Lengs (jacks) the bore diameter of the hydraulic legs of powered supports ranges from 10 to 30 cm with operating pressures

of the hydraulic pump. When the legs are raised against the roof , the total load exerted on the roof is P= Pi . A. n Where P = total setting load, in kilograms Pi = oparating hydraulic pressures , in kilograms per square centimeter A = cross sectional area, in square centimeters n = number of legs

thereafter, when the roof starts to cave , the hydraulic legs are forced to retreat, and hydraulic pressure in the legs increases. To prevent the hydraulic piston from dropping all the way down to the bottom of the cylinder and going solid a spring-loaded yield valve is providedto each support. When pressure in the legs in reases to a certain level, the yield valve will open automatically and release the pressure gradually. The pressure: the corresponding load applied on the roof is called the yield load . most support capacities are designed to incorporate the yield loads (29, p. 241 ). Hydraulic power supplies. There are four types of hydraulic fluids for powered supports (53, 29 ,p. 243. ) : (1) 5% soluble oil-in- water emulsion : (2) 40% water-in-oil emulsion ; (3) 50% glycol-in water solution ; (4) refined petroleum based oil. The basic requirements for powered support hydraulic fluids are low cost, low viscosity , nonflammability, and high resistance to chemical change upon contact with air. Furthermore, the fluid should be highly resistant to foaming, because entrapped air not only generates heat when fluid is compressed but also causes mechanical damages when air bubbles collapse under loading. Lubricity and corrosion protection is also important to protect moving parts.

Control systems . supports can be controlled in various ways : (1) individual support manually : (2) individual support manually from the neighboring unit : (3) manually from selected points at the face ; (4) automatic control from the gateway. The first method of control, used in early designs, has safety difficulties. The second method is used quite extensively. The third method is becoming more popular matic operation of the cutting machine as well.

4.5 design of powered supports Geological and stress conditions are of the utmost importance in the design of powered supports. These factors can affect the strata control as well as the cost item of the support system. For example, if low yield-capacitiy supports are used in a strong roof ,hardly caved , the pressures will not be met by the supports, the roof will not cave as the face advances, and excessive pressures will result in heavy upkeep expenses on supports. Conversely , if a high-yield sipport is used in a weak roof, there will be intrusions to the roof, and the unnecessary use of hing-cost powered support increases the expense. Thus,the correct capacity of powered supports should be chosen to meet the conditions.

In designing powered supports there is no one established set of formulas or sistems. Almost every country has established its own systems. Thus we describe the systems by country. 4.5.1 dimensions related to supporting Yielding pressure. There is a relation between the Yielding and setting or operating pressures as follows : Py = 1.25Pi (4.8)

Where Py= Yielding pressure, in kilograms per square centimeter Pi= operating pressures, in kilograms per square centimeter

Distance between supports. This distance is importent in calculation and dependts upon roof and floor conditions, bearing capacity of the support, gob condition (cavings), and rate of advance. It is usually taken as 1.2 m from center to center . it is marked as c in Fig.4.2 Unsupported face distance. There is always a small distance between the coal at the face end of canopy. This distance increases as the winning machine cuts. It may change from 0.25 to 0.8 m according to the depth of cut. It is shown as lo in Fig. 4.2 Load density. Load density is given by the formula n= (4.9)

Where n =load densiyt , in tonnnes per square meter F= carrying capacitiy of the support, in tonnes l s = length of canopy , in meters lo = length of unsupported face , in meters c = distance between supports, in meters

maximum and minimum heights. maximum and minimum define the working heights of the supports according to the geological conditions and convergence evaluation of the face. Owing to changes of the seam thickness, some coal is left at the roof as shown in Fig.4.1.3. the working heights are given by the following expression [2, pp. 595, 597]:

= 1.704 =

(4.10) (4.11)

where h max = maximum height, in meters h min = minimum height, in meters m av = average thickness, in meters m = geological deviations in thickness, in meters c = average convergence, in millimeters per meter l = width (supported span ) of the face, in meters As a numerical example, let us calculate different heights in an average seam of m av = 2.5 , of deviations m = 0.375 m.

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This means that the support should have a height almost twice that of the lowest working condition . in eq. (4.11) numbers taken from table 4.4 can be used to calculate minimum thicknesses for various face widhts.

4.5.2 german system The carrying capacities of chock and shield powered supports are calculated as shown in fig. 4.14 a ), Using a safety factor of n, with K = 1.5, F max = 5 nm (4.12)

Where F max = maximum carrying capacity of chock support, in tonnes per square meter m= seam thickness, in meters n = factor of safety, in general taken 2

Table 4.4 recommended minimum heights for powered supports for differen seam thicknesses Average seam thickness (m) 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 3.00 3.20 Convergence (mm/m) Geological deviations (m) Minimum l = 1.75 m 40 0.05 0.68 0.78 0.88 0.96 1.51 1.86 2.06 2.26 2.46 2.66 2.06 2.26 Powered Heights l =2.5 m 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.93 1.48 1.83 2.03 2.20 2.40 2.60 3.00 3.20 Support l= 3.0 m 0.63 0.73 0.83 0.90 1.45 1.80 2.00 2.16 3.36 2.56 2.96 3.16

50

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.25

80

For shiled supports, as seen in fig. 4.14b and c,

(4.13)

Where F = carrying capaciyt, in tonnes R = piston reaction, in tonnes = distance of carrying load to the back hinge, in meters = distance of piston to the back hinge, in meters

4.5.3 english system In the english system the weight of the immediate roof is taken into consideration, as shown in fig. 4.14, and is given by the following : F min = (4.14)

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