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CAPACITIVE DISCHARGE OF METALLIC STRUCTURES CLOSE TO HIGH VOLTAGE POWER LINES J. Ma and F. P.Dawalibi
Safe Engineering Services & technologies Itd. 1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3M 1G4 Tel.: (514) 336-251 1 Fax: (514) 336-6144 E-mail: info@sestech.com Web: http://www.sestech.com on wood poles can be analyzed in a similar way. Fig. 1 shows a cross section of a 230 kV transmission line comdor with two circuits. The phase conductors of both circuits are 795 KCMIL 2617 ACSR conductors. There are no overhead ground wires on either of the two circuits. The total length of the comdor is 22.5 ! a n . Note that even though the analysis is based on this practical example (in which the ungrounded metallic structure is a de-energized transmission line circuit), the equivalent circuit model and the analytical expressions for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge can be used for other types of metallic structures. The only difference is in the computation of the capacitances between the energized power line and the metallic structure and between the metallic structure and the earth.
Energized Transmission Line De-Energized Transmission Line
T

Absfract - A study of capacitive discharge of metallic structures that are close to high voltage power lines has been carried out. An equivalent circuit for modeling the transient capacitive discharge phenomenon is presented and analytical expressions for this transient behavior have been derived. Numerical results have been obtained and compared with published results for initial value of the transient potential and potential peaki afrer the steadystate conditions have been established. The agreement is excellent. The equivalent .circuit model and analytical expressions for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge process presented in this paper can be easily applied to many practical situations.
I. Introduction
Capacitive discharge is a well-known phenomenon. Whenever an ungrounded metallic structure is close to an energized power line, the metallic structure will be energized by the power line through capacitive coupling. Since the metallic structure is not grounded, electric charges will accumulate on the metallic structure due to this coupling. When the charged metallic structure is grounded, intentionally or accidentally, it will discharge its stored charges to ground. Capacitive discharge remains an important safety issue in an environment where high voltage power line exists. In a previous paper [l], the capacitive coupling between an energized transmission line circuit and a de-energized transmission line circuit (both grounded and ungrounded) has been studied. In this paper, we expend our study to analyze the capacitive discharge of metallic structures that are close to high voltage power lines, We present an equivalent circuit model that can be used to analyze the capacitive discharge phenomenon and derive analytical expressions for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge. Numerical results obtained using the equivalent circuit model are presented and compared with previously published results for the potential value at the instant when the de-energized line is in contact with the grounded object and the potential value after the steadystate conditions have been established. 11. A Practical Example The practical example used in this paper is the same as that studied in [I]. Other metallic structures such as fences
0-7803-7277-8/0U$10.0002002 IEEE.

A1

B1

C1

tB2

115.2 m

,I
... ..

18.3 m
-

13.7

mj

.,_ .

.~. >

Earthsurface '.-* ;.' !,. ; .


? ' ' h

d " :

..

Fig. 'I. Cross-section of the power line comdor.

1 1 1 . The Equivalent Circuit Model


The capacitances between every pair of phase conductors and between each phase conductor and the earth are computed using the algorithms described in [2]. For simplicity, we have bundled the three de-energized , C,, and phases together. The relevant capacitances are C C,, which are the capacitances between the de-energized circuit and AI, B1, C1, respectively, and C, which is the capacitance between the bundled de-energized circuit and the earth. A circuit model representing the capacitive coupling in Fig. 1 can be built as shown in Fig. 2 (a). Note that the capacitances between each pair of the three energized phase conductors and the capacitances between

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the three energized phase conductors and the earth have been ignored. This is acceptable because the voltages on the three energized phase conductors are considered constant. It is difficult to derive a simple expression for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge process directly from the circuit model in Fig. 2 (a). Instead, it is easier to carry out the analysis based on a rigorous equivalent but much simpler circuit model as shown in Fig. 2 (b). The task now is to derive the parameters of the equivalent circuit model.

It can also be the body resistance in series with the foot resistance of a person or an animal in contact with the deenergized structure. V&) in Fig. 3 represents the transient potential due to the capacitive discharge. Again, after tedious but straightforward derivations, we obtain
~ , ( t= ) v,{cos(ot+a)-sinp[sin(wt

+ a+~)-e-sin(a+B)]}(4)

where

p = arctan(a1CO),
sinp=
a (a

a = 1I z , z = (c, +OR
CO

+ C O ~ ) ~ c o s a = (a

+a2)li2

(4

(b)

Fig. 2. (a) Circuit model representing the capacitive coupling; (h) Equivalent circuit model. After tedious but straightforward derivations, the parameters of the equivalent circuit model are obtained in terms of those of the circuit model shown in Fig. 2 (a):

I
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for the capacitive discharge.

V. Numerical Results
In the present example, the computed parameters are: C, = 0.01255 pF, C2= 0.01904 pF, C, = 0.03727 pF, C = 0.2814 pF, and R = 803 R. The resistance R = 803 R corresponds to the ground resistance of a 1-m long vertical grounding rod with a diameter of 2.5 cm in a 1000 R-m soil. The time constant in this case is T = 0.00028 s. Fig. 4 shows the transient potential across the ground impedance for a = 0. It can be seen that the initial peak value is 11.9 kV and that after approximately 0.002 seconds it reaches the steady-state conditions under which the potential waveform is sinusoidal. The peak potential under the steady-state conditions is 1.25 kV. In reference [I], when the de-energized circuit is bundled and grounded using a ground resistance of R = 803 R, the rms value of the potential is 887 V, which corresponds to the 1.25 kV peak value obtained here. Moreover, when the deenergized circuit is bundled but not grounded, the rms value of the potential is 8.4 kV, which corresponds to the 11.9 kV initial peak value shown in Fig. 4. Actually, we can see from (4) that when a = 0 and I = 0, ~ , ( ~ ) = v , , which is the largest possible value.

c, = c,+c2 + c,
v q
&e/(W+O)

(1) (2) (3)

v,= (c:+ c: + c: - c,c, - c,c, - c,C,)2 v,


c,

where a is a phase angle that can be varied to examine the effect of the starting time of the discharge on the transient process. Note that because the phase-to-phase voltage of the energized circuit is 230 kV, Vs in Fig. 2 and Eq. (3) is 187.79 kV, which is the peak value of the phase-to-ground voltage.
IV. Analytical Expressions for the Transient Behavior of the Capacitive Discharge

When the de-energized circuit is grounded, the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2 (h) can be represented by the circuit shown in Fig. 3. The resistance R in Fig. 3 can be that of a ground rod or any other grounding system.

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The resistance shown in Fig. 3 can represent a person touching the de-energized line. If we assume a body resistance of 800 R and ignore the foot resistance, the potential in Fig. 4 will be the voltage impressed on the person. The body current will have the same waveform with an initial peak of 14.9 A. The rms value of the steadystate body current will be 1.1 A, which is the same as described in [l]. Moreover, if the de-energized line is grounded using a ground rod with a resistance of R = 803 R and a person touches the line after the initial discharge, a body current of about 0.26 A will result, assuming a body resistance of 1000 ohms and a foot resistance of 1560 ohms (corresponding to a 1000 R-m uniform soil).

It can be seen that for all the values of a, the peaks of the potential after reaching the steady state condition are always 1.25 kV. The various values of a only determine the initial peak and the duration of the transient potential.

15
-151 0
,
,

10

0005

0010

0015

, , 002000zs

,-.
1c

t(S)

>

- 5

Fig. 5. Transient potential across the ground impedance for ad 2 .

-5

1
0 0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

t (S)
Fig. 4. Transient potential across the ground impedance for a =O.
It is known that the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge can be quite different depending on the precise time in a cycle when the line is being grounded. This phenomenon can be examined by varying a.The results in Fig. 4 correspond to a =O. Let us consider the case when a = d 2 . Fig. 5 shows the transient potential across the ground impedance for a = d 2 . We can see that the initial peak of the potential is very close to 0. This is because p is approximately 84' in this case and sin(a+p) is close to 0. Therefore the transient term in (4) is very small. Fig. 6 shows the transient potential across the ground impedance for a = - p. In this case, the transient term in (4) disappears completely. The potential reaches steady state immediately when the line is grounded. In fact, the analytical expressions for the potential in this case can he derived as
&(t) = 6'cospcoswt
(5)
-1.5 ,

0 0.01

0.02
f (S)

0.0;

0.04

Fig. 6. Transient potential across the ground impedance for a=-p. Let us now consider an 80 R ground impedance used for grounding the de-energized circuit. The 80 R ground impedance corresponds to a 1-m long vertical grounding rod with a diameter of 2.5 cm in a 100 R-m soil. In this case, the time constant is z = 0.000028 s, which is 10 times smaller than in the previous example. We can see that the transient portion of the potential due to the discharge process is extremely small. The initial peak potential is still the same as before ( I 1.9 kV) while the steady-state potential peak is 10 times smaller than in the previous example.

360

0.4

o. 6 t k v
o
n.ni

faculty member with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He worked on projects involving design and analysis of reflector antennas and calculations of radar cross sections of aircraft. Since September 1990, he has been with the R & D Depamnent of Safe Engineering Services & technologies in Montreal, where he is presently serving as manager of the Analytical R & D Department. His research interests are in Wansient electromagnetic scattering, EM1 and EMC, and analysis of grounding systems in various soil structures.
0.02
(S)

0.03

0.04

Fig. 7. Transient potential across an 80 R ground impedance for a =O. VI. Conclusions A study of the capacitive discharge of metallic structures that are close to high voltage power lines has been carried out. An equivalent circuit for modeling the capacitive discharge phenomenon is presented and the analytical expressions for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge have been derived. Numerical results have been obtained and compared with published results for initial values and steady-state values. The equivalent circuit model and analytical expressions for the transient behavior of the capacitive discharge presented in this paper can be easily applied to many practical situations. References

Dr. Ma is the author of more than eighty papers on transient electromagnetic scattering, analysis and design of reflector antennas, power system grounding, lightning, and electromagnetic interference. He is a senior member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, a member of the IEEE Standards Association, and a corresponding member of the IEEE Substations Committee and is active on Working Groups D7 and D9. Dr. Farid Paul Dawalibi (M72, SM82) was born in Lebanon in November 1947. He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from St. Josephs University, affiliated with the University of Lyon, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Ecole Polytechnique of the University of Montreal. From 1971 to 1976, he worked as a consulting engineer with the Shawinigan Engineering Company, in Montreal. He worked on numerous projects involving power system analysis and design, railway electrification studies and specialized computer software code development. In 1976, he joined Montel-Sprecber & Schuh, a manufacturer of high voltage equipment in Montreal, as Manager of Technical Services and was involved in power system design, equipment selection and testing for systems ranging from a few to several hundred kV. In 1979, he founded Safe Engineering Services & technologies, a company which specializes in soil effects on power networks. Since then he has been responsible for the engineering activities of the company including the development of computer software related to power system applications. He is the author of more than one hundred and fifty papers on power system grounding, lightning, inductive interference and electromagnetic field analysis. He has written several research reports for CEA and EPRI. Dr. Dawalibi is a corresponding member of various IEEE Committee Working Groups, and a senior member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and the Canadian Society for Electrical Engineering. He is a registered Engineer in the Province of Quebec,

[I] J. Ma and F.P. Dawalibi, Grounding of de-energized


electric lines capacitively coupled to energized lines, Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on High Technology in the Power Industry, Orlando, Florida, Oct. 27-30, 1997, pp. 124-129. [2] F.P. Dawalibi and F. Donoso, Integrated analysis software for grounding, EMF, and EMI, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, vol. 6, no. 2, 1993, pp. 19-24. Biographies Dr. Jinxi Ma (M91, SMOO) was born in Shandong, P. R. China in December 1956. He received the BSc. degree in radioelectronics from Shandong University, and the MSc. degree in electrical engineering from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, in 1982 and 1984, respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada in 1991. From 1984 to 1986, he was a

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