1. Define Mass density and relative density of fluids. State their dimensions and units.

Mass Density is defined as a ratio of the mass of a fluid to the volume of the fluid. Mass density is given as, =Mass of fluid Volume of fluid unit: kg/m Relative density is defined as the ratio of specific weight of given fluid to the specific density of standard fluid. It is only a relative quantity and has no unit. Relative density = specific weight of given fluid Specific weight of standard fluid. 2. Define: Kinematics and Dynamic viscosity of a fluid. Kinematics is defined as ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. Kinematic viscosity is given as, V = viscosity = Density Dynamic viscosity is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the velocity gradient. = shear stress Velocity gradient 3. Define centre of pressure and centre of buoyancy. Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface. It is also defined as the moment of the resultant force about an axis is equal to the sum of moments of the components about the same axis. Centre of buoyancy is the point through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act. It is a vertical force and is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body; the centre of buoyancy will be the centre of gravity of the fluid displaced. 4. State the properties of stream function. 1. If the stream function exists, it is a possible case of fluid flow which may be rotational or irrotational. 2. If the stream function satisfies the Laplace equation, it is a possible case of an irrotational. 5. State Bernoullis theorem. It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure, kinetic, potential or datum energy.

6. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. Laminar flow is defined as the flow of fluid particles along straight parallel path in layers or laminar, such that the paths of individual fluid particles do not cross those of neighboring particles. Turbulent flow is defined as the fluid particles move in random manner resulting in general mixing of the particles. 7. Define displacement thickness It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in the flow rate on account of boundary layer formation. 8. The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe is 500m. Find the loss of head due to friction, assuming friction factor as 0.02. Given: V=5m/s d=0.2m l=0.5m f=0.02 Solution: hf =4 f l v D 2g hf =4x.02x.5x(5) .2x2x9.81 hf =0.2548m 9. State Buckinghams theorem. If there are n variables (dependent and independent variables) in a physical phenomenon and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M, L, T), then the variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. 10.What are distorted modes? A model is said to be distorted if it is not geometrically similar to its prototype. For a distorted model different scale ratios for the linear dimensions are adopted .e.g.: rivers, harbors reservoirs have Different scale ratio are used. 11.Distinguish between ideal and real fluids? It is a fluid in which is compressible and in viscid. Fluid for which density is constant and viscosity is zero is known as an ideal fluid. It is a fluid flow in which the flow is viscous and offer resistance to flow is a real fluid.

12.Express 3 m of water head in cm of mercury and pressure in KPa. 3m of water in cm of mercury is expressed as 3x13.6=40.8 m of water. Pressure is KPa is given as 1000N/m. 13.List out the properties of a velocity potential function. 1. If the velocity potential exists, the flow should be irrotational. 2. If the velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation, it represents the possible steady incompressible irrotational. 14. Can the path line and a streamline cross each other at right angles? Why? Yes, the path line and stream line flow crosses at right angle because both the flow are laminar in Nature and travels in definite path without overlapping with each other and they dont mixes with each other. Therefore the path line and stream flow cross at right angle. 15. Why is it necessary to assume that the flow is steady before integrating Eulers equation to derive Bernoullis equation? Because if the flow is incompressible is constant. Other assumptions are 1. Fluid is ideal i.e. viscosity is zero. 2. Flow is steady 3. Flow is incompressible 4. Flow is irrotational. 16. What is the meaning of the term momentum flux? What are its units? It is defined as the rate of transfer of momentum across the unit cross-sectional area is called as a momentum flux and its unit is N/m. 17. What is meant by the term Piezometric head? It is the device which is used to measure the static pressure in a pipe. Peizometric pressure head .Is measured pressure head at the level of the centre of the pipe is (h+r) where H Height to which the fluid raised & r- radius of the pipe. 18.A pipe has D = 40 cm, L = 100 m, f = 0.005. Compute the length of an equivalent pipe which has D = 20 cm and f = 0.008. Given: D1=.4m l1=100m F1=.005 d2=.2m F2=.008. Solution: hf =4flv 2dg

F1 l 1 = F2 l 2 D1 d2 .005x100 = .008x l2 .4 .2 l2 =3.125m 19. State three demerits of a distorted model. If the distorted model for the river, the horizontal and vertical scale ratios are taken to be same so that the model is undistorted. The depth of water in the model of the river will be very small which may not be measured accurately. The results of distorted model cannot be directly transferred to its prototype. 20. Define momentum thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body by which the boundary should displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. 21. Define fluid. A fluid is a substance which offers no resistance to shear deformation and will continue to deform when subjected to shear stresses. 22. Differentiate between fluid and solid F S FLUID SOLID The atoms are not closely The atoms are closely packed packed The motions of the atoms are The atoms are free to move restricted when compared with solids Fluids doesnt offers resistance to deform when subjected to shear stresses Solids offers some resistance to shear stress

23. Define Specific volume. The volume of the fluid per unit weight of fluid is called specific volume. Specific volume = volume of fluid/ weight of fluid

24. Define Specific gravity. The ratio of specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of water is called specific gravity. Specific gravity = specific weight of fluid/ specific weight of water 25. Define Viscosity. The shear stress required to produce unit angular deformation is called viscosity. Its unit is Ns/m2. 26. Define Compressibility. The reciprocal of bulk modulus of rigidity is called compressibility. p=1/k Where, k is the bulk modulus. 27. Define vapor pressure. The point of pressure below the atmospheric pressure, generally negative pressure is called vapor pressure. 28. Define Capillarity. The raise and fall of the fluid relative to the general adjust level of fluid. 29. Define Surface tension. Surface tension is a measurement of the cohesive energy present at an interface. Inside liquid mass the molecules are attracted in all directions by the surrounding molecules. But at the surface i.e. liquidair interface the downward force is unbalanced by the downward force. 30. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures. A G ABSOLUTE PRESSURE GAUGE PRESSURES a. The pressure with absolute b. The point of pressure vacuum pressure is called measured above the absolute pressure atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure . 31. Mention two pressure measuring instruments. Manometer Barometer 32. What is peizometer? The instrument used to measure the static pressure of the fluid in a pipe.

33. How manometers are classified. The manometers are classified based on their shape Simple manometer Differentiable manometer Inclined manometer U-tube manometer 34. What is pitot static tube? The Pitot tube is the instrument used to measure the velocity of the fluid in a pipe 35. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity. Dynamic viscosity: Ns/m2 Kinematic viscosity: m2/s 36. State Newtons law of viscosity. The shear force of the liquid element is directly proportional to the rate of shear stress. 37. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid. N N NEWTONIAN FLUID NON NEWTONIAN FLUID T T There exist a linear relationship between There exist a non linear relationship the shear stress and shear stress between the shear stress and shear deformation stress deformation E E Eg- water Eg-mud floor

38. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid. I IDEAL FLUID. REAL FLUID I In this fluid , shear stress doesnt exist In this fluid , shear stress is induced whether the fluid is at rest or motion when fluid is at motion

R I

39. What is ideal plastic fluid?

A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain, is known as Ideal Plastic fluid. 40. Define velocity gradient The difference in velocity between adjacent layers of the fluid is known as a velocity gradient and is given by v/x, where v is the velocity difference and x is the distance between the layers. 41. Define velocity gradient. Velocity gradient represents shear strain or rate of shear deformation. 42. What is the difference weight density and mass density? Mass Density is defined as a ratio of the mass of a fluid to the volume of the fluid. Mass density is given as, = Mass of fluid Volume of fluid Weight density is defined as the ratio of weight if fluid to its volume. W =g 43. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity? Dynamic viscosity is defined as shear stress required causing unit rate of shear deformation. Kinematic viscosity is defines as the ratio of dynamic viscosity of a fluid to its density. V=/ 44. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume. Specific weight is defined as the ratio of weight of fluid to its volume. W =g Specific volume is defined as the ratio of volume of fluid by unit mass. 45. Define relative density. Relative density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of weight density of fluid to the weight density of standard fluid. 46. What is vacuum pressure? The value of pressure below the atmospheric pressure is called vacuum pressure. 47. What is absolute zero pressure?

The pressure measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure is called absolute zero pressure. 48. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg. 1 atm = 14.696 psi = 760mm of Hg=101.325 Kpa 49. Define stream line. It is am imaginary line within the flow such that the tangent at any point gives the direction of velocity at that point. 50. Define path line. It is defined as the path followed by a fluid particle in motion. 51. Define streak line. It is a curve which gives the picture of location of the fluid particle. 52. Define steady flow. It is that type of fluid flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density at a point do not change with time. v = 0; t v = 0; t = 0 t

53. Define uniform flow. If the velocity of a fluid particle does not change with respect to space at any instant of time, then that fluid flow is called uniform flow. v = 0 s 54. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particle moves through a well defined path. Turbulent flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particle moves in a zig zag manner forming eddies. 55. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent? If Re is < 2000 then the fluid is said to be laminar and if the same is > 4000 it is said to be turbulent. 56. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.

If the density of the fluid changes with respect to time then it is compressible fluid. constant If the density of fluid remains a same through out the flow, then it is called incompressible fluid. 57. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow. Rotational flow is a type of flow in which the fluid particle, flowing along a stream line rotates about the same axis. Irrotational flow is a type of flow in which the fluid particle does not rotate about its axis. 58. Define stream function. It is defined as a scalar function of space and time, such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction. 59. Define velocity potential function. It is defined as a scalar function of space and time, such that its negative partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity of fluid in that direction. 60. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid. Continuity equation of compressible liquid: 1 a1 v1 = 2 a2 v2 Continuity equation for incompressible liquid: a1 v1 = a2 v2 61. Differentiate between convective and local acceleration. Convective acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity due to the change of position of fluid particles in a fluid flow. Local acceleration or temporal acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, with respect to time, at a given point in a flow field. 62. Define Circulation. Flow of fluid along a closed curve is called circulation. Circulation is normally denoted . = V.dl 63. Define flow net. The lines from stream lines and equipotential lines pass at right angles to each other forming flow nets.

64. Write down Eulers equation of motion. p + gdz +vdv = 0 65. Write down Bernoullis equation for ideal and real fluid. Bernoullis equation for an ideal fluid; p + v + z= constant g 2g Bernoullis equation for a real fluid; p1 + v + z1 = p2 + v + z2+ hL 1g 2g 2g 2g 66. State the assumptions made in Bernoullis equation of motion. The fluid is ideal, steady, incompressible and irrotational.

67. Mention the applications of Bernoullis equation. Bernoullis equation is applied in all problems of incompressible fluid where energy considerations are involved. It finds its application in Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube. 68. Mention few discharge measuring devices. Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube are discharge measuring devices. 69. Draw a venturimeter and mention the parts.

70. Why is divergent cone longer than convergent cone in venturimeter? A venturimeter consists of an inlet section followed by a divergent cone. The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of which is followed by a convergent cone. This converges to form a throat which is a short parallel sided tube. The entrance and exit diameters will be same as that of the pipe line to which venturimeter is to be fitted. The convergent cone has a total

included angle of 21 and that of the divergent cone is 5 to 15. Hence the divergent cone is longer than the convergent cone. 71. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with that of orifice meter. Advantages: Orifice are small plates and easy to install/remove. Offer very little pressure drop of which 60 to 65 % is recovered. Venturimeters are more accurate and can be used for a wide range of flows as compared to orifices. Around 90 % of pressure drop can be recovered. Disadvantages: Orifice flow range is maximum to 1/4 of max. Only 60 to 65 % of pressure drop is recovered. Venturimeters are heavy and maintenance is not easy. 72. Why cd value is high in venturimeter than that of orifice meter. In Venturimeter losses are less so coefficient of discharge is higher whereas in orifice meter due to no convergent and divergent cones there are more losses and hence its coefficient of discharge is less. 73. What is the difference between Pitot tube and pitot static tube? Pitot tube only has an opening measuring stagnation pressure. Pitot-static tube may be employed, which has a second tube coaxial with the Pitot tube with holes on the sides, outside the direct airflow, to measure the static pressure. 74. What is an orifice plate? An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the volumetric flow rate. It uses the same principle as aVenturi nozzle, namely Bernoullis principle which states that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa. 75. What do you mean by vena-contracta? Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle, (orifice).The maximum contraction takes place at a section slightly downstream of the orifice, where the jet is more or less horizontal. 76. Define coefficient of discharge. The coefficient of discharge is a ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge. 77. Define coefficient of velocity. The Coefficient of Velocity is the ratio of the actual velocity to the ideal velocity.

78. Define coefficient of contraction. The Coefficient of Contraction is a ratio of the actual diameter of the jet to the ideal diameter of the jet. 79. State Buckinghams theorem. If there are n variables (dependent and independent variables) in a physical phenomenon and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M, L, T), then the variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. 80. What is dimensional homogeneity? Dimensional homogeneity is the quality of an equation having quantities of same units on both sides. A valid equation in physics must be homogeneous, since equality cannot apply between quantities of different nature. This can be used to spot errors in formula or calculations. 81. What is dimensionless number? Dimensionless numbers are the ones that are obtained by dividing the inertia force by viscous force or gravity force or pressure force or elastic force. They ae also called non-dimensional parameters. Some of the dimensionless numbers are; 1. Reynoldss number 4. Froudes number 2. Eulers number 5. Webers number 3. Machs number 82. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis. There are two methods for dimensional analysis; 1. Rayleighs method 1. Buckinghams theorem 83. Mention few important dimensionless numbers. Some of the dimensionless numbers are; 1. Reynoldss number 4. Froudes number 2. Eulers number 5. Webers number 3. Machs number 84. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid. The various forces acting on a moving fluid are; 1. Inertial force Fi 4. Viscous force Fv 2. Gravity force Fg 5. Pressure force Fp 3. Surface tension force Fs 6. Elastic force Fe 85. Define Reynoldss number.

It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid and the viscous force of the fluid. The expression for this is; Re = vd/ 86. Define Froudes number. Its defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to the gravity force of the flowing fluid. It is given as; Fe = sqrt(Fi / Fg) 87. Define Eulers number. Its defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to the pressure force of the flowing fluid. It is given as; Fe = sqrt(Fi / Fp) 88. Define Webers number. Its defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to the surface tension force of the flowing fluid. It is given as; Fe = sqrt(Fi / Fs) 89. Define Machs Number. Its defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to the elastic force of the flowing fluid. It is given as; Fe = sqrt(Fi / Fe) 90. What is the difference between model and prototype? A modal is a small scale replica of the original machine or structure. The actual machine or structure is called a prototype. 91. Mention two applications of similarity laws. Some of the applications of modal law are; 1. They are applied for the flow of jet from orifice or nozzle. 2. Where fluids of different densities flow over one another. 92. Define geometric similarity. The geometric similarity is defined as the ratio of all corresponding linear dimensions in modal and prototype are equal. ( Lp/ Lm ) = ( bp/ bm ) = ( Dp/ Dm ) = Lr whe re Lr is the scale ratio.

93. Define kinematic similarity.

The kinematic similarity is defined as the ratio of the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the modal and at the corresponding points in the prototype are the same. Since it is a vector quantity, they are parallel in direction. ( Vp1/ Vm1 ) = (Vp2/ Vm2 ) = Vr where Vr is the velocity ratio. 94. Define Dynamic similarity. The Dynamic similarity is defined as the ratio of the corresponding forces acting on the corresponding points in the prototype and modal are equal. Since it is a vector quantity, they are parallel in direction. ( (Fi )p/ (Fi )m ) = ( (Fv )p/ (Fv )m ) = ( (Fg )p/ (Fg )m ) = Fr where Fr is the force ratio. 95. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics? The study of fluids in motion, where pressure force are not considered is called fluid kinematics and if the pressure force is considered for fluids in motion that branch of science is called as fluid dynamics. 96. Write down Hagen Poiseullis equation. (p2-p1) = (32 (nu) (x2-x1)) / d2 is the Hagen Poiseullis equation 99. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line. Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head and kinetic head of the flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to the reference line. Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head of the flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to the reference line. 100) Write down Darcy -weisback's equation. hf =(4fLV2) / ( 2gd) where hf is the loss of head due to friction f is the coefficient of friction L is the length of pipe V is the mean velocity of pipe. d is the diameter of pipe. 101. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation. hf = 4.f.L.V2 2gd where, hf is head loss due to friction . L is the length of the pipe D diameter of the pipe V velocity of the fluid flow,

g is the local acceleration due to gravity f Darcys friction factor. 102. Mention the application of moody diagram. The Moody diagram shows the variation of friction factor with the governing parameters namely Reynolds number and relative roughness. This diagram is employed for predicting the values of friction factor in turbulent flow. 103. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction? Coefficient of friction: The coefficient of friction depends on the materials used; for example, ice on steel has a low coefficient of friction, while rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction range from near zero to greater than one under good conditions, a tire on concrete may have a coefficient of friction of 1.7 Friction factor: It may be evaluated for given conditions by the use of various empirical or theoretical relations, or it may be obtained from published charts. These charts are often referred to as Moody diagrams, after L. F. Moody, and hence the factor itself is sometimes called the Moody friction factor. It is also sometimes called the Blasius friction factor, after the approximate formula he proposed. 104. What do you mean by major energy loss? The friction loss 'hf' is the only major loss known. hf = 4.f.L.V2 2gd 105. List down the type of minor energy losses. The type of minor energy losses are: 1. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement 'he'. 2. Loss of head due to sudden contraction 'hc'. 3. Loss of head at the entrance of the pipe 'hi'. 4. Loss of head at the exit of the pipe 'ho'. 5. Loss of head due to an obstruction in a pipe. 6. Loss of head due to bend pipe 'hb'. 7. Loss of head in various pipe fittings. 106. What is compound pipe? A compound pipe is one in which a number of pipes of different diameters, different lengths and different friction factors are connected in series. 107. What do you mean by equivalent pipe?

The equivalent pipe is the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal to the loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of different lengths and diameters. 108. What is the condition for maximum efficiency transmission? The condition for maximum efficiency of power transmission: H = 3hf of power

109. Define boundary layer thickness. The boundary layer thickness, , is the distance across a boundary layer from the wall to a point where the flow velocity has essentially reached the 'free stream' velocity, u0. This distance is defined normal to the wall, and the point where the flow velocity is essentially that of the free stream is customarily defined as the point where: U(y) = 0.99 u0 110. What do you mean by boundary layer separation? Boundary layer separation occurs when the portion of the boundary layer closest to the wall or leading edge reverses in flow direction. As a result, the overall boundary layer initially thickens suddenly and is then forced off the surface by the reversed flow at its bottom. 111. Define displacement thickness. The distance perpendicular to the boundary, by which the stream velocity is displaced due to the formation of boundary layer. It is denoted by *. 112. Define energy thickness. Energy thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the fluid flowing on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by . 113. Define momentum thickness. Momentum thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by **.

114. How boundary layers are classified? Boundary layers are classified as: 1. Laminar boundary layers. 2. Turbulent boundary layers. 3. Laminar sub-layer. 115. Define laminar boundary layer. Near the leading edge of the surface of the plate, where the thickness is small, the flow in the boundary layer is laminar though the main flow is turbulent. This layer of fluid is called as laminar boundary layer.

116. Define turbulent boundary layer. If the length of the plate is more than the distance from the leading edge, the thickness of the boundary layer will go on increasing in the downstream direction, then the laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and the motion of the fluid within it is distributed and irregular which leads to a transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer. 117. Define laminar sub layer. The region in the boundary layer zone, adjacent to the solid surface of the plate is called laminar sub layer. 118. on what basis, the boundary layer is classified as laminar and turbulent? The boundary layer is classified as laminar and turbulent on the basis of ' Reynoldss number'. 119. Define drag force. In fluid dynamics, drag refers to forces which act on a solid object in the direction of the relative fluid flow velocity. Unlike other resistive forces such as dry friction, which is nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity. 120. Define lift force. The component of the total force (F R) in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion is known as 'lift. This is denoted by 'F L'. Thus lift force is the force exerted by the fluid in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion. Lift force occurs only when the axis of the body is inclined to the direction of fluid flow. If the axis of the body is parallel to the direction of the fluid flow, lift force is zero. In that case only drag force acts.