal
analyzer
transmit ed.
ce
da c
by
ized.
viewed
tated
the
colloidal
Let
particles,
I
s
this
the
beam
wil
of
be
plane
beam
polarwhen is
ro-
max
)
the
be
intensity
prism.
the
As
this
through
from
Nicol
the
this
position,
2
8
is
given
I
=
intensity
Nicol transmit ed
prism
by
it
by
I
s
max
co
ce
da c
Hence,
I
-
the
20
1
I
percentage
30
x
reduction
A
in
2
A
intensity
2
cas
is
2
100
cas
20
cos
30
20
100
20
ce
da c
PROBLEM
14-24
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
Solving
for
t
in
equation
A(<t>
-
(1)
we
have,
E
-
<Po)
n
21T(n
in
t. .'I1e
)
ta,
and
substituting
given
da
gives
us
ce
da c
(c).
axis
are
At
(c)
the
E
amplitude
sin
20
and
components
0
cos
parallel
20
.
to
the
E*
ce
da c
From
figure
4,
it
can
be
seen
that
ce
da c
where
ce
da c
Solution
natural
The
Glan-type
prism
consists
of
The the
two
sections
of
uniaxial
birefringent
to
crystal.
the
are
optic
The
to
axis
ends the
or
is
perpendicular
of
The
plane
cut
of
figure.
the
cement
wave
faces
beam.
at
the index
crystal
of
of the
perpendicularly
of
light
that
total
refraction
is
suffers
wave
such
is
the
angle reflection,
with
cut,
whereas
the
ordinary
the
internal transmit ed
extraordinary
lit le
loss.
ce
da c
Solution
given
by
ce
da c
idex, Therefore,
1.48641.
These
values
are
obtained
from
table.
ce
da c
Solution
as
The
in
rays
and
1.
known
shown axis is
the
figure
is
rays The
as
are
angle
the the
the
are
refracted c
through
between of
of
the
incident
Since
prism
and
the
emergent
optic
axis
that
is
parallel
to
e
to
perpendicular
0
and
wavelets
angle refracting plane figures

that
In
deviation.
the
edge,
incidence.
of
the
optic Realizing
about
revolution
the
e
optic
wavelets
e-
axis,
are
it
both rays
is
clear
the
sections this
for
the
and
circular.
do
not
of
and
law
0-
depend by
both
e-
on
direction.
and
0-
plane
rays.
the
Thus
velocities
Snell's
is
obeyed
ce
da c
is
minimum
when
do dS
I
ce
da c
after The
collecting
only
.
terms,
way this
(1
2)sin28i
be
(1
2)sin28t
is
for
.
-
equation
ld
can
a
satisfied
or

Sln
to
(w h
Thus
lC
h
8
on
1 y
-
ln
vacuum
or
S1n
t.
8t
ce
da c
Substitutuing
A,

o
,
into
and 8
the
above
equations
that
the
given
values
for
oe
it
2050'
is
found
,
ce
da c
great
stant
advantage
for
all
that
the of
positions
interference the
pattern
remains
con-
specimen.
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
Solving
om
H
'
equations
4,
5,
6,
and the
for
om
om
results:
om
'
and
respectively,
yields
fol owing
ce
da c
CHAPTER
15
ce
da c
through
normal The
to
the
center
of
curvature
C,
retraces
incidence
and
of
hence
of of the the
strikes its
two
the
mirror
at
original
of
these
arrow.
path.
rays
Once
point
locate
intersection
any
point
traced.
has
the been
image
found,
head
paths
of of
the
any
suffices this
may
other
rays
be
ce
da c
line
and focal axis.
W
can
is
draw
drawn
a
through
line
VI
and
F
and line and
F
One
to
can
start
W
again
in
the
to
at
through
Q
W
a
locate
drawn
crosses
primary
the
plane.
The
Through
line
to
through
the
VI
is pi
parallel
the
line
through
and
the
F
parallel
use
a
axis
to
at trace
Q'.
directed
red
pencil
space
Having through
through
space
located
the
QI,
ray and
also
one
system
Q
and
which the
in
second
object
ray
to
is
which
the
to
in
object
When
is
directed
dotted of
the
through
lines incident
dotted of
parallel
can
axis.
show how
Q
forward
is
virtual,
extensions
when
be
are can
used
paths
lines
directed
be
through
used
are
Q
show how
and backward
QI
extensions
is
virtual,
to
the
emerging
paths
directed
through
QI.
ce
da c
the
axis
emerge
parallel
and
directed
toward
Q'.
ce
da c
ce
da c
The
Image-forming important
image
mirrors characteristics
are
either
are
concave
or
convex.
the
fol owing:
ce
da c
FIG.4
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
direction tion
ray Pl.
to
the from
the
mirror
law
backward
ray
MV,
of it
and
its
wil
be
direction
When found from
to
after
the
pass
reflecreflected
found
reflection.
is
The
projected
same
after
be
reflection
to
M'V,
P".
when
through projected
backward,
wil
found
pass
through
ce
da c
In
practice,
at
the
the
object
point
of focal
A
cisely departure
duced in
shown
focal
the
is the
is
generally magnifying
small,
of
the
not
located
lens.
error
If
prethe
from is
not
point
situation formed final
size
introis
great.
1.
this
the
of the
type
il ustrated
lens
Figure together
the
The with
image
is
the viewed
by through
magnifying
the
is
retinal
lens.
image
when
object
magnifying
ce
da c
The the
not
second lens.
ray
This
deviated
by
passes ray the
directly
travels in
through
a
the
center
of
straight
line
and
is
lens.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
15-7
ce
da c
the
from
principal
the
plane
If
the
parallel
plane,
rays
are
can
on
brought
be
the
also
in defined.
right,
Point.
another
principal
The
PI'
located
distant
to
a
Focal
of
a
focal
an
point
infinitely
are
is
axis
the
lens.
on
Rays
the focal
lens is
an
from
object,
focus
located
lens
at
axis,
brought
3).
that
by
of
the
the
focal
point
to
point by
(Fig. stating
at
Another
the
on
way
defining
is
focal
the
point
optical
conjugate
object
infinity
axis.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
15-8
ce
da c
In
most
optical
of the
means
situations,
the
indices
space and the
are
of
the
refraction
of
the
media this
located
object
that
In
on
Ordinarily
both
and the
that
image object
situation,
first
equal. image
first
nodal and in
are
in
air.
is
point
second
is
nodal The
superimposed
the lens
principal
on
point
the
the
point.
point ordinary
superimposed
thick is
second
il ustrated
principal Figure
4.
ce
da c
One
trace
a
can
use
the rays
focal
from
surface
rays
can an
points
extra-axial
to
and locate
certain
principal object
the
backward
planes
to
point conjugate
from
single
point. image
refracting Conversely,
through image
the
be
traced
point
to
locate
the
object
point.
ce
da c
focal
point
to
parallel
after the
refraction
axis
after
or
that
the
ray
QF
proceeds
refraction.
ce
da c
F.
I
I I
I
/'/
/
f'/
I
/
/(
I
I
#: r

I I I I

I I
I
I
A/
D
.
/,
:
I
I
I
I
I

S
.
14
1
I
:
4
ce
da c
TELESCOPES
ce
da c
PROBLEM
15-12
ce
da c
and
the
since
the
seen
image
image by
formed
the
eye
by
is
the
ocular
is
not
reinverted,
inverted.
ce
da c
subtended
by
tan
small,
ratio
the The power of
8 the
are
the :
object
8.
to
at
the
eye the
of
an
since
when
power
at
8 the
is
eye
Therefore,
the
apparent
il ustrated
telescope angles
is
angle apparent
in
magnifying object
without 1.
very is
the
with
angle Figure
the
telescope.
The
magnifying
given
by
ce
da c
unit,
successive reinverts viewed
which
the
may
consist
or
of
a
two
single
simple
double
the
convex
lenses
convex
used
in
conjunction
lens,
The
image
the
formed
by
objective.
telescope
is
image
through
terrestrial
therefore
upright.
ce
da c
bered
that
has
been
in
the
present
reversed.
case
the
direction
of
travel
of
light
ce
da c
In
the
Herschel axis
after
A
telescope,
reflection
the
mirror
not
is
tilted
to
so
that before
the
reflection.
Therefore,
real
is it
parallel
not
a
the
op-
axis
with
beam.
is
can
centered
the
tical
an
system.
image
outside
which
the
be of
viewed
eyepiece
is
formed
path
directly incoming
ce
da c
PROBLEM
15-16
ce
da c
Since
the
rays
from
as
each
a
object
set
point
of
emerge rays,
from
the
an
astronomical
telescope
subtended
the
angle
of
by
of
emerge
a
pair
eye.
of
image
As
parallel points
as
as
visual
each
can
is
the
as
independent
rays the
an
object
converge the
not
position point
set
the
long
from eye
parallel
of these
and
long
to
parallel
of
rays
form
on or
image
retina
of
on
retina,
be
a
the
size
the
image
of
the
formed
eye
the
movement
wil
affected
fore
and
by
aft
in
rotation direction.
it
ce
da c
MICROSCOPES
ce
da c
therefore
the and
product
the
of
the
lateral
magnification
of the
of
the
objective,
Thus,
the
angular
magnification
becomes
ocular.
above
equation
ce
da c
optics objective object image

tance
acts
as
as
il ustrated
in
has
a
the
very
near
figure.
short
The
of
of
usually regard
the
focal
its
focal located
is
located
microscope length point.

at
an
and
The
some
the
objective
it.
This
is
therefore
diswhich
note
from
a
image
is
It
viewed
of is contributes
with
ocular
to
simple
of
to
magnifier.
the the formed ocular.
interest
that
the
objective
large
microscope
overall
significant
power of
the
even
magnification
The
image by
the
by
the
magnifying objective
system.
is
enlarged
further
OBJECTIVE
ce
da c
FIG.
SPHERICAL
ABERRATION.
ce
da c
and the
because
power The rays
from
zone.
it
of
too
has
spherical
rays
aberration,
more
it than the
lens This
the the
3).
tral
optical
on
peripheral designer
rays
wil central the

of called is calculated
70%
reduce
(Fig.
cen-
attempts
to
superimpose
the
passing
axis
to
distance
70%
as
the
Not
the
through periphery.
the aberrations
the
the
infrequently,
both
doublet
is
and
so
to
correct
spherical
chromatic
aberration.
ce
da c
(b)
inated sible
from
to
Spherical
a
aberration
cannot,
mirror.
of
course,
be
elimposor
spherical
a
However,
revolution all second other of
rays
it
is
from
always
any
It
find
surface
of
nonspherical
point. point
does
be
aspherical
axial fol ow
form,
such
that
at
some
a
diverging
axial axial the wil choice be
given
not
point
that also.
a
are
imaged
from
In
rays
sharply
of
an
imaged aspherical
from
other
words,
by
aberration
proper
can
surface,
mirror
for
anyone
spherical
pair
eliminated
of
conjugate
points.
ce
da c
each between maximum
ray
at
the
the horizontal
surface
of
image
between the interval
quality,
the of
Sturm.
and the
the vertical circle
lens.
Approximately
images
of
and
midway
is confusion.
an area
of
least
distance
as
horizontal
vertical
images
is
The known
ce
da c
would and
be
c,
as
reflected shown
as one
so
as
to
cross
the
lines.
by
it surface.
and
the
is
often
dotted
(or
plate,
on
called)
The
plane
central
region
thus
as
a
concave
as a
other in
lens.
is surface
the
outer
axis The shown

is
at
points
C.
convex
a,
b,
correcting
at It
lens is
in
The the
central of
the
outer
portion.
lens
portion portion
1, 2,
and
functions
diverging
The lines. corrected
and
converging
are
paths
rays
shown
by
ful
ce
da c
omit ed,
slide small
on
light
would
not
passing
of
through
the
the
outer
portions
lens
and
of
the
a
portion
the
screen.
strike the
projecting
near
only
be
slide
its
center
would
imaged
ce
da c
that the
source
The determine diameter

formed
preceding
the
discussion focal
the the The
has
explained
of lens lens of the
as
the
conditions
of
length
diameter
least
as
the
of
by
lens).
be
to
projecting condensing
at
(the
should
condensing image condensing

the
lens the fil

lens of
and
just
diagonal
length magnification
the
the
the
of
projecting
must
evidently
slide
great
while
largest
the desired of
be lens
projecting
the
between lantern
the
from
is slide the
projected,
detetermined
and
screen.
the
focal
by
its
the and
image,
distance
ce
da c
(c)
focused
at
Burning
one
glass. point
where
All
rays
parallel burning
takes
to
the
axis
are
the
place.
ce
da c
The distance
real
image
from
P'Q',
the
therefore,
field
lens
of
should the
be
placed
at
this
eyepiece.
ce
da c
traced
from
0
at
along
W,
and
path
then
cipal
are
plane conjugate
directed The
two to
as
through parallel
unit
at
F,
to
to
the
primary
axis.
and
Wand
prinWI
the
the
points
toward
rays
cross
having
W
magnification,
from
thus
ray WI.
must
emerge the
image
which
to
point
lies
which lies
system 0',
in
the
through
which
same
is
conjugate
age
O.
M'
on
the
axis
imsame
plane
0'
as
is
conjugate
M,
in
the
object
plane
Q.
ce
da c
+40
+IOD
VERGENCE
,
,
1\
I
-4D
,
\
DISTANCE
V
I
FIG.
(b)
LI
0.58
M
.
L2
PROBLEM
15-29
ce
da c
0
1
/
1.0
METER
0 8 0.5
ce
da c
find
the
in in
strength
meters,
or
power
of the
power
lens,
(lens
pressed pressed
then
If
is
ex-
diopters.
strength)
is
ex-
ce
da c
tions
to
the axis
problems
the
and
posed diopteral
the
by
powers
figures
are
1-7,
By
convention,
the
respectively.
expressed
are
above
the
optical
below
distances,
in
meters,
indicated
axis.
ce
da c
(g)
ce
da c
rays
verge
at
the
point
P at
in
a
object
common
space,
but
after The
refrac-
tion
rays
cr
they
converge
os
s
fail
at
to_verge
ray
point.
ra
parachief
this
some
P',
at
but
the
marginal
other
us
ys
in
meridian
in
case
P' of which refraction.

coma or
the and
a
chief
some
points
Let
than
P',
the
chief
front in
P'
behind.
consider the
of in
P'
general
ray
P
'
given
The
marginal
ray
crosses
at
displacement
of the
ray
from
represents
after the
aberration
question:
ce
da c
CHAPTER
18
ce
da
Solution eral and surface
Let
on
the
points
mirror. shown.
be
and
B,
the
normals
C.
Now
and
let
to
C
so
be that
any
gen-
point
y-axes
the
as
Orient
Draw
diagram
in
at
the
are
the Band in
to
the
mirror
reflec-
passing
the
ray
through
reflected
and
Hence
tion,
incident reflection.
ray
the
normal
A, lies
Band
specular
determined
the
same
the
plane
mirror
be
by
the
the
must
A,
in
the
point plane.
of
'Y
ce
da
y
-
(1)
h
From
+
the
h
figure,
+
(y
y)
ce
da
Solution
two
The
M
figure
I
describes
M
the
are
given
by
a
mirrors,
and
separated
situation. distance
The 4d.
ce
da
Similarly,
duce
called
an a
the
rays
which
fal
first
...
on
series
the
of
images
Each
lies
the of
SP
QI'
of
Q2'
these
etc.,
series in
mirror which
terminates the is dihedral the
ON
can
probe
Q-series.
which behind
with
perpen-
image
COD
both
mirrors
MON.
angle
dicular
opposite
bisector
the
angle
I line
and
,
Since
OM
and
OM.
PI
Similarly,
are
are
equidistant
since
from
P
from
2
every
point image point

all
It
on
straight
ON,
P
is
the
of
on
PIon
the
PI
ON.
equidistant
Thus,
S,
OM
every
P
straight
that
line
from the
PI
ON
are
and
are
equidistant
fol ows circumference is
OS.
point images
of
a
0 of
the radius
circle
where both whose
and
center
intersect.
series
arranged
is
0
on
and
whose
ce
da
m1n1murn
length
on
of the
the
mirror
x
is
that
h/2,
the person
and
depend
from
the
distance
this is
does
not
mirror.
standing
away
ce
da
REFLECTION
TWO INCLINED
OF
LIGHT MmRORS
BY
ce
da
tation
through
an
angle
8.
ce
da
angle
\J;
with
with
each
other.
The
incoming
beam
makes
an
angle
MI.
ce
da
all
lie
on
circle
of
radius
OS,
as
shown
in
the
figure.
ce
da
COD
on
-
The is
first that
OD
image
for
in
which
the
P-series
>
which
-
wil
on
fal
OC
into
and
2
a >
2Ky
+
180
180
S
y
+
the
a,
or
side;
+
the
side,
smallest
for
2Ky
K:
>
2Ky
the second
180
8.
The
integer
is
derived
from
equa-
tion,
solving
ce
da
CHAPTER
17
ce
da
and
so,
ce
da
That of
is,
the
this
image,
It
due is
not
to
mirror
C,
but
lands it
right
is
inverted.
on
top
object.
magnified,
ce
da
--
.".-
----
.".""
.".-
--
ce
da
so
ce
da
Thus,
ce
da
PROBLEM
17-6
ce
da
Solution
distances
(a)
to
If
the
and
of
the
represent
the
the
object
and
r
=
and
mirror,
radius
states:
of
curvature
respectively, mirror,
mirror
equation
21fl
image
is
the
ce
da
thus,
ce
da
If
the
image
from
the
is
to
be
moved
distance
of
15
would
cm
further
be
away
mirror,
the
image
using
same
distance
the
new
32.65
cm.
Applying
q'
equation
=
(1),
em,
32.65
and
the
radius
image
of
distance
curvature,
gives
ce
da
must
be
considered;
as a
first,
in
the
that 1 and
as
the
mirror
that 2.
We
produces
the
want
real
image
limits
20
cm
figure
image
distance
60
em
second,
in
of
each
mirror
to
produces
the
virtual
when
figure
the
case.
find
two
image
is
at
the
limits
and
for
ce
da
U2
11.46
cm
and
78.54
cm.
ce
da
These the
three
equations
result:
can
be
added
to
one
another,
yielding
fol owing
ce
da
PROBLEM
17-13
ce
da
CONVEX
AND
CONCAVE
MffiRORS
ce
da
The
first
the
image
size of
is
the
erect
and
is
the
size is
of
the
object.
Thus,
second
image
ce
da
PROBLEM
17-16
ce
da
SCM
...
,.
ce
da
and
so,
ce
da
AX'S
ce
da
(3)
gives
ce
da
PROBLEM
17
-19
ce
da
For
concave
mirror,
(exit
there
are
two
cases,
one
in
of
which
the
the mirror
eye
and of wil
pupil)
in
is
focal
trance
length pupil
the
as
of rays
mirror in
the
as
wil
determine
second the mirror. be virtual in shown convex mirror field the
the
outside which
For
the the the outside

2. and
focal
eye
lat er
the
We
is
case,
inside
length
the
the
en-
and
focal
to
length
draw
figure
case
proceed
again,
the space.
of
view
in
angle
object
ce
da
the
lens
renders
the
emergent
of
travel
beam.
beam
axis,
direction
with of
its
the
direction incident
parallel just
to
the
lens of
the
the
reverse
ce
da
or
ce
da
Then,
ce
da
CHAPTER
18
ce
da c
for
the
power
of
lens
we
have
ce
da c
0'
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-5
ce
da c
hence in is
diameter 1.35
-0.091 0 is
33
27
cm
in
magnification
diameter. is
magnified
positive.
by
It
ce
da c
Thus,
f
2000
-
37
-
em
54
em
and
fIt
1.33
1
x
(equation
1.33)
em
(1)
(54
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-8
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-9
ce
da c
Using
the
quadratic
equation,
ce
da c
Therefore,
when
the
convex
light,
the
the
Now
focal
we
length,
wil
faces
f,
find
the
surface is focal
of 60
mm.
the
lens
faces
the
length
of
the
lens
when
plane
but
surface
the
light.
and
1
R
-
Using
2
again,
let ing
=
Rl
50
-
00
30
rom
equation yields
(1)
;.
1:
(1.
1)
f1 L
30
mm
'
ce
da c
where
of
is
the
ratio
Since
we
of
we
the
are
index
of
the
lens
to
same
the
index
lens
for
the
medium. mediums
both
working
with
1
_
the in
can
represent
becomes
X,
so
equation
(1)
[ Rl
1
R
2
equation
(1)
by
ce
da c
The
focal
length
of
the
lens
in
water,
by
applying
fw'
can
be
found
ce
da c
f2
n2
(n
n1)/R
(n2
n)/R2
ce
da c
Solution
There
are
ipulate
lems.
For
the
or
geometry
many of
for
a
ways
in
for
which
ease
one
person
can
man-
optics
lenses
of
can
handling
use
probeither
we
example,
Newtonian
Let
us
Gaussian asked
focal the ray
to
determine
that
at
thin formulation. dif erent

look
at
the
are
In
this of
problem
method
expressing
where and
we
the look
at
length.
is
figure by
the
lens
1,
not
deviated
Then
passes
through
the
axis
the
lens.
by
geometry,
ce
da c
Substituting
step,
the
value
for
U2
determined
in
the
preceding
ce
da c
Solution:
The
vergence
equation
in
general
form
is
ce
da c
Again
S.
using
111
J.
equation
+
=
(1),
30
-20
ce
da c
Then
S
-
65
em
f
1
15
em
65
+-1.. S.
-
1
-
15
S.
19.5
em
So
as
the
object
is
S.
predicted.
ce
da c
Solution
We
use
+
1
0-
lJ
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-20
ce
da
PROBLEM
18-22
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-23
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-25
ce
da c
lens
1
-
1
-
00
ql
q1
-
l/f 1
ce
da c
so
ce
da c
or
(b)
r2
r2
00
(pIano
convex)
but
or
(c)
is
positive
I r 21
>
rl
ce
da c
and
CAI,we
sin sin
have
.
cp
p
a
-
-0I
-
and
sin sin
cp
P
r
l
(2)
ce
da c
adding:
ce
da c
L=
y
fix
6
-
y'
10
-
12
5.0
ce
da
From
the
triangle
OAI,
we
can
write
ce
da c
Substituting
values,
ce
da c
ce
da c
or
also
s'
equation
(3),
ce
da c
or,
1
-
r2
[1
r4
-
J
r2
1
-
fen
1)
1)
1)
Therefore,
-
2f(n
(q
(9)
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-32
ce
da
Then,
multiplying
1 0.6 1.5
+
the 0
-
two
+
right-hand
0
-
matrices
1
-
first
gives
0.2
0.2
0.12 1.5
0.4
0.92
ce
da c
given
by
ce
da c
(1.02 \0.4
ce
da c
In
the
second that the
part,
units
if
are
te
the
thickness
same as
have
(assuming
:
is for
changed
r
to
1
we
and
f),
ce
da c
Hence,
for
n
the
first
n'
-
surface,
n'
1
-
n 1
1
or
f'
1.48
-
1
-
1
1
1.48
1
f'
Therefore,
f
1
-
1.48 -.48
-3.083
nun
and
f'
1
1
-
-.48
-2.083
nun
For
the
second
n' ft
surface,
nil
-
f"
or
1
-
1.48
2

2
f'
f"
Therefore,
fl
.48
ce
f"
1.48
-
and
-.48
da c
nil
-
n'
r2
1.48
-1
-2.083
rom
-3.083
nun
f1
ce
da c
by
as
the its
=
first
surface,
is
11.4
lens.
taking
mm
the
to
image
left
of
of
the
second
surface
(Rl
to
object,
22
the
the
first
rom);
left
of
therefore,
the
another
focal
the
point,
FI'
surface is
11.4
rom
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-38
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-39
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
common
center
of
curvature.
Such
normal
to
one
axis,
to
because
the
other
any
ray
lens surface
has is
no
unique
also normal
optic
(Fig.
2.).
ce
da c
which
puts
is
the
opposite image
side
image
of
the
40
em
away
Note
from
the that the
lens
and
on
object.
of
the
position
the lens.
the of
the
independent
thickness
of
ce
da
Substitution
e face
=
of
the the
-
(
of
40
+
the
-
0.53)cm
lens
given gives image

O.80)cm,
values
i
=
yields
+88.5
at
em.
a
f Then
+27.8
from
d
=
emi
using
sur-
the
lies
or
distance
0.80i
i.e.,
(88.5
ce
da c
hi
ce
da c
So,
equation
(5)
becomes
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-46
ce
da c
diopters;
and
and
the
radii
and
N
of
curvature
of
care
the of
first
concern-
second
the
of
ing
sign
D
surface, convention;
lens
=
respectively,
the
n
with
taken
to
the
when
surrounding
N
=
relative medium.
index
In
=
refraction
this
problem
5;
1.6

nair
1.6
!"IT.
ce
da c
and
with
R

n'
1.6;
1.0,
-0.12
meters.
1.6-1.0
-5
ce
da c
Solution:
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-51
ce
da c
PROBLEM
18-52
ce
da c
CHAPTER
19
ce
da c
In
an
calculated ruler
experimental first by
then also
situation,
magnification
the size of the
on
a
may
measuring
the
object
screen.
be with the mag-
and
size
into
of
Dividing
nification.
object
size
image
the size
image
wil
provide
ce
da c
where
and
are
the
must
image
be
s
and
object
that
be
distal ce, is,

(see
the
respec-
tively.
cation is
(The
image
inverted;
must
negative,
since
positive
magnififigure).
ce
da c
The
M
magnification
=
of
=
the
49.
lens
is
defined
as
g
p
2000
em em
40.8
ce
da c
the
result
ce
da c
Solution tained
The
total
magnification
the
of
microscope
m m
is
1
ob-
by
this
found
multiplying by problem,
from
linear
magnification
2
of
the
objective
(in
be
the
angular
12.5).
the
magnification
The
lens
of
m
the
l
can
eyepiece
magnification equations,
easily
thin
ce
da c
with
00
2
'4
2.5
cm
U t
j.-U, -+
2Z
cm
:1
FIG.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-8
ce
da c
focal
form
a
length
real
of
the
objective
between Since
as
lens
and
the
small
of
have
image
the
we
focal also
want
length
to
we
and
close
the
to
eyepiece.
the lens
to
microscope
to
possible,
then
1
and
cm
the the choose
object eyepiece object

the
wil
as
obare
jective piece converging
have
a
focal
length
of
5
em,
of
and
both
the
lenses
eye-
have lenses.
focal
length
ce
da c
or
the
object
distance
for
the
objective
lens
is
ce
da c
measured
from
the
for
8
lens),
and
the
focal
length.
Solving
equation
(2)
gives
ce
da c
a)
What
should
be
the the
tial far
object
away?
and
distance final
between
lenses
if
are
the both
very
ini-
virtual
image
ce
da c
where focal
is
the of
focal
the
length
length eyepiece.
of
the
objective
and
is
the
ce
da c
1
-
1
-
1
5 200
-
30
x
-
40
30
45
ce
da c
(with
drawn
the
out
same
eye
em.
accommodation),
Find
the
the
eye
lens the
tree
must
be from
1.0
distance
of
the
telescope.
ce
da c
optical
are
instrument
shown
can
are
is
in
the
defined
as
/e,
if
the
where
and
figure.
M
we
=
We
also
very
e
=
write
tan tan
can

e
because the
angles

=

tan
and
small,
tan
make
approximations
tan
and
e.
From
the
figure,
bId,
so
ce
da c
P2
ce
da c
eff
( )
(6.0
em.)
4.5
em.
ce
da c
distant
from
the
telescope.
ce
da c
Substituting
above
MP
equation,
ce
da c
/f
ce
da c
2/3
ce
da c
by
the
final
image
M
is
=
the
angle
6'
Therefore,
a' If
ce
da c
This
the
entrance
is
only
true
as
pupil
if formed
the
exit
by
the
pupil eyepiece.
is
the
image
of
ce
da c
(e)
If
the
magnification
=
were
50%
of
normal,
would
equal
Then
(50%)
(10)
D
=
_
(.50)
rom
=
(10)
4
rom.
5.
D'
20
5
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-26
ce
da c
CAMERA
LENSES
ce
da c
5.6,
4,
has very
2.8,
a
2.0,
minimum
and
has
from
1.4.
f-number
an
An
inexpensive
of
camera
an
lens
As
very
likely
camera
2.8and
of
expensive
you
an
close of double
the
4
for
likely diaphragm
the
same
f-number
an
1.4.
of 2.8
to
f-number
f-number
to
light
time.
intensity,
Therefore,
to
it
of
a
the
exposure
is the
necessary f-number
found
in
camera.
equation
(5)
is
equal
that
moderately
priced
ce
da c
i.e.,
f/13.5
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-30
ce
da c
OBJECT
(NeGATIVE)
FOCAL
POINT
ce
da c
of
optics,
ce
da c
lens
at
.It
a
the
eye
which
wil wil
then
a
give
be
us
an
enlarged object
at
image
which
use
of
the
eye
object;
looks. and lens
this
wil
image
be
for
the
for
So
now
the
real
object
virtual the
image
eye.
the
we
magnifying
can
glass
the
thin
equation:
ce
da c
0
I
I
I
I (X
OBJ.
hU
In
08J.

1
,I>
.,
J>
f
EYE
OBJ. lENS
addition,
I
-
EYE
LENS
u
u
ob
o
j
,
u
.
ob
u
j
b" J
b" J
ce
da c
00
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-36
ce
da c
'
If I
If I
Ifl/3
ce
da c
f-8.e;
ce
da c
we
have
useu used
plevious1y
above is
a
to
solve
similar
derivation
of
problems.
this relation-
The
method
good
ship.
ce
da c
where
is
the
focal
length
of
the
lens.
ce
da c
-+-=u
II
u'
ce
da c
ce
da c
1
u
1
u
'
-
ce
da c
5Z
ce
da c
4> +-9
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-43
ce
da c
,.
ce
da c
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
f
f
l
l
.
ql
Therefore,
PI
PI
-
ql
The
l
-
PI
of
(b.!)
0.1
cm
+llcm
(real)
size
the
first
image
is
Y2
ce
da c
lOX
2.5
2.5
x
10
04
-
ce
da c
because
the
image
of
the
first
lens
is
just
inside
Therefore,
P2
(x [lOX
-
ce
da c
0.1
Then
(1
ql
the
0 5
=
.0
size
by
+
the
binomial
m
theorem.
(0.1
0.0002)
the
first
(real),
then,
of
image,
y',
is
ce
da c
FIG.l
ce
da c
Conclusions:
use
(1)
To
get
the
number
best
results, (2)
However,
one
should the
curve
the
highest
as
contrast
possible.
target
increase
in
contrast
is
creases.
saturating
Thus,
increases.
the
(larger
decreases
il uminance)
as
in-
the
target
number
ce
da c
(I)
ce
da c
PROBLEM
19-47
ce
da c
I a-a'
/1
FIG.
as
2
in
a'
I
2
i\
I
and
0'
if
I
a'
t
is
.-lo-a'l-.
I
larger
than
/1
0.
a,
I
it

FIG.
wil
b
a
:5
I
as
figure
3.
be
in
figure
ce
da c
pupil
Hence,
to
the
diameter
of
the
exit
pupil.
ce
da c
the
optical
the
at
path
optical
detector
on
length
from
mirror
from
(3)
mirror
to
mirror
to
(1)
mirror be
and
is
path
D
length
an
(3)
wil
(2). observed,
2
Then,
intensity
in
pattern
dependent
2
source
the
dif erence dif erence there wil
optical
is
be
an
path
integer
maximum
length,
11.
of
the
When
this
multiple
of
at
the
wavelength,
and half mirror source-mirror wil
intensity
is
be
a
the
mul-
de-
tector,
when
a
the
optical
there
move
path
wil
a
dif erence
minimum.
constant
an
odd
tiple permit
to
wavelength,
(2)
to
Now,
with
a
velocity
direction.
parallel
Thus,
the
(3)-mirror
then
of
(2)
detector
to
the
velocity
detect mirror
varying
(2).
intensity
proportional
ce
da c
From
this transform
the
delta of
function
can
be
considered
to
be
the
Fourier
unity.
ce
da
By
Euler's
equations,
ce
da c
Hence,
the
eX
integral
-
becomes,
i y
x
1:
=
eXP(-TIy2X,2)1:
z2
=
{ [(x
x- 1TI2
2
x
-
,2
)2
eX
[x-
1TI2 (x
.
y2x14] }
-
dx
i y
I2
)2]
dx
Now
let
x: (x
iyx
.
iyx
2)2
Then
;J (
g.
x
12)
and
dz
dx
ce
da c
CHAPTER
20
ce
da
Hence,
ce
da
less wil virtual.
than
the
focal
length
of the
a
of
exit
ray
the
lens.
The
entrance
pupil
and
be
the
image
Therefore,
the and
pupil
(in
in
the
lens
wil
the
ex-
be
object 'passing
center
space)
through
of
the
a
tremity
of
as
of
the
lens in
of
plane through
1,
entrance
object,
the
can
from the
entrance
perimeter pupil,
Now
shown
the
figure
the
be
used
can
as
location of
pupil
lens
be
chief found
ray.
the
use
by
fol owing
thin
making
equation:
ce
da
PROBLEM
20-3
ce
da c
If
to
chief eye wil

can
ray
from of
see
the
center
of
the
entrance
pupil
of since view
the
the ray
periphery
proceed
of
the
lens
is
have
chosen,
been
the
field
the the
which chief the
wil
after
lens
to
defined,
this
from
(the
periphery eye)
the
refraction the
by
center
of
lens exit
pupil
(see
figure
1).
ce
da
tan
1_5 5
1/2
ce
da
35
CIn.
ce
da
where and
is
the
the
focal the
object
length
distance,
of
values the
u
u'
is lens.
the
image
and
f
=
distance
is
Substituting equation
given
10
cm
cm
into
(1)
gives
ce
da
PROBLEM
20-7
ce
da
()
diameter
(2
of
em)
the
ern.

eye

(also
known
as
Thus,
the
ring
the
exit
pupil)
is
equal
to
1/3
ce
da
PROBLEM
20-8
ce
da
where focal defined
is
as
the
focal
length
fol ows:
of
the
length eyepiece.
of
the
In
objective
addition,
the
and
is
the
f-number
is
ce
da
where and
is
the
the focal
object
length
distance,
of
m,
are
u' the
as
is
the
and
image
the
distance
is
lens,
fol ows:
expressions
for
the
magnification
ce
da
NUMERICAL
APERTURE
ce
da
points
is
given
by
the
fol owing
relation:
ce
da
Figure
the the
indicates
camera.
the
locations
the
of
the
astronomical box
aperture
telescope,
Galilean
stops
and
for
telescope,
ce
da
Instrument
ce
da
CHAPTER
21
ce
da c
as
can
be
seen
from
1 2f 1
=
-
1
-=
u'
1
2f
u'
or
u'
2f
ce
da c
and
then
ce
da c
circular
a
image
point
source
with
at to
radius and
and due
as
of
to
least the
confusion.
effects
aberration
with
Assuming
of radius
also both
that
there
power
to
con-
is
P,
it
appears
resolving
(proportional
aperture fusion
sources
aperture)
the
spherical
an
(proportional
of
as
squared),
z,
object
P
z
least
then
points
have
a
PI
radius
and
2
at
considered
point
P.
each
In
wil
of
the
object
point
triangle
PlVE,
ce
da c
Z/2
1.2/2
0.6
diopters
ce
da c
even
though
on
the
R
focal
1
length
R
is
.
the
same,
the
cr,
lenses
are
dif erent f
-co
dethen
pending
lens
and
The
2 the
The
shape
cr
factor
and
of
the
TT
n,
from it
is
and
define
co.
uniquely.
cr
values
n
of
range lens
to to
By
reduce
varying
the
and aberration
in
design
to
zero.
possible
spherical
ce
da c
and
from
Eq.
(1),
ce
da c
chromatic
and
the the
light,
light
lens axis.
rays
if
are are
the
object
and
image
This
to
are
means
located that
area
on
the
optical
rays do
axis
not to
only
confined
these
paraxial. only circumstances, satisfactory

for
light
trace
on
fil
the
but
the
immediately
the
adjacent
optical
vergence
and
are
Under
ray
procedure
image
charactera con-
and
istics
provide
really
information
perfectly
may
adequate
be
not In
ophthalmic
as
application.
in the the three is the
an
Lens
aberrations
of
defined
alterntions
image
rules
not
as
sequence
a
light
rays
obeying
other
perfect
by
image
Aberrations
optical
the
ray
system.
trace
the
precisely words,
and
vergence
describing
that
preof is varies
is
the
image
and from
dicted true
procedure
predicted
from
nature
two
departure
The
from
image
results
aberrations. first
element Greater
the
result
principal
light.
the
factors.
The index
multiple
with
wavelength wavelength
on
of
shown
of
an
refraction refraction
and
the
therefore
as
power
in
of
the
optical
focal
obtained
are
depenoc-
dent
curs
wavelength,
shorter
figure.
the
for less
wavelengths
blue
and for
red
on
therefore
length
at
of dif erent
the
lens
is
for
from
than
the
distances
The The
lens
of
are
the
light. optical
is the
reasons
The axis
images
il ustrated
contour
by
of
in the lens
the
figure.
surfaces.
of
a
second lens
cause
aberrations
spherical
of
each
surfaces
spherical
of
for law
a
facility
on
manufacture.
wil
Precise
application
lens
Snell's
at
A
point
precise
wide
surface
result abnormal-
spherical
a
fol owed
of be
by
the
ities
wil
as
da c
and
true
representation
large-scale image.
drawing variety
of
in
image
apparent,
resulting
they
may
be
subjected
to
logical
nature
classifiof
cation 1.
fol ows:
Aberration
from
the
multiple-wavelength
light:
chromatic 2. Monochromatic
a.
aberration
aberrations:

Aberration
occurring
on
the
optical
axis:
spherical
aberration
b.
Aberrations
coma
occurring
off
the
optical
axis:
astigmatism
distortion
curvature
of
field
ce
the
two
construction
circles
toward
cross
the
axis
pass
in
the
figure.
All
and
to
rays
initial y
all
at
rays
travelling diverging
C
as
M M
'
wil
through
refraction
M',
appear
similarly
originate
from
the
wil
and
after
with
M.
With
center
radii
ce
da c
the
object
lens
distance,
system,
the
111
s
s'
the
image
distance,
and
the
focal
length
of
the
fol owing
-+-=-+A
equation:
s'
f
ce
da c
Now
nx
we
can
invoke
=
the
absence
of
since
coma
which
yields
negative
the the
Abbe
last
sine
two
theorem
terms
sin
a
and
nx'
we
sin
a',
left
but.
x'
is
cancel
have
6
but
(OPL(P
h
=
2
=
QQ'P;)
s
OPL(P1QQ'Pi))
e
=
n;: (l
sin
:: )
so
from
term
the
is
figure
then
h'
sin
s'
last
sin(-e?=
-s'
a'
the
ce
da c
R,
--
cos(I
=
8)
(2)
cos
e'
L'
x'
L3
(3)
ce
da c
nz
cos
(cos
a-I)
ce
da c
First
observe
from
figure
=
1
2
tha
2
75
125
145.77
ce
da c
10
36.44
ce
da c
of
p
the
y, 1
,
surface,
P
and
2
'
is
,
the
2
radius
denote
in the in P the the
of
curvature
(in
powers
meters).
of
the two
and
an
y,
z,l
total
z,
refracting
surfaces
of
the
astigmatic
The
lens
xy-plane
power
P
and of
two P
a
xz-plane,
thin
respectively.
to
so
refracting
P
lens of
is
equal
the
an
sum,
the lens
that
rbfracting
is
and
P
of power
+
powers the
,
of
two
P
z
=
the
surfaces
sections
lens,
asti-
principal
P
of
.
gmatic
y,l
y,2
z,l
z,2
ce
da c
1
p
z
=
10
cm.

16
()
2/3
cm.
ce
da c
PROBLEM
21-13
ce
da c
Hence,
the
diameter
to
which
the
iris
diaphragm
must
be
stopped
down
is
ce
da c
(c)
5
Working
times is
as
with far
away,
the
once
the
original everything
dif erence
data
of else
part
(a),
the
suppose
same
as
the
stop
before.
is
What
remaining
now?
the
astigmatic
is What
is
(d)
of
Now,
the
glass
again changed
the
starting
to
with
original
else
data,
suppose
the the
same
index
as
1.61,
before.
everything
dif erence
remaining
astigmatic
now?
ce
da c
the
vertex at
of
the
first
the
surface). angle
ray
to
Angle
P
=
OPA
is
-
the
angle
is
and
of
incidence
()
inclination
the
first
of
surface; incoming
sines,
180
e,
axis;
the
angle angle
POA
of
is
the
optical
By
the
law
of
ce
da c
b.
is
in
air,
so
1.0.
ce
da c
(a)
ce
da c
ce
da c
Location
of
stop
-16.87 -16.61
AD
stop
AD
4.6
4.7
4.8 409 500

5.1
-16.31 -16.00 -15.65 -15.29
ce
da c
PROBLEM
21-17
ce
da c
AIR
(.u :1.0)
ce
da c
CHAPTER
22
ce
da c
BCD
angle
CDB
CDB
=
180
-
180.
a
-
Angle
a
+
BCD
a
180
and
-
angle
0
=
a'
so,
a'.
Hence,
8'
a'
180,
and
ce
da c
sector
plane
into which
of
the
prism
first
of used
angle,
the in
the
one
obtains
tution
by
(1)
the
of
substi-
the
equations
determination
equation,
is
fol owing
n:
ce
da c
is ine dent line
in
the
the
beam
position
of
to BA
.
of
light
line
The is of
least reversed
deviation,
in
E.
Then,
that
imagis,
incito
direction;
and
parallel
segment
to
segment
deviation
,
is stil
a
not
a
emergent altered,
minimum. deviation
parallel
stil
being
exists
equal
under for
ment two
0,
and
therefore
that
Therefore,
However,
the
assumption
angles
incidence,
be the
cannot

a
E,
minimum
and
E.
this
and
by
experiis
a
=
the
case.
Thus,
of
the
false,
in
hypothesis
deviation,
position
minimum
E.
ce
da c
o
n
+
m
y
=
sin
sin
ce
da c
By
two
the
trigonometric
angles,
identity
for
the
sine
of
the
sum
of
ce
da c
equation
(1)
becomes
ce
da c
PROBLEM
22-6
ce
da c
greater
the of
than
second
90,
surface,
which il ustrated
has
there
as
is
in this the
in
total
case.
internal
The of
reflection
at
path
deviation
of
ray
light
is
angle
the
minimum
for
this
prism
figure.
ce
da c
into
the
above
equation
gives
ce
da c
PROBLEM
22-9
ce
da c
can
only
=
be
1J.
satisfied
for
some
average
wavelength
such
as
0.590
ce
da c
1m
ce
da c
In
this
problem,
the
fol owing
values
are
given:
ce
da c
solution
P
=
The
100
tan
0,
Thus,
power where
In
of 0
prism
is
P
given
the is
by
angle given
to
represents
the of be
relation deviation
5
of
the
prism.
o
this
problem,
prism-
diopters.
=
tan-
( lO )
tan-
( lO)
tan-
(.05)
2.86
ce
da c
The
power
of
prism
is
given
by
the
relation
ce
da c
by
ce
da c
cas
m1n
ce
da c
of
refraction:
ce
da c
Solution:
Snell's
law
of
refraction
states:
ce
da c
Substituting
for
cos
(from
Sf
r
equation
(from
(6,
sin
(from (4)
equation
becomes
(3,
and
sin
equation
(5,
equation
ce
da c
CHAPTER
23
ce
da c
t1--
J..4*<
ce
da c
to
show
how
you
could
between
calculate
these
the
two
linear
length
of
the
spectrum
included
wavelengths.
ce
da c
sin
lA
nIsin
nIsin
-1
rIA
A
sin
lA
.
-
lA
Sl.n
nlsl.n
-
2" A)
,
and
since
2A
lA
.
-
2A
Sl.n
-1(
sl.n'2.
A)
ce
da c
2B
2A
ce
da c
54.20
ce
da c
ce
da c
Substituting
computed
for
in
the
cD
gives
given
the
value result
for
wand
the
value
just
ce
da c
where
(1)
and
(2)
refer
to
the
glass
crown-glass
and
the
flint-
prisms,
respectively.
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
01
(400)
(n
(n
(n
(400)
2(400)
01
(700)
(400)
1) 1)
1)
1).
=
(700) (700)
(400)
2(700)
Then
o
=
(n
-
01
(700)
01
(n
(700)
(400)
ce
da c
(n
'
l)A'
ce
da c
ANOMALOUS
DISPERSION
ce
da c
of
the
prism.
to
Hence
given
and beam
the
prism,
the
de.
dA
1S
d 1rect colors
I y
proportional
from
the

(from
hence,
is
the
order
orange,
to
of
away green,
wave-
blue,
and
undeviated violet
in
red, longest
yellow,
the shortest
length,
order).
ce
da c
(b)
5500
A,
reen
so
light
from
has
wavelength
(1),
equal
to
approximately
equation
ce
da c
ce
da c
Thus,
ce da c
Substituting
for
in
equation
(1)
gives
ce
da c
Thus,
)..
dn
-
d)"
ce
da c
sin
and
45
45
1.653(sin
e)
e
I
sin
1.614(sin
from
which,
e
-
sin
-1
(Sin 45)
1.653
and
'
-
Sln
-l(Sin
1.614
45)
ce
da c
clarify
and
to
the
the beam
angles
of
involved.
blue
The
angle
beeause
between
the
plate
light
beam.
is
45
it
is
parallel
the
incident
light
By
trigonometry,
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
Now
the
dispersive
1
power
dn
-
(
v
n-f)
-
Thus,
(n-l)
dn
dispersive
power
ce
da c
Substituting
and
the
f
2
expression
(1),
given using
F
in
the
we
equation
of
(2)
refraction
for
in
equation
C
indices
have
given
for
light
and
light,
ce
da c
Similarly,
for
the
flint
glass
lens,
we
have
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
or
ce
da c
1
-
20
(1.5436
l)p
ce
da c
CHAPTER
24
ce da
LENS
(D=8cm)
IMAGE
ce da
Substituting
equation gives
the
values
for
and
into
this
ce da
(c)
the the
The
luminous
flux
So
luminous
source.
efficiency
to
of
the
power
source
is
the
ratio
of
to
(radiant
flux)
applied
ce da
Corresponding
the 0.265. .5
x
to
the
He-Ne
laser
wavelength
table
633
rn,
relative
Hence
luminosity
the
lumens
=
from
the
flux
is
approximately
by
685
x
luminous
0.09
lumens.
is
given
0.265
10
-3
ce da
Luminance
ce da
or,
source
if
square
we
use
candlepower
per
as
our
measure
of
emit ed
in
lumens
energy
unit
time,
is
the
il umination
light
per
mIl imeters
given
by
ce da
where
the
source
is
the
rays
source
intensity,
and
and
e vector
is
normal
the
angle
to
between
the surface from the
the
r
unit
being
source
il uminated,
to
is
the
distance
in
feet
the
surface
il uminated.
ce da
provided
the
light
rays
are
perpendicular
to
the
surface.
ce da
PROBLEM
24-10
ce da
from
the
lamp,
for
a
which
was
found
by
The
relation
using
il uminance
the
trigonometric
is
right
triangle.
ce da
of
the
the
table,
maximum
and
is
the
shown
in
at
we
get
table.
il umination
from
the the
see
figure.
edge
that of
a
We
want
to
circular
any
Then,
figure,
for
h,
ce da
300
em
ce da
equation
x
=
-
(1),
135
em
we
get
the
same
135
the
two
cm
as
and
1335
at
cm.
is
is
result
are
that
obtained
from
equation
il umination
the
source.
(1).
Therefore,
the
same cm
points
distances
of the
which
of
20
the
at
135
cm
to
right,
and
1335
to
the
left,
candlepower
ce da
tan
ce da
PROBLEM
24-14
ce da
Solution:
ce da
is
the
intensity
normal
to
B
of and the the
the surface
area
disk
of
intensity
the
luminance
normal is the
to
the
to
A.
surface.
the
So
The
equal glass
product
we
of
have
ce da
CHAPTER
25
ce
da c
the
second
first
piece
piece
the
upon
used
of of
glass
transmits
transmits
transmits
90%
30%
of
of
the
incident
light
incident
upon
and
the it.
glass
ito
In
the
X
light
100
=
Thus,
incident
combination
(.9)(.3)
manner,
be
A
and
27%
the
of
curve
the
for values
light
both
this
can
the found
B
transmit ance
filters
transmit ance
together
of
by
for
multiplying
various
for
the
filters is
shown
values 3.
of
the
wavelength.
The
resulting
curve
in
figure
ce
da c
(3)
r'
gives
=
the
result
+
that
a
allr(R+G+B) (R+G+B)
allr
+
a
l2
(R+G+B)
+
13
b(R+G+B)
[(all+a21+a3l)r
l2
g
+
a
(a12+a22+a32)g+(a13+a23+a33)
+
13
+
(a1l+a2l+a3l)r
(a12+a22+a32)g
(a13+a23+a33)b
ce
da c
particular
denoted
trichromat,
the
and
dichromat's
must
two
by color-matching
3
functions
color-matching
linear
denoted
functions,
be of
independent
the
the
trichromat,
combinatons_of
by
gA'
ce
da c
ference
from about In
the the
second
achromatic
same.
color
perception
which
be
are
most
resembling
from
it)
those
the
same
remaining
the
the
procedure
colors
may
dif erent
to
used
for
original
values)
match
is
specimen
for
a
compounded
incident
produce
and
color
A
meta-
(tristimulus
meric
given but,
flux
the
observer.
trial
attempted,
again,
and
first
and
wil
not
generally
exhibit
curve
produce
what
of
at
the
is
desired
a
result,
metameric
then
duplicate
The
original
reflectance
the
curve
called
dif erence.
wil
and
spectral
widely
from dif erence
the
three
duplicate
or
more
specimen wavelengths
visible
usually
deviate
The
intersect metameric
of
at
the
wave-
original
it
and
as
other
is
lengths
noticed As
of
as
the
a
spectrum.
generally
2
and
dif erence
involving
lightness,
which while
are
hue,
labeled
those
shown
in
an
a
figure
isomeric metameric
1,
the
curves
saturation. I
as
and
represent represent
dif erence
labeled
dif erence.
ce
da
quired
section
For
dominant
wavelength
at
of
the
given
583
nm.
color.
For
Sl
region
this
inter-
fal s
colors
approximately
as
such
S2(x,y)
defined
as
in
the
corners
triangular
of
the
chrot icity somet1.mes

dominant
drawn
diagram
described
by
the
the of
due
to
(e),
purple
fact
the that
region
is
not
the
the
(380 colors,
the
nm),
there
(770
is
nm),
no
wavelength.
from the
e
to
This
straight
locus.
Howlocus
at
line
S2
from the
band
does
intersect
to
spectrum
the
ever,
line
drawn
S2
when color.
meets
spectrum
which
is
point
of
defining
the
complementary
which
mixed To
wavelength,
with the
the
wavelength
matches
spectrum
given
the
color,
the
specified
the
a
achromatic
dominant
is P laced
distinguish
former
,
complementary
a
from
or
wavelength,
a
the
-
is
as
or
assigned
-
negative
1,
8
sign
2 has
a
"e"
f ter
1.
Thus
sown
h
C
I.n nm.
f1
gure
complementary
wavelength
of
-530
nm
530
ce
da c
"
ENTRANCE
SLIT
ce
da c
The
quantity
and
prism,
ce d
ac
580
to
nm.
The retains the
amount
of
not
reflected
flux
varies
somewhat distribution
but
enters
from of
varies
wavelength
the
in
wavelength
its
but
much;
and
the
location
incident
spectral throughout
flux
fluorescent
flux
When
the
shape
of
of
height.
band
com-
wavelength
from about
on.
the
nm
the
and
fluorescent
vanishes
is
recorded
generation
then
fluorescent 600
light
upward.
accordance
drops
sharply
reflected
pletely
from
Only
with
flux
This of
is
in
Stokes's
law;
than that
can
that of
is,
the
incident
the
wavelength
the the
fluorescent
The
tristimulus
flux
is
longer
(exciting)
first
fluxo
values
data
(X,Y,Z)
in matrix
be form
computed
as
by
fol ows:
arranging
spectrophotometric
ce
da
P A
ZA
A
ce
da c
The
trichromatic
coefficients
:
can
be
calculated
by
20 100
'
making
use
of
equation
x
=
(1)
20 20+60+20
=
20
100
=
002; 004;
--
60
100 10
6;
002
(2)
x'
20
20
50
20+10+20
y'
50
002;
20
=
50
004
(3)
ce
da
PROBLEM
25-9
ce da
yield
x,y,z
white values
light.
and
Clearly,
intensities for
x
=
the such
and
=
second
that
z:
spectrum the
color resultant
must
have
has
light
the
fol owing
values
x,y, y
z
0.3333
is
This
second
spectrum
color 1 shows the
then
for the it
can
called
the
the
complementary
colors where
and
spectrum
C
and
color.
E
are
Figure
the
curve
spectrum
energy
"white
From
points",
this
to draw
a
equal
be
red
seen
point
that
"average
mono-
sunlight"o
chromatic
necessary
to
to
figure
the color
if
is
single
it
complement
the
Cadmium line
curve,
color
Cadmium-red
desired,
is
straight
from
through
appears
to
the
be in
' white'
the
point
range To Handbook
spectrum
an
which the
observer
then
of
490nm.
accurate
get
determination,
for
American
can
Institute
of
Physics
tri-
table coefficient
the
standard
be
at
used,
5
nm
where
intervals.
the This
chromatic table
values the
are
presented
yields
fol owing
data:
ce
da c
644
0.3809
0.1427
comp
644
comp
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da c
004789
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589
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PROBLEM
25-11
ce
da c
fol owing
relation
known
as
Lambert's
law,
is
valid:
d{A/dlA
ce
da c
Il uminance
incident
on
a
.
is
defined
area
as
being
a
the
and
quantity
is
of
luminous
in
E
terms
flux
of
a
unit of
D
of
a
surface
expressed
lumens/meter2
The
at
a
intensity
distance
is
a
from
source, the
is
I,
source
a
or
and
are
the
il uminance related
or
on
surface
E
=
by
the
scalar
In
addition,
Luminance
il uminance
directional is
of
per
nondirectional
vector
equation quantity,
to
I/Df.
while
intensity
sources
quantity.
of
the
It
area
equivalent
is
intensity,
as
applied
luminous
and
extended
light.
unit
defined
the
in
to
flux
it
is
per
unit
in
must
or
solid
terms
angle
of determined
of
or
candelas/meterZ
whether
of
some cases
a
emit ing
nits.
is
surface
expressed
it
Hence,
necessary
based
any
find
problem,
the
its
be
it
intensity
size.
be
the
there
For
very
luminance
are
the in tail
light
which
source, both
on a
upon
must
a
However,
solved
when
must
parameters
car
for.
located
be of source,
example,
far
away
tail
light
the the
wil
car
is so,
a
point
the
source
from
if
observer
is
and
intensity
feet
in
an
found.
However,
the luminance
located
considered
desired
few
to
front
extended
the
observer,
and
so
light
wil
be the
be
be
parameter.
ce
da c
(X
ce
da c
PROBLEM
25-15
ce
da c
FIG.
ce
da c
ce
da c
OPAL
GLASS
DrFFUSOR
ce
da c
PROBLEM
25-18
ce
da c
abrupt Fatigue
external
to
exposure varies
to
light,
cell
and
to
the
output
current
tends
to
drift
and
in with
It
tends
to
time. the
more
from
cell,
may be
with
the
il uminance
or
resistance,
be
less
it
positive
It
and
negative.
seldom
amounts
with
or
low
at
external
moderate
resistance. il uminances may have

for
than
ance.
1%
most
2%
with small
1 minute
low
amounts
external of
be
resistit. For
Individual
cells
the
to
precise readings.
work,
waiting
negligibly 1/2
to
wil
sufficient
stabilize
ce
da c
PROBLEM
25-19
ce
da c
and
source.
B in
is
baffle
window
shielding
may
in
the
window be
measures
a
from
direct
light
cell
from
the
as
was
The the
is window
fact
photovo1taic
il uminance
inner
and
as
which,
0
shown the
preceding
a
problem,
More
is
commonly,
a
dif using
of the the
meter
glass,
sphere
of
the
side
of
which with
near-
conforming
this is with The
case,
part
the
luminance
surface
the
as
contiguous
viewed
it. the
can
In
luminance
to
window,
on
from
and
outside,
be
less
measured
proportional
a
il uminance
such
of
an
the
inside,
I1luminometer.
is
sources
more
the
Macbeth the
required
to
size
integrating
size of
watt
portional
General
meter
the while
service
physical 50-100,
subminiature
in
sphere light
or
promeasured.
to
be in
etc.,
lamps
fractional
of
the
order
may
be candle of
measured
1
in
1/2may diameter.
spheres
measured
power
lamps
be
reliably
spheres
12
inches
ce
da c
photometric
corrections:
measurements
to
be
made
without
the
necessity
of
applying
ce
da c
where
ce
da c
by
ing
what
factor
that
is
the of
due
to
contrast
increased
surround
over
its and
none
initial
of the
value?
mark-
Assume
luminance
all
is
the the
luminance
ambient
light.
ce
da c
where
of
is
the
luminance
of
the
target
B
=
and
the
=
background.
10
Thus,
.
initial y
Hence,
C
=
100
BO
If
and
candelas/af
by
100
equation
-
(1),
10
=
10
both
and
BO
are
increased
.
by
by
20
cande1as/ni,
(1),
120
candelas/ne
BO
30
cande1aslnr
Thus,
equation
ce
da c
TABLE
E
=
1
1600
-
Blackbody,
380
K
to
40
ordinates
770
nm
ce
da c
visual
maximum another succession.

It
acuity sensitivity
when
and
the
in
requirement
the dark
must
are
for
in
be
prolonged general
met
dark
adaptation
to
or
for
one
contradictory
both
requirements
found situations
the from
simultaneously
a
in
rapid
in
has
been
that
possible by spectral
that
to
achieve
satisfactory
of
the
compromise
many the
important
fact
taking sensitivity
the
curves
advantage
distribution
Purkinje
for
the
cones
effect:
is
rod
quite spectral
vision
dif erent
luminous
and
of
cone
dark-adapted
for
are
rodso
The
relative
1.
efficiency
for
scotopic
shown
under
(dark-adapted)
in
photopic
vision
figure
the of
two
curves cones
The
curves
have
been
cone-to-rod
normalized
ratio
by
relates
a
making
the
the
areas
equal.
and
The
rods
sensitivities
source
0
the
the
of
the luminous
eye
to
given
light (in
with
a
The
effectiveness
suitable
terms
such
energy the
as
luminance,
distribution energy in
in
intensity, (SED)
a
etc.)
is
of
light

E
given
where
spectral
E
given
interval
by
VA
by
carried the
A
and
'
A
the
curve
is
spectral
wavelength
interval,
computation
function
a
(A),
as
VA
photopic
out
is
1umin0us
of
to two
efficiency figure
the 1.
If
a
that similar
shown
is
the
ratio
with
respect
the
scotopic
thus
sensi-
tivity
is
measure
Vx,then
of
of
summations
or
obtained
ratio.
da c
by
the
relative
photopic
efficiency
it
cone-to-rod
as
If
the
ratio
is
represented
"CRR",
may
be
writ en
fol ows:
ce
FI G. I
ce
da c
extremely
can
can or
complex
be be interactive
graphs,
reduced,
line
or
drawings,
varied
to to
vector
plots,
and
images
systems
that
magnified,
either
in
perspective.
communication
introduced
These
passive
(closed
human
during
by
such
operation)
dif-
ferent
and
methods
(responsive as key
is
is
communication switch
For
punching,
tripping,
light-pen
or
operation,
systems, presented
user.
the
on
teletypewriter display
the
screen
messages).
simply
intended
an
passive,
device,
for
becomes
and
noninteractive
output
the
information
strictly display
operator
for ask for
or
viewing
a
by
part
of the
and
the
or
In
inter-
active
systems
He in
data
the
may
component
activate
of
a
the
system.
dif erent
call
size
the
status content
display
information
of the
is
in
of
particular
data,
changes
stored
program, the
system,
even
request
display,
an
change
to
the
the
by
the
changing
the
image. display
obvious
data
Thus,
writer
and
alphanumeric teletypewriter.
devices
are
threat
typeoutput
its
Display
situations.
used
many
dif erent
of the
Its
to
input
often
dictate
and
The
in
are
a a
selection
unique particular
features
situation.
and
device
speed,
noiseless
reduce
a
operation,
human
flexibility,
errors
appearance,
ability
in
substantial y
use
significant
display
other
is
factors
the
a
of
display.
it
to
However,
is
since
only
terminal
part
devices
of
total
in
system,
usually
the total
evaluated
along
environment.
with
relationship
system
ce
da c
tion
assembly,
il ustrates
In
and
phosphor
coating
of
on
the
viewing
in
surface.
a
Figure
cathode-ray
of
electrons
center
I tube.
the
the
are
arrangement
of
and
basic the into cathode

a
components
emits
a
operation
accelerated
the
CRT,
focused The
stream
at
that
beam
aimed
on
the
tube
by
coated
the
electron-gun
surface
at
to
assembly.
form
a
beam
impacts
The
the
phosphorlocation of
induced
spot
upon
of the
light.
amount
specific
of beam
impact
deflection
and
any control
axes
time
depends
settings.
The been
beam
is
in
deflected
bending along
which
by
horizontal
receive
vertical
by
that
deflection
have the
amplifier
generated
circuits,
accordance
analog pulses
the
Two
signals
provided
tube
basic
with
located
are
the outside
digital
by
methods
computer.
of
Intensity
of
and
controls beam.
control
determine
the
energy focus
and
the
deflection
An
that
rest
possible,
system
sides
to
namely,
consists
electromagnetic
of
and two
electrostatic.
pairs
of
yoke
coils.
coils
on
electromagnetic opposite
in
of
the
exert
the
tube
current
generate
flow
perpendicular
through
and
the vertical
magnetic Together,
deflection
two
fields
proportion
fields
the
the force
of
magnetic
on
both
In
horizontal electrostatic
with
electron
beam.
the
system,
the
less
pairs
deflection
electrically
in
charged
both
action
plates
and
interact
beam
Of
to
cause
the
horizontal
is
more
normally
accurate
da c
but
vertical
directions.
the
two
methods,
electromagnetic
deflection
expensive,
control.
electrostatic
usually
upon
provides
electro-
Many magnetic
minor
graphic
deflection
electrostatic
display
as
systems
use
tube
that
relies
the
primary
control
but
deflection
electrons fal
control
for
the
supplements display
transfer
with
of
their
alphanumeric
energy

characters.
to
As
the
upon
the
screen,
they
the
phosphor
into
light
upon
coating. impact
The
phosphor
converts
some
of
this
and
stores
the
remainder;
the
this
initial
energy emission
of
light
is
called
fluorescence.
the
Once
beam
has
passed
particular
section
of
phosphor,
of
phosphor
continues
to
radiate
through
the
the
conversion
its
stored
energy.
This
phenomenon
lasts
is
called
ce
The
escence, of energy
and
the
period
during
which
it
is
called
phosphorpersistence
the
the
phosphor.
decreases.
decay
rate
specifies
the
rate
at
which
stored
Changing
deflection
schemes
in
the
electrostatic
and/or
electromagnetic
one
field of
two
between
the
plates alphanumeric
Raster
permits
scan:
the
use
of
basic
deflection
display
units:
1.
across
The
electron
It
beam
best upper
is
moved
in
the
face
beam
of
the
CRT.
can
be
described
by
left-hand
direction.
to
regular picturing
corner
pattern
the
of of the
electron CRT.
When screen, direction. it
as
being
positioned
of
at
the
in
The reaches
beam
is the
then
end
moved
rapidly
the
screen
the
it
is
moved
horizontal
reset
the
in
left
the
in
the lower
displaced
This
corner.
downward
slightly,
is While continued
and
again
the
horizontal
the
pattern
be
scan,
until beam
is
beam
this
an
is
right-hand
process, case,
an
the
in
going
to
scan
through
form
scanning
it
can
modulated characters. which

is
consists
intensity
This of
image-
in
this
alphanumeric
technique
525
a
The
ordinary complete
2. the
TV
horizontal
second.
typically scanning
is
moved
moved
across
matches lines.
pattern
Directed CRT
repeated
The
turned
30
electron off.
directions
tes
beam:
it
and
beam
It
can
the
face
in
of
while
on
is
be
the
horizontal the
the
moved
to
vertical
to
arrive
at
sUnultaneously a particular
Once
at
position position,
or
face
beam may
or
of
be
the
turned
CRT,
characters.
the
on or
major
modulated
In
positioning.
while
this
manner
this
it
an
is
write
stroke
repositioned alphanumeric
character
The that
can
or
symbol
of
is
"drawn"
used
to
on
the
a
screen.
type
be
emit ed
phosphor during
fluorescence
in
CRT
and
determines without
the
amount
of
color
and
delivered of
the
phosphor
These
and
damage,
in
turn
the
determine the
energy of
light persistence
phosphorescence,
factors
at
the
the
must
the
the
order
brightness
refreshed
The
charactron CRT
of
in but
phosphor. display
to
the
rate
which
it
picture
constructed
be
as
a
remain
a
stable.
is
special
a
type
stencil
in
of
which
this
CRT;
is
regular
and
includes
are
the
shapes
is
sent
of
other
symbols
Since
this
no
etched.
and
The
assumes
electron
in than
beam
characters, through
on
shaped-character
screen.
aperture
time method
is
shape
the
when
focused
beam
to
the
is
is
spent
faster
deflecting
form
the
character,
tion.
A
techniques
kind of
entire
that
require
With
deflecthis
video
display
beam
is
another
scans
special
the
CRT.
type
tube.
of Television
the
of The
beam
CRT, picture
in is has
a
the
accordance
systematically
generated
with the the
face
the
to
of
the
by
video known is
to
a
continuously
varying
intensity
presented.
a
intel igence
example
of
a
be
perhaps
A
best tube
video
with
display.
memory the
scan.
storage
the
video the
display
beam
device
element
that
ability
tube is
a
control
a
intensity
of
CRT
during
that
Thus,
scanning
function
of the
of
da c
with
a
storage
video
special display
type
combines
the
storage
element.
The
the
advantages
The
screen.
storage
reduces
tube
the
are
its
greater
brightness
and
persistence.
lat er
memory
requirements
for
refreshing
ce
display
numeric
many
more
numeric
Because
characters
at
one
time of with
is
than
can
an
alpha-
display.
are
of
the
complexity
associated
graphic
a
displays,
computer
they
a
almost
always
whose
directly
function
of aimed
(usually
the
minicomputer),
display.
specifically
the
at
to
operate
graphic play
One
Much
was
technology
type storage
and
early perfecting
competes
is The
work in
in
the
some
development
of with
around
dis-
graphic
a
of
alphanumeric
view
graphic displays.
tube
display
This
displays. applications
the
more
(DVST).
display storage-tube
line described.
new
centered
direct-
display
provides
much
numerics
than
graphics
(i.e.,
displays
previously
number of
a
complex
firms there
drawings)
that
are
alphacheaply
dis-
the
are
graphic
made
Storage-tube specialize only

some
plays
but where
but
not
by
of their
be interaction
can
in
this
field,
because
they
extensive
used
limitations, effectively.
between
certain
applications
are
Where the
graphics
operator
and
required,
is
and
human
can are
computer
train
In
some are
required, Large
arrivals
boards
as
the
area
storage-tube typically,
departures
used
and
display
in terminal
be
used
very
to
effective.
show cases,
displays,
are
those
plane
menu
buildings.
with for
very
closed-circuit
these CRT
TV,
and
monitors
placed
area
around
enunciators of
applications.
tube
Other
large
parts
disof
ce
da c
plays special displays
consist
bright
a
displays,
circuits
in
and
projected
other
through
such
optics
are
onto
screen.
The
those
used
similar
to
alphanumeric
displays.
CHAPTER
28
ce da
AL
-
ce da
PROBLEM
26-3
ce da
and
count
absorption.
for
a
It
is
energy
given
of
that
the
lens
system
80%
wil of
ac-
loss
in
wil wil
remain have
after
a
focusing.
output
of 0.8
20%; Therefore,
mi11iwatts
thus,
the
the
focused
or
energy beam
power
ce da
solution:
ce da
Now,
solving
for
the
energy
density
in
the
laser
beam,
ce da
from
the
states
constant,
two
Maxwell-Boltzmann v is
distribution
the hv
where
of
is
between
Planck's
the
state
frequency
=
the
;
transition
E.
(i.e.,
and
E.
1
E.
energy
being
Kelvin.
the
] lower
T
E.
being
the
K
upper
state
energy),
temperature
if
we
is
the
be
the
Boltzmann
constant,
in
v
and
on
is
Now
the
of
dis-
charge frequency
tions
we see
degrees
this
and
to
shine
there the
to
radiation wil i. transi-
of
conrined
i
go
to to
system,
j
expect
that there the
to
more we
j.
i
to
a
Because
of
need
wil
be
get
more
j than population
states
population
As
a
density,
result,
we
so
j
than
density
i
states
v,
more
a
inversion
that
j
i than incident
occupied.
transi-
With
external
radiation
occur
of
frequency
i
to
tions radiation
to
wil
out
j
than have
beam.
to
j,
photon
and
as
result,
more
the
j
to
j photon
the i
we
external stil
our
radiation
the
is incident
radiation. absorbed
In
going
while
the
from from
i i
(lost)
plus
to
in
ce da
and
M,
into
equation
-
(1):
h
2
(n ni)
-
Ii
ce da
100
rom
apart.
if the
Estimate
the is
scale 632.8
of
nm.
detail
in
the
hologram
fringes
wavelength
ce da
=

p
ce da
M,
ce da
ce da
Then
sin
sin
A
--
21TX
(<pr
<P
0)
A
21TX
( 2m
1T
)
x
mA
=
-
or
m
-
A
-
sin
sin
The
fringe
I1x
-
spacing
11m
is
sin
sin
ce da
ct>
(t.)
ce da
tJf
-
f
we
tJA A
find tJf
-
tJA A tJA A
c
-
ce da
p"
5
p'
ce da
8.4
10-
rom
ce da
PROBLEM
26-17
ce da
LASER
CAVITIES
ce da
CHAPTER
27
ce da
AR,
A
The
Brackett
s
1875.62m]J
820.58m
Series
is
00
given
by
ce da
On
trum
the
other is obtained
hand
by
v
and
using
vHg
for
deuterium
(H
spec-
ce da
439002.7
cmfol owing
of
(n
)
n
Then
the
table
can
be members
numbers
constructed,
of
the
first
five
giving
the
the
wave-
spectrum
emit ed
by
ionized
helium:
ce da
Substituting
for
h,
c,
e,
and
V,
ce da
for
N,
H,
and
ce da
bers
are
required
of
the
to
specify
molecule.
the
HC!
rotational
state
depends
molecule
and be
on
the
geometry
one
is
The
linear
correct momenta
only
mech
quantum
t reatment
+
number
is
allows
anical
needed. the
quantum
to
angular
the rotational
Thus
given
number
by
and
tum
I J(J
h is
1)

where
Planck's
is
constant.
quantum
the
represents
angular
momen-
ce da
puted
for
into
equation
(4),
ce da
The
and
total kinetic
energy
of
the
orbit
is
the
sum
of
the
potential
energies.
Therefore,
ce da
BLACKBODY
RADIATION
ce da
for
max
can
be
determined:
A
max
(a)
SOooK
5000
0
5794
K
x
mll
(b)
T
579.4
mll
2.8971 A
max
1060K
,
so
for
max
555
mll,
ce da
PROBLEM
27-12
ce da
aT
W
l
-
but
aT
wil
4
2
so
gain
the
net
energy
from
the
other
be
surface
at
rate
heat
lost
wil
ce da
Optics given
two
Addision
relates
Wesley,
the
net
3rd heat
one
edition,
transfer
at
1949, temperature
T
derivation
-
is
which
(H 2
and
HI)
Tl
and
between
closely
e
spaced
1
and
surfaces,
the other
at
emise
sivity
temperature
emissivity
ce da
is of
energy
constant
(1.4388
black
per
10-
the
body
unit
law
in
deg
K);
This
We
is wil
also
the
temperature
degrees
interval.
Kelvin.
yield
have
the
wavelength
the
Stefan-Boltzmann
ce da
6.
63
10
-34
x
3 9
10
500
nrn
500
10-
ce da
1T
( )3
21T
KT
ce da
01)
f
o
Y
01)
-y
dy
-y
f
o
de
Let
de-
dV
and
u.
Then
du
dy
and
e-Yi
ce da
co
o
-
ys

u CJ)
(f) V
UO 02
0
-
en LtJ
<{
o
-

lJ. .
lOa::
ce da c
0
-

o
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CD
W
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I
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0::>
...
cr

o
<t
cr
ftQ:
Z
-

(f)
280
ce da c
0.900
ce da c
0.8
ce da c

a::
10.0

c >C) a::
w
1.0
-I
<t
a::
u w
a.. CJ)
w
>

-I
W
a::
ce da c
0.9
ce da c
."
&:. U C
-
oel.
U
ce
da
ILLUMINATION
UNITS
ce da c
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
SELECTED
CLEAR
MATERIALS
ce da c
Level Fineness of
of
Color
Designation
ce da c
INDEX
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
Numbers
on
this
page
refer
to
PROBLEM
NUMBERS,
not
page
numbers
ce
da
ce
da c

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THE OPTICS PROBLEM

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uncertain the theorems students

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