ROCK ENGINEERING

THEORY AND PRACTICE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISRM REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM EUROCK 2004 & 53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY EDITOR W. SCHUBERT

 Copyright 2004

Published by: Verlag Glckauf GmbH, P.O.Box 18 56 20, D-45206 Essen Phone: +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 20, Telefax +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 29, E-Mail vertrieb@vge.de, Internet www.vge.de Printed in Germany: B.o.s.s Druck und Medien GmbH, D-47533 Kleve ISBN 3-7739-5995-8

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISRM REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM EUROCK 2004 & 53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY

ROCK ENGINEERING
THEORY AND PRACTICE
October 7 9, 2004 Salzburg / Austria

Edited by

W. Schubert
Institute for Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Graz University of Technology

Organized by the

Austrian Society for Geomechanics

Organizing Committee
Nejad AYAYDIN Robert GALLER Andreas GORICKI Wolfgang HOLZLEITNER Max JOHN Franz LAABMAYER Harald LAUFFER Rainer POISEL Rudolf PTTLER Reinhard B. ROKAHR Wulf SCHUBERT (Chair) Helmut F. SCHWEIGER Arnold STEIDL Wolfgang UNTERBERGER Georg M. VAVROVSKY Horst WAGNER Gerald ZENZ

Scientific Committee
Giovanni BARLA [ITALY] Tarcisio B. CELESTINO [BRAZIL] Peter EGGER [SWITZERLAND] Herbert H. EINSTEIN [USA] Claus ERICHSEN [GERMANY] Johann GOLSER [AUSTRIA] Chris HABERFIELD [AUSTRALIA] John HUDSON [UNITED KINGDOM] Scott D. KIEFFER [USA] Frantisek KLEPSATEL [SLOVAKIA] Heinz KONIETZKY [GERMANY] Marek KWASNIEWSKI [POLAND] Jakob LIKAR [SLOVENIA] Derek MARTIN [CANADA] Nielen van der MERWE [SOUTH AFRICA] Marc PANET [FRANCE] Pekka SRKK [FINLAND] Richard WIDMANN [AUSTRIA]

Cover photo: http://www.salzburg.info/fotos_709.htm The texts of the various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each of the authors concerned.

Copyright 2004

Published by: Verlag Glckauf GmbH, P.O.Box 18 56 20, D-45206 Essen Phone: +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 20, Telefax +49 (0) 20 54 / 9 24-1 29, E-Mail vertrieb@vge.de, Internet www.vge.de Printed in Germany: B.o.s.s Druck und Medien GmbH, D-47533 Kleve ISBN 3-7739-5995-8

EUROCK 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium. Schubert (ed.) 2004 VGE

Table of contents

Preface Vorwort

XIII XIV

Consistent Methods for the Geomechanical Design of Underground Structures Nachvollziehbare Methoden fr die Planung und Ausfhrung von Untertagebauten
Basics and Application of the Austrian Guideline for the Geomechanical Design of Underground Structures
Schubert, W.

Geomechnical Design Prodedure for the Paierdorf Exploratory Tunnel

Mussger, K., Steidl, A. & Harer, G.

9 15 19

The Q-system following thirty years of development and application in tunneling projects
Barton, N. & Grimstad, E.

AlpTransit Gotthard -Teilabschnitt Sedrun - Vortriebskonzept in den druckhaften Zonen Vom Projekt zur Ausfhrung
Ehrbar, H.

The Development of Sprayed Concrete Lined (SCL) - Tunnelling in the UK

Thomas, A.H., Legge, N.B. & Powell, D.B.

25 31

Festlegung geomechanischer Daten, Rechenparameter und geomechanischer Modelle nach GG-Richtlinie - ein Erfahrungsbericht
Gollegger, J. & Marcher, T.

Erfahrungen mit der Richtlinie fr Geomechanische Planung von Lockergesteinsvortrieben

Eder, S., Schwarz, L. & Galler, R.

37

Comparison of international and Austrian rock mechanical design procedures

Jung, G. & Marence, M.

41 47 53 61

Examples of geomechanical design and experiences at the Ermenek Hydro Power Plant
Jung, G. & Marence, M.

A Non-linear System Approach to Rock Engineering

Lee, W.J.

Reproducible rock mass description in 3D using the JointMetriX3D system

Gaich, A., Schubert, W. & Ptsch, M.

III

Dokumentation und Kommunikation komplexer Tunnelvortriebsdaten. Erfahrungen beim Einsatz von 2doc im Zuge des Vortriebes Vomp-Terfens
Furtmller, G., Gusenbauer, F., Scholz, M., Radauer, I. & Sedlack, Ch.

65

Engineering Geological and Geomechanical Reasons for Time Dependent Excessive Deformations on Hapan Tunnel / Black Sea Coastal Road Project
Vardar, M., ans, G., Kocak, B. & Karaolan, H.

69

Determination of Rock Mass Behaviour Types - a Case Study

Ptsch, M., Schubert, W., Goricki, A. & Steidl, A.

75 81

Sinnvolle und unsinnige Anwendung der Gebirgsverhaltens-typen - Ein Diskussionsbeitrag

John, M.

Stresses in tuffs about neighboring spherical cavities

Senyur, M.G. & Arikan, D.

85

Support Methods ahead of the Tunnel Face - Function and Applications Methoden der Voraussicherung im Tunnelbau - Funktion und Anwendung
Bewertungskriterien fr vorauseilende Sicherung
Pttler, R.

93 99 105 113 119 127 135

Zur Standsicherheit der Ortsbrust in Lockerbden

Schubert, P.A. & Schweiger, H.F.

New prospects for tunnelling with the ADECO-RS approach

Bindi, R. & Cassani, G.

Vorausinjektion, Spiee und Dielen im innerstdtischen Tunnelbau, Theorie und Praxis

Helmberger, A. & Lackner, J.

Voraussicherungen mit Rohrschirmen oder Spieen?

Holzleitner, W., Deisl, F., Holzer, W. & Knapp, M.

Grouting and Jetting as a means of preconsolidation of the ground in tunneling.

Stadler, G. & Pistauer, W.

Voraussicherung mittels Baugrundvereiserung Einsatz beim Bauvorhaben Bahnsteigerweiterung U-Bahnhof Marienplatz Mnchen
Bayer, F., Mller, B. & Eicher, L.

Vortrieb unter einem Eisenbahndamm mit einem 35 m langen Rohrschirm als Voraussicherung
Ramspacher, W., Kohlbck, B., Plderl, R., Wismayr, Ch. & Friedel, W.

141

Design graphs for the Pretunnel technology based on the Eurocodes

Tonon, F. & Mammino, A.

147 151

Evaluation on the stability of tunnel face in weak rock based on the three dimensional numerical analysis
Shinji, M., Morimoro, S. & Nakagawa, K.

Ground deformations above a large shallow tunnel excavated using jet grouting
Coulter, S. & Derek Martin, C.

155

IV

A Contribution to the Effect and Behavior of Pipe Roof Supports

Volkmann, G.

161 167

Interpretation of Field Measurements and Numerical Analyses on Pipe Umbrella Method in Weak Ground Tunneling
Kim, C.Y., Kim, K.Y., Hong, S.W., Bae, G.J. & Shin, H.S.

Innerstdtischer Tunnelbau unter aussergewhnlichen Randbedingungen

Fssler, G. & Hessler, N.

171 177

Numerical simulation of the time-dependent behaviour of Italian clay shales at laboratory scale
Barla, G., Barla, M., Bonini, M. & Debernardi, D.

Geotechnical Monitoring of Engineering Structures Geotechnische berwachung von Ingenieurbauwerken

30 Jahre geotechnische Bauwerksberwachung der A10 Tauernautobahn-Scheitelstrecke Eben bis Gmnd
Brandl, H., Schnabl, R. & Karasek, P.

185

Langzeitberwachung von Speicherkraftwerken - Praktizierte Geomechanik

Gerstner, R. & Melbinger, R.

191 197 203

Kosten von geotechnischen Langzeitmessungen anhand von praktischen Beispielen

Hofmann, R. & Fischer, C.M.

Twenty Years of Observation and Monitoring of a Surface Mining Excavation Interacting with a Hydroelectric Tunnel
Barla, G. & Vai, L.

The second Vienna water main - 94 years of monitoring

Kreysler, D., Nowy, W. & Poisel, R.

209 215 221 225 229

Langzeitbeobachtungen von Eisenbahn-Tunnelbauwerken

Huber, R.

Stand der Technik bei der Langzeitberwachung im Untertagebau in der Schweiz

Stadelmann, R. & Rausch, M.

Taiwan HSR C220 - The Underpass of the Second Freeway

Atzl, G. & Ando, S.

Geometry and deformation mechanisms of a deep seated gravitational creep in crystalline rocks
Brckl, E., Zangerl, C. & Tentschert, E.

Interpretation of Pressure Cells in Sprayed Concrete Tunnel Linings

Jones, B., Clayton, C. & Thomas, A.

233 237

Origin and significance of steps in tunnel convergence diagrams

Kontogianni, V., Pytharouli, S., Psimoulis, P. & Stiros, S.

Expansive phenomena in an instrumented tunnel excavated in anhydritic-gypsiferous argillaceous rock

Alonso, E.E., Berdugo, I.R., Gens, A. & Romero, E.E.

241

How to Predict Surface Movements & Prevent Damages of Surface Structures

Sellner, P., Grossauer, K. & Leitner, R.

245 251

A method for continuous monitoring of tunnel deformations during construction and service phases
Dinis da Gama, C.

Neue automatisierte geotechnische berwachung des Pumpspeicherkraftwerks Waldeck II

Lege, Ch., Sprado, K.H., Gras, J. & Gltzl, A.

255

Long-term monitoring in rock engineering with acoustic emission measurements

Hesser, J. & Spies, T.

261 267 271

Sohlbruch
Strk, A. & Fgenschuh, N.

Geotechnical control of critical construction phases in the complex mining system of the repository for radioactive waste in Morsleben (ERAM)
Mauke, R., Stielow, B. & Mohlfeld, M.

New Evaluation Methods in Pipe Roof Supported Tunnels and its Influence on Design during Construction
Likar, J., Volkmann, G. & Button, E.

277

The Influence of Shallow Tunneling under Trojane Village on Surface Movements and Stability
Logar, J., timulak, A. & Ajdi, I.

283

Strain Control Base on Using Triangle Element in Underground Structures

Khazaei, S., Shimada, H. & Matsui, K.

287 291

Eighteen years of riverbank monitoring do we understand the processes and can we model them realistically?
Chugh. A.K.

Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Underground Structures Ertchtigung und Sanierung von Hohlraumbauten
Katalog zur Instandsetzung und Modernisierung alter Eisenbahntunnel
Bonapace, P.

297 303 309 315

Schden an Untertageanlagen - Erscheinungsbilder und Ursachen

Bergmair, M. & Weber, L.

Schadensermittlung fr den Bosruck Eisenbahntunnel

Grossauer, K., Klima, K., Wittner, R. & Bretterebner, H.

Schadensverfolgung und Sanierung von alten gemauerten Tunneln

Frhlich, B. & Schlebusch, M.

VI

Erneuerung des Tunnel San Bernardino

Nthinger, M. & Schmid, R.

321 327

Experimental investigation of the effect of reinforcement of internal structure on loadbearing capacity of damaged tunnel linings
Mashimo, H., Hakoishi, Y. & Ishimura, T.

Seismic Retrofit of the Claremont Tunnel

Kieffer, D.S., Caulfield, R.J. & Tsztoo, D.F.

333 339

Sanierung alter Triebwasserstollen mit Fertigteil-Technologie am Beispiel der Druckstollen Lnersee und Vermunt
Prer, E. & Vigl, A.

Methodik der Zustandserfassung von Hohlraumbauten

Ackermann, A.W.

345 349 355 361

Leiden und Therapie des Triebwasserstollens Landl in der Steiermark

Burger, D.

Maintenance and repair of underground structures: Case studies in Portugal

Ribeiro e Sousa, L., Oliveira, M., Nolasco Lamas, L. & Silva Domingues, C.

Sanierung eines Lehnentunnels durch Vernderung des Bergwasserspiegels - Varianten und Ausfhrung
Pittino, G. & Golser, J.

Vergrerung zweier Straentunnel durch Sohlabsenkung

Tschernutter, P., Pils, F. & Adunka, M.

367 371 375

Methods of Rehabilitation of Tunnel Linings

Machon, R.J., Howard, A.J., Richards, J.A. & Russel, H.A.

Beskyd Tunnel: Sanierung oder Neubau

Klima, K. & Srb, M.

Determination of Rock Mass Properties Bestimmung von Gebirgseigenschaften

The rock property information required from a site investigation
Hudson, J.A. & Harrison, J.P.

381 387 393 399 403 409

Engineering Properties of Sydney Hawkesbury Sandstone

Gu, X.F., Seidel, J., Haberfield, C. & Bouazza, A.

Time-Dependent Behaviour of Gypsum and Anhydrite Rocks: Preliminary Results

Giambastini, M., Celestino, T.B. & Bortolucci, A.A.

Statistical evaluation of the rock mass properties at TBM driving

Ivanicova, L.

Estimation of the deformation moduli of jointed rock masses in three dimensions

Moon, H.K. & Baek, S.H.

Rock mass (ground) characterization methodology applied in Dez-Ghomrood water conveyance tunnel project
Hassanpour, J. & Shamsi, G.

VII

Engineering geological rock mass characterisation of granitic gneisses based on in-situ measurements during tunnel excavations
Klose, C.D. & Loew, S.

415

Detailed characterization of fractures in the rock mass using engineering geology methods, ultrasonic and permeability measurements
Budzinski, D., Spies, Th., Alheid, H.J., Weber, J.R. & Eisenbltter, J.

421

Characterization of Bimrocks (Rock/Soil Mixtures) with Application to Slope Stability Problems

Medley, E.W. & Sanz Rehermann, P.F.

425

Computer based stability analysis of rock slopes in a blocky rock mass

Ptsch, M., Schubert, W. & Gaich, A.

431 435 439

A field application of laser scanning technology to quantify rock fracture orientation

Lemy, F. & Hadjigeorgiou, J.

Automated identification and characterisation of discontinuity sets in outcropping rock masses using 3D terrestrial laser scan survey techniques
Slob, S., Hack, R., Van Knapen, B. & Kemeny, J.

Fracture system modelling based on input data from line mapping and image analysis
Grenon, M., Lemy, F. & Hadjigeorgiou, J.

445 449 453 459

Observed rock mass degradation and resulting slope instability

Huisman, M., Hack, H.R.G.K & Nieuwenhuis, J.D.

The long-term performance of Mt. Shaughnessy tunnel support in graphitic phyllites

Martin, C.D., MacKay, C.H. & Bunce, C.

Characterization of Phyllitic and Schistose Rock Masses: from System Behaviour to Key Parameters
Button, E. & Blmel, M.

Application of geological strength index (GSI) for the classification of underground limestone mines
Sunwoo, C., Jung, Y.B. & Rao, K.U.M.

465

Creep of Granite at Low Stress Level

Hashiba, K., Okubo, S. & Fukui, K.

471 475 479 483

Crack Coalescence in Brittle Materials: An Overview

Bobet, A. & Einstein, H.H.

Non-homogeneity and Anisotropy Evaluation of Rock Media

Sadrnejad, S.A.

Optimal Estimation of Rock Mass Parameters using Genetic Algorithm and Conditional Simulation
Hong, C.W., Jeon, S.K. & Lee, H.K.

Experimental study on subcritical crack growth in granite

Nara, Y., Imai, Y. & Kaneko, K.

487 491

Estimation method for weathering thickness of man-made weathering rocks by using the Equotip hardness tester
Kawasaki, S. & Kaneko, K.

VIII

Description of chemo-mechanical interaction in chalk

Pietruszczak, S., Lydzba, D. & Shao, J.F.

495 499 503 507

Prediction of p-wave by simple field observations

Singh, T.N., Saigal, K., Kanchan, R. & Verma A.K.

Experimental evaluation of anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties of a granite

Lin, W., Takahashi, M., Kwasniewski, M. & Hirono, T.

Characteristics of Hydraulic Conductivity along the final fault plane under true triaxial stress
Takahashi, M., Li, X. & Kwaniewki, M.

A new objective approach for fracture grouping-theory and advantages

Klose, C.D.

511 515

Dependence of the pre-failure deformational characteristics and of macrofracturing mode of rock samples on the height-to-diameter ratio
Kwaniewski, M. & Fernndez lvarez-Santullano, F.

Fracture Propagation in Mortar Models with Rough Non-Persistent Joints

Gaitan, V.H., Bortolucci, A.A. & Celestino, T.B.

521 525 529 533 539 545

Comparison of fracture toughness testing methods on basalt and granite

Pehovaz-Alvarez, H.I., Bortolucci, A.A. & Celestino, T.B.

A laboratory prototype for rock joint testing

Quintanilha de Menezes, J.E.

How well do Mohr-type criteria represent rock strength?

Haimson, B. & Chang, C.

Experimental study of damage in a sandstone

Jalbout, A., Sibai, M. & Shao, J.F.

The Modified Tension Test (MTT) - Evaluation and Testing Experiences with a New and Simple Direct Tension Test
Plinninger, R.J., Thome, B. & Wolski, K.

Estimation of engineering properties of rocks from petrographical properties

Ozcelik, Y., Polat, E., Bayram, F. & Ay, A.M.

549 553 557 561 565 569 575

Direct measurement of flow in fractures

Grasselli, G. & Fredrich , J.T.

Determination of rock mass properties from TBM tunnelling process parameters

Krupa, V., Lazarova, E. & Ivanicova, L.

Prediction of elastic properties of jointed rocks using neural networks

Madhavi Latha, G., Sitharam, T.G. & Madhusudhan, N.

Development of Evaluation Method of Rock Joint Aperture Distribution

Sharifzadeh, M., Mitani, Y., Esaki, T. & Urakawa, F.

Stand-up time for unsupported span in underground openings

ztrk, C.A.

Impact of CO2 Injection on Permeability of Coal - An Experimental Study

Zutshi, A., Harpalani, S. & Srivastava, M.

IX

Rock Excavation Felslsemethoden

The breakage behavior of rock in excavation processes
Moser, P. & Grasedieck, A.

583 589

"Metro Montreal" - Successful operation of a state-of-the-art roadheader - ATM 105ICUTROC - competing with drill & blast operation in urban tunnelling
Restner, U. & Reumller, B.

The role of rock mass geology filtering the dominant frequency resulting from the use of explosives in rock excavation
Bernardo, P.M.

595

Wear Prediction in Hardrock Excavation - Using the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI)
Plinninger, R.J., Ksling, H. & Thuro, K.

599

The influence of rock mass parameters on the TBM performance

Krupa, V., Lazarova, E. & Ivanicova, L.

605 609

Performance Analysis of Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Machine at KCRC D320 tunnel (Hong Kong)
Ramezanzadeh, A., Rostami, J. & Kastner, R.

Influence of rock mass parameters on blast induced damage in muckpile blocks

Hamdi, E., Du Mouza, J. & Billiotte, J.

615 621

Development of an experimental device to simulate the drilling process of impregnated segments

Deschamps, B., Tshibangu, K.J.P., Sillen, V. & Da Silva, N.

A Case Study on the Excavation of a Large Unlined Storage Cavern in Rock

Ryu, C.H., Choi, B.H. & Hong, K.P.

627 631 635 641 645

Finite element modelling of rock cutting experiments

Seifabad, M.C.

Strength Logging of Geomaterials from Scratch Tests

Dagrain, F., Poyol, E. & Richard, T.

The use of mining technologies in the underground non-mining construction in Poland

Wichur, A., Tokarz, A. & yliski, R.

A systemmatic and interdisciplinary approach for the assessment of excavation optimization of rock tunnels - Istanbul Metro case
Kksal, M.D. & Vardar, M.

Rock Abrasivity from the exploration gallery for Viov tunnel in Slovakia
Vavrek, P.

649 655

Technical Comparison between Light Emulsions and ANFO

Bernardo, P.M., Pereira, P.S. & Calado, J.M.

Numerical Modelling - Continuum versus Discontinuum Models Numerische Modellierung - Kontinuums versus Diskontinuumsmethoden
Back analysis through numerical modelling of a sandstone cave roof failure
Swift, G.M.

663 669 673 679 683 689

A Study on the Assessment of Safety of Tunnels

Park, Y.J., You, K.H., Park, J.W. & Park, C.W.

Modelling yielding support by programming FLAC2D/ FLAC3D

Fellner, D. & Amann, F.

Numerical modelling of nailed wire and cable metallic meshes for rock slope stabilization
Cardoso, A.I.S. & Quintanilha de Menzes, J.E.

Large scale 3-D numerical analysis of Masjed-e-Soleiman Powerhouse Caverns in Iran

Duenser, Ch., Beer, G. & Stabel, B.

Application of a mechanical constitutive model of rock joint to the study of the scale effect
Vallier, F., Mitani, Y., Boulon, M. & Esaki, T.

Influence of block size and shape on the deformation behaviour and stress development around the tunnels
Solak, T. & Schubert, W.

695

Time dependent continuous damage model for brittle failure of rocks

Golshani, A., Okui, Y., Takemura, T. & Oda, M.

701 707 713 717

FRACOD for continuum, discontinuum and fracture modelling of rocks

Shen, B., Stephansson, O., Rinne, M., Lee, H.S. & Kobayashi, A.

Modeling Fracture Contribution in Reservoir Compaction

Bagheri, M. & Settari, A.

Rock as a continuous material and as a discontinuous material - are clear definitions possible?
Poisel, R., Preh, A. & Zettler, A.H.

A novel approach to studying rock damage: the three dimensional Adaptive Continuum / Discontinuum Code
Billaux, D., Dedecker, F. & Cundall, P.

723

Optimal Cross-section Shape for Non-pressurized Water Tunnels In Soft Rocks

Zertsalov, M. & Privalov, A.

729 733

Application of existing numerical models of continua for representing rock masses with stepping joint systems
Yufin, S.A., Kursova, E.V., Vlasov, A.N. & Zimmermann, Th.

Analysis of the tunnel construction sequences using rheological parameters of carboniferous soft rocks
Likar, J. & Merhar, B.

739

The swelling phenomenon of soils - Proposal of an efficient continuum modelling approach

Heidkamp, H. & Katz, C.

743

XI

Numerical modelling of top coal caving in thick seam coal mining

Yasitli, N.E. & Unver, B.

749 753 759 765

Numerical calculations of support loading due to long-term rock mass behaviour

Krenn, F. & Golser, J.

Ground Stability above the Old Mined Cavities

Song, W.K. & Kim, J.H.

The Deformation Behaviour of Tunnels passing through Rock Mass with different Stiffness
Peng, Y.R. & Chen, Y.C.

Seismically induced pore pressure around underground caverns: A numerical model

Yamamoto, K.

771 775

Analysis of the Support System Behaviour for Underground Structures by Numerical Modelling
Fialho, J.R.R., Assis, A.P. & Pastore, E.L.

Creep Behaviour of Shotcrete and its Impact on the Stability of Deep-seated Rock Drifts
Lux, K.H. & Hou, Z.

779 783 789 793

Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes using the Finite Element Method

Hammah, R.E., Curran, J.H., Yacoub, T. & Corkum, B.

Compensation of settlements due to tunnel driving by grouting cement suspensions

Krajewski, W. & Wawrzyniak, Ch.

A parametric study on groundwater flow towards a tunnel: Using Finite Difference Method
Ranjith, P.G., Haque, A., Bouazza, A., Chong, Y.D., Hefney, A.M. & Tan, W.L.

Authors Index

797

XII

EUROCK 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium. Schubert (ed.) 2004 VGE

Preface

The ISRM Regional Symposium EUROCK 2004 is organized in conjunction with the 53rd Geomechanics Colloquy in Salzburg by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics. The traditional Geomechanics Colloquy in Salzburg always attracts quite a number of participants due to the combination of high quality contributions, the possibility to meet colleagues and friends and the magnificent scenery of the city. The idea to host the EUROCK 2004 in Salzburg came up only in September 2003 at the ISRM Congress in Johannesburg. A good deal of extra hours was required to get the conference organized on that short notice. Without the Internet this would be simply impossible. The format of the conference has been slightly adapted to meet the needs of a EUROCK conference by adding three sessions to the traditional four. We have restrained from organizing a vast number of parallel sessions. This has the disadvantage that only a limited number of the submitted papers can be presented orally, but ensures a reasonable number of participants in each session. We are quite sure that also the poster presentations will be very well accepted. The session topics cover underground design methods, supports ahead of the tunnel face, long term monitoring, rehabilitation of old tunnels, rock mass characterization, rock excavation, and numerical methods in rock engineering. More than 150 papers from 26 countries have been accepted for publication in these proceedings, demonstrating the high interest in the conference. The organizers of the traditional Colloquium in Salzburg have always tried to bring theory and practice together. This line has been followed also this year, and it is hoped that this mix will contribute to a further advance in rock engineering. I would like to thank everyone who has made these proceedings possible. I am especially grateful to the authors of the papers, as well as the session chairmen for all their work. My thanks also for the time consuming process of final editing and compiling of the papers to staff of the Institute of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling at the Graz University of Technology.

Wulf Schubert Chairman of the Organizing Committee EUROCK 2004 & 53rd GEOMECHANICS COLLOQUY

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Vorwort

Das regionale ISRM Symposium EUROCK 2004 wird gemeinsam mit dem 53. Geomechanik Kolloquium von der sterreichischen Gesellschaft fr Geomechanik in Salzburg veranstaltet. Das traditionelle Geomechanikkolloquium hat wegen der Kombination von ausgezeichneten Beitrgen, der Mglichkeit Kollegen und Freunde zu treffen und der Atmosphre der Stadt immer eine groe Teilnehmerzahl. Die Idee die EUROCK Konferenz 2004 in Salzburg zu veranstalten wurde erst im September 2003 beim ISRM Kongress in Johannesburg geboren. Ohne Internet wre eine solch kurze Vorbereitungszeit wohl nicht mglich. Der Ablauf der Tagung wurde gegenber den vorherigen leicht an die Bedrfnisse der EUROCK Konferenz angepasst, indem drei Halbtage zu den blichen vier hinzugefgt wurden. Um eine rege Beteiligung bei den einzelnen Sitzungen zu erreichen haben wir darauf verzichtet viele Parallelveranstaltungen zu organisieren. Dies hat naturgem den Nachteil, dass nur eine beschrnkte Anzahl von mndlichen Prsentationen von Beitrgen mglich ist. Wir sind aber sicher, dass auch die Posterprsentationen gut angenommen werden. Die fr die Tagung ausgewhlten Themen beinhalten Planungsmethoden von Untertagebauten, Voraussicherungsmittel im Tunnelbau, Sanierung von Tunnels, Langzeitbeobachtung, Bestimmung von Gebirgseigenschaften, Felslsemethoden und numerische Methoden in der Felsmechanik. Mehr als 150 Beitrge aus 26 Lndern sind eingelangt, was das Interesse an der Konferenz eindrcklich belegt. Die Organisatoren des Geomechanik Kolloquiums haben immer versucht, auf der Tagung einen regen Austausch von Theorie und Praxis zu ermglichen. Dies ist auch heuer wieder das Ziel und es wird gehofft, dass diese Mischung zu einer Weiterentwicklung des Felsbaues fhren wird. Ich mchte allen, welche an der Entstehung dieses Tagungsbandes mitgewirkt haben fr ihre Mhe sehr herzlich danken, insbesondere den Autoren fr das Verfassen der Beitrge und den Halbtagsvorsitzenden fr die Auswahl und Durchsicht. Nicht zuletzt mchte ich mich bei den Mitarbeitern des Institutes fr Felsmechanik und Tunnelbau der Technischen Universitt Graz fr die zeitaufwndige endgltige Durchsicht der Beitrge und die Zusammenstellung des Tagungsbandes bedanken.

Wulf Schubert Vorsitzender des Organisationskomitees EUROCK 2004 & 53. Geomechanik Kolloquium

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