Kalam Cosmological argument:

1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 2. The universe began to exist. 3. Therefore, the universe has a cause. Objections to Premise 1: Lawrence Krauss says that

In 2003 arven board alan guth alexander valenkin able to prove that any universe that on average has been in a state of cosmic expansion, cannot be infinite in the past. Must have a past space time boundary. Holds regardless of physical description of 3early universwe. Because we dont have quantum theory of gravity can explain first split second of bnivers. Therom is independent of asny physical description of that moment. It show that quantum vaccum state that could have characterised the universe can not be eternal in the past but must have an absolute beginning. Their therem requires that the multiverse itself must have had an absolute beginning. 2012 conference in Cambridge celebrating Stephen hawkings 70th, valenkin delivered paper titled did the universe have a beging surveyed cureent cosmology he argued none of these scenarios can actually be past eternal he said that all the evidence we have says that the universe hadf a eginning

Design In recent decades scients have been stuned by the discoveris that the initial conditions of the big bang werer fined tuned for the existence of intelligent life with a precision that defy human comprehension: Physical nessecity: finely tuned constatnt s and quantities are independent of the laws of nature Chance: odds of a life permitting universe with our laws of nature are so infinitely small cannot be reasonably faced. ----Multiverse/world emsamblle of other universes infinite and randomly ordered:

most observable worlds In multiverse would single brain fluctuarte into existence out of vaccum to observe empty world. We should see this seeing as were random but We dont see this Design: best explanation of fine tuning of universe Premise 1 fine tuning exists: Laws could be very different. could imagine a world without electrons. Mathematical theory of physics. Ifgravity a little bit stronger stars would burn out to quickly wouldnt live long enough for life to evolve. Instead of stars and galaxies wed have blackholes. Universe expand and contract to rapidly. Laws of phyics on a knife edge. If change by few percent charge of electro, mass of particle or constants, various constatnt of nature(how strong gravity is). Couple of dzen constants. Cosmological constant is a kind of anti gravity implicit in Einstein equations for GR. Physicits inntheory not in experiment think it should exist. 1x10^-123- if stronger would have prevented stars, and galaxies from forming.

OTHER UNIVERSE MODELS(steady state models, oscillating models, vacuum fluctuation models,
chaotic inflationary models, quantum gravity models, ekpyrotic models, and cyclic models) attempt to avoid absolute beginning:

Falsified by data shown to be mathematically inconsistent. There is space time boundary that represents beginning of cosmos. Occelating guniverse in hioggher dimension infinitely into past: guth valenkin theorem