AN ASSIGNMENT ON INCIDENCE OF COMMON SURGICAL AFFECTIONS IN CATTLE & GOATS AT DIFFERENT AREAS OF NILPHAMARI DISTRICT.

SUBMITTED TO DEAN & CHAIRMAN INTERNSHIP IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE, 2011 FACULTY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE SYLHET AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, SYLHET-3100.

SUBMITTED BY FACULTY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE SYLHET AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY , SYLHET- 3100.

APPROVED AS TO STYLE AND CONTENT BY

. SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR Dr. Animesh Chandra Roy Lecturer Department Of Medicine And Surgery Faculty Of Veterinary and Animal Science Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100.

CONTENTS
SL No 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOPICS INTERODUCTION RVIEW OF LITERATUR MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES PAGE 2-3 4-6 7 8-29 30 31-34

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the praise and proud are due to the Allah-Subhanahu-wa-taala the merciful, all-powerful and of forgiving, whose mercy absolutely helped me to pursue my study in veterinary science and to prepare my manuscript. The author deems a proud privilege to express his unfeigned qualification and sincere appreciation to his reverent teacher Dr. Animesh Chandra Roy, Lecturer, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal science, Sylhet Agricultural University for his scholastic guidance and cordial support for fruitful discussion and continuous interest during the assignment preparation. The author is greatly indebted to his support in taking part in the assignment; interpretation and painstaking help to a great extent to bring the assignment up to its present standard The author would like to express his deepest sense of gratitude, sincere appreciation and profound regards to Dr. Mohammad Atiquzzaman, Assistant Professor & chairman, Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet agricultural University, Sylhet-3100: Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim, Upozilla Livestock officer, Nilphamari. Their encouragement and kind cooperation throughout the course of the Internship and assignment writing. The author explicit his gratefulness and cordial thanks to his teacher Professor Md. Motiar Rahman Hawlader ,Dean , Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100 for his cordial help and encouraging attitude in his study life. Finally, the author is also extending his cordial thanks to all his friends and well wishers.

The author 1

Introduction
Surgery is a branch of medical science which deals with the treatment of injuries or diseases by manual procedures or operations with the hand. It is Synonymous with the word Chirurgia (Pronounced as: KIRUR-JIA). The Greek word Cheir means hand; and ergon means work. Veterinary Surgery is surgery practiced on animals. A considered numbers of cattle, calves and goats die every year due to surgical affections. Surgery diseases were very significantly associated with defects in the body of cattle, calves and goats and ultimately decrease the productive performances. Surgical affections in cattle include abscess, bloat, dystocia, fracture, hernia, actinomycosis, urolithiasis, wound, subcutaneous cyst, amputation of tail gangrene. Surgical affections in calves comprise both congenital and acquired disorders. In Bangladesh, umbilical hernia, dermoid cyst, nonfunctional limb joints, supernumerary limbs and atresia ani have been reported to occur in calves (Hossain et al., 1980 and 1986). The acquired surgical affection of calves may include umbilical abscess, navel ill, wound and complication of castration (Hossain et al.,1986). A mutant gene, chromosomal aberrations or an autosomal recessive gene have been claimed to be responsible for some congenital defects( Leipold et al., 1972, Saperstein et al., 1975). In Bangladesh, the calves frequently suffer from castration, navel ill, abscess, cyst, bloat, wound, fracture, urolithiasis, hernia etc. therefore, a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study in this field. Surgical affections in goats include subcutaneous cyst, abscess, wound, fracture, over growth of hoof, Urolithiasis, bloat, gid disease, complication of castration, hematoma due to traumatic injury at the cornea, foot abscess etc (Hossain et al., 1986). The incidence of gid disease in Bangladesh has been reported to 2

be 5.2% (Hossain, 1991). The incidence of surgical affections in goats is well recognized in other countries. (Mathews, 1999). In Bangladesh, a very few work has been conducted on the surgical affections in goats. Therefore, a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study of surgical affections in goats.

Objective
The objectives of the present study are to observe and compare various surgical affections and to get findings of incidence rate with respect to age, sex and season. The objectives of the studies are as follows: 1. To find out the incidence of surgical affections at Nilphamari region. 2. To know which groups are more prone to this type of surgical affections.

Review of Literature
Arch Pathol Lab Med. et al, (2011), Review Testicular tumors some new and a few perennial problems. They studied that the histopathology of testicular tumors is presented, emphasizing new, unusual, or underemphasized aspects. Within the category of seminoma of the usual type, the recent literature has drawn attentive to the presence in occasional tumors of solid or hollow tubules or spaces of varying sizes and shape that may result in cribriform or microcystic patterns, causing potential confusion with other neoplasm, most notably Sertoli cell tumor or yolk sac tumor. Although regions of typical neoplasia and awareness of this phenomenon usually will be diagnostic.

Abv Anat Pathol.el al.,(2011) Jan; The most common, clinically significant misdiagnoses in testicular tumor pathology, and how to avoid them. They described that testicular tumors are both increasing in frequency and disproportionately occur in young men; furthermore, different forms of neoplasm require different treatments. These considerations make the accurate diagnosis of testicular tumors especially important. Many of the critical distinctions involve the differentiation of seminoma from one or more potential mimics because seminoma is not only the most common testicular neoplasm but it is also the only malignant testicular tumor that is commonly treated with radiation, which is ineffective in other malignancies of the .testis

Uk Rima, NS JUyena, MA Hashim, FY Bari, Y Mohammad, 20-5, Surgical affections of Black Bengal goats in certain of Bangladesh. They conducted that the prevalence of surgical affections in black Bengal goats was gid 25%, wound 19% urolithiasis 15%, bloat 14%, subcutaneous cyst 13%, fracture 8% and abscess 6%, Occurrence of gid in goats was highest. Ulbright TM.Mod Pathol -2005, Feb; 18, selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a appreciated, and controversial issues. They conducted that gonadal germ cell tumors continue to be the cause of diverse, diagnostically challenging issues for the pathologist and their correct resolution often has major important therapeutic and prognostic implications. They are academically interesting because of certain neoplasms. The most dramatic examples of the latter are the frequency of dermoid cyst in the ovary compared to the testis and the reverse pertaining to embrayonal carcinoma. Mod Pathol, 2005 Feb; 18; Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarties and differences with consideration of selected problems. They studied that Gonadal sex cord-stromal tumors contain some ot the most morphologically interesting neoplasms of the gonads and these lead to many important issues in differential diagnosis. The pathology of these tumors is reviewed with emphasis on new information, similarities and differences in the two gonads and diagnostic problems. Sertoli cell tumors occur in both gonads being more common in the testis where they usually exhibit a lobular pattern of hollow or solid tubules. 5

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1999; Review Treatment of aggressive testicular tumors in four dogs. They conducted that the incidence of testicular tumors in dogs is higher than in other species. The main three types are: Sertoli cell tumors, and to a lesser extent leydig cell tumor, are often associated with feminization, which occurs in 19% and of cases, respectively. Seminomas are rarely associated with feminization. Feminization seems to be the result of an excessive oestrogen production by the tumor. In severe cases this may lead to bone marrow depression. Atrophy of the contralateral testis is a common finding. B.R.Das and M.A. Hashim, 1996, Surgical affections in calves. They studied that various surgical affections were diagnosed in 140 calves upto 6 months of age which constituted 16.28% the total surfical cases recorded at the BAU veterinary clinic during 1992 to 1995. Umbilical hernia (47.19%) was the most common surgical affection in calves while atresia ani (20%), knuckling of limbs (8.60%), umbilical abscess (7.8%), navel ill (6.40%) and dermoid cyst( 5.70%) occurred to a lesser extent. Am J Surge Pathol. 1993 Nov,Germ cell neoplasms of the testis. They studied that testicular germ cell neoplasia, a disease predominantly of young men, is, for unknown reasons, increasing in incidence. Cryptorchidism, a prior testicular germ cell tumor, a family history of testicular germ cell tumors, and somatosexual ambiguity syndromes remain well-established risk factors. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the unclassified type represents the common precursor to the great majority of testicular germ cell tumors and its identification in testicular biopsies reliably identifies patients who will often progress to an invasive lesion. 6

Material And Methods

To get information on surgical affections of cattle and goats, the data were collected from zilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari and Upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari. The investigation was carried out during 1 January to 30 December 2011. The way of data collection was totally from the daily patient surgical register book of upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari and District veterinary hospital, Nilphamari. The total number of cattle 324 (including male and female) goats 327 were studied. Age, sex and monthly data were recorded with date and time. Obtained data were grouped for analysis on the basic of age, sex and month. Where the age is 0 to 1 year, the animals were categorized as young and where above one year is adult. Data were organized in the Microsoft excel spread sheet and analyzed for calculating percentage of surgical affections on the basis of their distribution among age, sex and month. An incidence rate was calculated. The pooled percentages of occurrence of diseases from two hospitals was considered as overall prevalence and were calculated by the following formula.

Total individual affections in two different hospitals Overall incidence rate = ----------------------------------------x 100 Total surgical affections in two different hospitals

Results & Discussion

From upozilla and district veterinary hospital cattle,calves and goats were investigated namely Nilphamari zilla and upazilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari. A total number of cases 324 cattle and 327 goats were taken in this present study. The overall incidence rate of most common surgical affections at Nilphamari zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital , Nilphamari; is shown in the following tables.

Table -01

Overall incidence of surgical affection in both cattle and goat are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari.

Total number of diseases in cattle and goat in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari 1676

Total number of surgical affection in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari 651

Incidence rate (%)

38.85

Table -02

Overall incidence of surgical affection in cattle are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital in a year, Nilphamari .

Total number of diseases in cattle and goat in a year

Total number of surgical affection in cattle in a year

Incidence rate (%)

1676

324

19.33

10

Table -03
Overall incidence in surgical affection of goat are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari.

Total number of Total number of diseases in cattle and surgical affection in goat in zilla & upozilla goat in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari Nilphamari 1676 327

Incidence rate (%)

19.51

11 9

Table -04
Overall incidence rate in a year in zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari are shown below.

Surgical affection Wound Abcess Amputation of horn Amputation tail Castration Dystocia Gid disease Bloat Subcutaneous cyst Hernia Upper patellar fixation Fracture

Total no of cases 93 59 58 24 213 10 32 15 80 29 7 31

Overall incidence rate 14.285 9.062 8.9093 3.6866 32.7188 1.5360 4.9155 2.3041 12.2887 4.4546 1.0752 4.7619

12

35

30

25

20

15

O ve ra ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al aff ec tio ns
10 5 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L

Surgical Affection

Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in a year.

A= Wound B= Abcess

G= Gid Diseases H=Bloat

C= Amputation of horn I= Subcutaneous Cyst D= Amputation of tail E= Castration F= Dystocia J= Hernia K= Upper patellar fixation L= Fracture

13

Table- 05
Overall incidence rate in year of common surgical Affection in different species (cattle & goat) are shown below in zilla, upozilla veterinary hospital Nilphamari. Common surgical affection Wound Abcess Amputation of horn Amputation of tail Castration Dystocia Gid diseases Bloat Hernia Subcutaneous cyst Upper patellar fixation Fracture Total no of cases 93 59 58 24 213 10 32 15 29 80 7 31 Species Cattle Goat 52 39 58 24 40 1 0 0 17 64 7 22 41 20 0 0 173 9 32 15 12 16 0 9.00 Incidence rate (%) Cattle Goat 55.91 66.10 100 100 18.77 10 0 0 58.62 80 100 70.96 44.086 33.89 0 0 81.22 90 100 100 41.38 20 0 29.032

14

120 Cattle Goat 100

80

60

O ve ra ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al aff ec tio ns
40 20 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L

Surgical Affection Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in two species(cattle & goat) in a year. A= Wound B= Abcess G= Gid Diseases H=Bloat

C= Amputation of horn I= Hernia D= Amputation of tail E= Castration F= Dystocia J= Subcutaneous Cyst K= Upper patellar fixation L= Fracture

15

Table- 06
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in Nilphamari sadar and Nilphamari zilla hospital in cattle according to age in a year. Common affection Castration Wound Abcess Subcutaneous cyst Wart Hernia Amputation of tail Amputation of horn Fracture Dystocia Upper patellar fixation Total case 40 52 39 32 32 17 24 58 22 1 7 Age 0-1 year 40 20 16 16 6 5 10 30 4 0 0 >1 year 0 32 23 16 26 12 14 28 18 1 7 Incidence rate (%) 0-1 year 100 38.47 41.025 50 18.75 29.4117 41.66 51.724 18.18 0 0 >1 year 0 61.53 58.9743 50 81.25 70.588 58.34 48.275 81.81 100 100

16

120

0 to 1 year 1 to 5 year

100

80

60

ra ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al af fe cti on s
40 20 0 A B C D E F G H I J K

Surgical Affection Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in cattle according to their age in a year. A= Castration B= Wound C= Abcess D= Subcutaneous Cyst E= Wart F= Hernia

G= Amputation of tail H= Amputation of horn I= Fracture J= Dystocia K= Upper patellar fixation

17

Table- 07
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in Nilphamari sadar upozilla and Nilphamari zilla hospital according to sex in a year in cattle. Common affection Wound Abcess Wart & cyst Amputation of horn Amputation of tail Castration Upper patellar fixation Dystocia Fracture Hernia Total 50 41 64 58 24 40 7 1 22 17 Male 30 30 37 39 5 40 5 0 15 10 Sex Female 20 11 27 19 19 0 2 1 7 7 Incidence rate (%) Male Female 60 40 73.17 26.83 57.815 42.1875 67.25 20.84 100 71.43 0 68.1818 58.823 32.75 79.16 0 28.58 100 31.8181 41.18

18

120 Male Female 100

80

60

ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al aff ec tio ns
20 0 A B C D E F G H I J

40

Surgical Affection

Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari cattle according to sex in a year. A= Wound B= Abcess C= Wart & Cyst G= Upper patellar fixation H= Dystocia I= Fracture

D= Amputation of horn J= Hernia E= Amputation of tail F=Castration

19

Table- 08
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in cattle according to season in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari are shown bellowName of affection Total no of cases Overall incidence Summer May-July 7.5% (3) 38.47% (20) 15.52% (8) 37.5% (24) 59.94% (9) 33.34% (8) 25% (13) 36.37% (8) 00 28.58% (2) Autum Aug-Oct 10% (4) 23.08% (12) 48.79% (20) 21.88% (14) 11.77% (2) 54.17% (13) 46.16% (24) 13.64% (3) 100% (1) 42.86% (3) Winter Nov-Jan 60% (24) 25% (13) 24.40% (10) 31.25% (20) 23.53% (4) 4.17% (1) 18.97% (11) 31.82% (7) 00 14.29% (1) Spring Feb- Apr 22.5% (9) 13.47% (7) 2.5% (1) 9.37% (6) 11.77% (2) 8.34% (2) 17.25% (10) 18.19% (4) 00 14.29% (1)

Castration Wound Abcess and Gangrene Subcutaneous Cyst & Warts Hernia Amputation of tail Amputation of horn Fracture Dystocia Upper patellar fixation

40 52 39 64 17 24 58 22 1 7

20

Table 09
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection according to sex in goat in a year. Common affection Castration Wound Abcess Dystocia Gid Subcutaneous cyst Bloat Fracture Hernia Total Male 173 41 20 9 32 16 15 9 12 173 19 13 0 18 11 10 6 7 Age Female 0 22 7 9 14 5 5 3 5 Incidence rate (%) Male Femal e 100 0 48.72 51.29 68.19 31.82 0 100 56.25 43.75 68.75 31.25 66.67 66.67 58.34 33.34 33.34 41.67

21

120
Male Female

100

80

60

ve ra ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al aff ec tio ns
40 20 0 A B C D E F G H I

Surgical Affection

Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in goat according to sex in a year. A= Castration B= Wound C= Abcess D= Dystocia E= Gid diseases F= Subcutaneous cyst G= Bloat H= Fracture I= Hernia

22

Table-10
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari according to age in goat .

Common affection Castration Wound Abcess Dystocia Gid diseases Subcutaneous cyst Bloat Fracture Hernia

Total 173 41 20 9 32 16 15 9 12 0 to 1 year 138 17 6 0 3 5 3 3 7

Age >1 year 35 24 14 9 29 11 12 6 5

Incidence rate (%) 0 to 1 >1 year year 79.77 20.24 41.47 58.54 30 70 0 100 9.38 90.63 31.25 68.75 20 33.34 58.34 80 66.66 41.67

23

120

0 to 1 year over 1 year

100

80

60

ra ll in ci de nc e ra te of su rg ic al aff ec tio ns
40 20 0 A B C D E F G H I

Surgical Affection

Fig : Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in goat according to age in a year. A= Castration B= Wound C= Abcess D= Dystocia E= Gid diseases F= Subcutaneous cyst G= Bloat H= Fracture I= Hernia

24

Table-11
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in goat according to season in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari are shown bellowName of affection Total no of cases Overall incidence Summer May-July 5.79% (10) 46.35% (19) 15% (3) 44.45% (4) 31.25% (10) 50% (8) 20.43% (3) 44.44% (4) 25% (3) Autum Aug-Oct 13.30% (23) 17.07% (7) 45% (9) 00 12.5% (4) 12.5% (2) 41.85% (6) 22.23% (2) 33.34% (4) Winter Nov-Jan 60.12% (104) 9.76% (4) 10% (2) 33.34% (3) 56.25% (18) 25% (4) 20.43% (3) 22.23% (2) 16.67% (2) Spring Feb- Apr 20.81% (36) 26.83% (11) 30% (6) 22.23% (2) 00 12.5% (2) 20.43% (3) 11.12% (1) 25% (3)

Castration Wound Abcess & Gangrene Dystocia Gid diseases Subcutaneous Cyst Bloat Fracture Hernia

173 41 20 9 32 16 15 9 12

25

Overall incidence of surgical affection in cattle and goat was 38.85% that are shown in table-1 and incidence of surgical affection according to species are shown in table-2 & 3, Where the incidence rate in cattle was 19.33% and incidence rate in goat was 19.51% Overall incidence rate of castration in year was (32.7168%) which was found to be the highest of the affection. Among the two species (cattle & goat) incidence rate is 18.77% in cattle and 81.22% in goat in a year. Incidence rate of Wound is 14.285% in a year and among the two species (cattle & goat) the incidence rate of wound is 55.91% and 44.086% in a year which was found to be the second highest affection in year. The Overall incidence rate of abcess was 9.062% amputation of horn was 8.9093%, amputation of tail is 3.6866% dystocia 1.5360% , gid is 4.9155%, bloat 2.3041% , subcutaneous cyst and wart was 12.2887% which was found to be the third highest of the affection hernia was 4.4546%, upper patellar fixation was 1.0752% and fracture was 4.7619% the third highest affection was subcutaneous cyst , among two species the incidence rate was in cattle 80% and in goat 20%. Among two species the incidence rate of abcess, amputation of horn, amputation of tail, dystocia, gid, bloat, hernia, upper patellar fixation and fracture was shown in above table 5. The data on the effect of sex, age and month on the surgical affection of sex, age and month furnished in table, According to age cattle are categorized into two section 0 to 1 year and above 1 year to 5 year and in goat they are categorized also in two section 0 to 1 year and over 1 year of age. Surgical affection of age on the surgical affection cattle and goats were furnished in table 6,10. Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection according to sex are shown in table- 7,9. Seasonal incidence of surgical affection are shown in table- 08,11. On the basis of season, in cattle the incidence rate of castration highest in winter season (60%), Hernia in summer season (59.94%), Amputation of tail in Autum season (54.34%) and upper patellar fixation in autum season (42.86%), that are mention the above table-08.

26

According to season, incidence rate of surgical affection in goat are shown in table-11, where castration was highest in winter season (60.12%), Wound in summer season (46.35%), dystocia in summer season (44.45%), Gid diseases in winter season (56.25%), Hernia in autum season (33.34%).

Fig: Hernia Operation in Goat

Fig: Hernia Operation in Cattle

27 26

Fig: Umbilical Hernia Operation in Calve

Fig: Tumor in Calve Showing above Picture

28

Fig: Removing the Particales of Tumor

29 60

Conclusion
Although cattle, calves and goats are very valuable domestic animals in our country, they are more or less susceptible to different surgical affections. Among these surgical affections (which are discussed above) some occur greatly in male and some are in female. Some are restricted in different ages. The seasonal variation of the surgical affections is also found in the study. In this study we saw that castration occurred in highest percentage in domestic animals (cattle, calves and goats). But in case of goats castration was mostly found. In case of calves abscess was highest. Whereas other affections were highest in adults. In case of cattle dystocia were mostly found and specially found in adults females. Castration was restricted in male and dystocia in females. Both castration and gid were mostly found in winter season. So all surgical cases, specially castration and gid (as found more) Should be handled properly to avoid any complications. All measurement (e.g. pre and post operative care) should be taken to make a successful surgery. If we can overcome this surgical condition successfully and if we can provide proper care during surgical affection, Affected cattle and goats will become more famous to the people than present status. And people will be encouraged to rear cattle, calves and goats. So a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study of surgical affections in cattle and goat.

30

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