FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING KKKA 6424 INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM Ir.

Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat

ASSIGNMENT (5) IMAGE PROCESSING

PREPARED BY: 1- HAIDER FARHAN 2- MUSTAFA TALIB 3-- SAHAR ABD ALI P65405 P60915 P65295
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Introduction
Rising crimes in cities:
With the rapid urbanization and development of big cities and towns, the graph of crimes is also on the increase. This phenomenal rise in offences and crime in cities is a matter of great concern and alarm to all of us. There are robberies, murders, rapes and what not. The frequent and repeated thefts, burglaries, robberies, murders, killings, rapes, shoplifting, pick pocketing, drug- abuse, illegal trafficking, smuggling, theft of vehicles etc., have made the common citizens to have sleepless nights and restless days. They feel very insecure and vulnerable in the presence of anti-social and evil elements. The criminals have been operating in an organized way and sometimes even have nationwide and international connections and links. It is certain that today, World is not free of crimes. Crimes are increasing at an alarming rate. The three main reasons for crime are overpopulation, increasing inflation and unemployment. Nonetheless, the government must impart definite rules and regulation so as to solve these causes of crime.

Crimes and big city

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At first, the increasing population and unemployment are matter of concern. Todays world report entails that population is booming as oppose to employment opportunities. In order to sustain basic needs of a family, people are following wrong route to earn money in less time such as robberies, thefts, shop lifting. The major sufferers of these crimes are old aged citizens, since they fail to defend themselves from thieves. Moreover, social and economic activities such as night clubs, hanging out during night time, smoking, drinking, addiction to drugs etc., are provoking crimes such as rape, burglaries, smuggling. However, the government should educate attempt to educate these people with regard to the consequence of overpopulation, anti-social activities, dealing with criminals, self-defence. The police helpline which has been introduced for the womens safety has proved to be successful in reducing crimes. In addition, it is vital for citizens to help the victims of crime that is if they observe any eve-teasing on road, they must try to defend the victim in addition to calling police. Also, crime rates are increasing due to rise in inflation. It is very difficult for poor people to fulfill their basic needs such food and shelter. Increase in salary and inflation are not going hand-in-hand. Hence the government can adopt strategies to control inflation rates. This can be done by providing rebates, monitoring fiscals as well as monetary policies. In many cases such 2g scam, Adarsh scam etc, involvement of many politicians have come into light. The corrupt politicians should be punished, they should be denied of all party tickets and party positions. The harsh punishment shall prevent the political patronage of the crime.

THE FOCUS ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT:

The focus on cities and towns as the key to crime prevention is directly in line with international developments in the area of crime prevention. Since the vast majority of (recorded) criminal activities take place within cities, towns and urban areas in general, this focus is a logical one. Urban local government is often well
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placed to implement (or at least co-ordinate) initiatives to counter and prevent criminality. Greater co-ordination between different local government departmental functions is a critical success factor in achieving and sustaining urban safety and security. There are real incentives for municipal authorities to ensure a safe locality: revenues are increased through, among other factors, the provision of a safe environment, actively encouraging investment by business. Also, there is an important political dimension (although this in itself carries some dangers, as will be shown below): many local politicians are under increasing public pressure to be seen to be acting against crime. Developing and implementing local crime prevention policy will ensure that ward councillors respond to the needs of their constituents. In many cases, a city or town government constitutes the lowest level where planning can take the needs of local communities and their particular crime problems into account, thus Providing a potentially effective link between locally elected officials, municipal departments. And the national police service. As it is, only a few types of crime can be combated at national level. An analysis of crime statistics from across the country suggests that the key to local crime prevention is the recognition that crime varies from locality to locality. As a consequence, different priorities and strategies and different approaches are needed in different areas to prevent crime. The failure to establish local crime prevention initiatives in response to the needs of diverse local Communities across the country will have serious consequences in the long term for the success of the NCPS. It is also essential that crime prevention initiatives at local government level begin sooner rather than later. Experience elsewhere suggests that there is much to be gained from 'learning by doing' - an incremental approach to the implementation of crime prevention strategies rather than one which attempts to ensure a high level of co-ordination across the country.
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Indeed, while crime prevention strategies are only in their early stages in South Africa, much has already been learned (some of these lessons are outlined below). At the same time, these developments in South Africa have the potential to feed in (and learn from) an emerging global debate on urban safety. Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend across the world towards concentrating the bulk of crime prevention effort and its control not nationally, or even provincially, but at the level of the city or town. The last five years has seen a proliferation of forums in which cities share experiences of optimal approaches to urban safety and security. Generally. The main types of crime prevention strategies that were developed can be roughly divided into physical and social.

Social prevention:
Social prevention was oriented to strengthening communities and restoring informal surveillance and social control of crime. This involved neighborhoods taking a measure of responsibility for their security. The conservative government, from its standpoint of stressing individual responsibilities, tended to think of communities only as groups of individuals, such as residents and house owners concerned with the upkeep of their property. The notion of community groups debating and participating in the implementation of crime prevention policy was certainly not a priority. The government therefore naturally favored such schemes which reinforced the role of the police as the leading agency. The favorite from this standpoint was the Neighborhood Watch Scheme, which is aimed at recruiting the public to become the 'eyes and ears' of the police.

Physical prevention (CCTV)

Physical prevention was oriented to removing the physical opportunities to commit crime. The police started giving out free crime prevention advice relating to locks and bolts while local authorities with substantial public housing stock obtained funding under the government's Safer Cities programme for investment in such things as improved street lighting, removing badly lit areas, video phone entry systems in housing estates, and, during the 1990s, CCTV became increasingly popular. There were some bold architectural experiments such as removing the walkways between blocks of high-rise apartments (seen as eliminating the escape routes for burglars) and discussions about the design of housing estates to maximize the level of 'natural surveillance' (e.g. apartment blocks grouped into little courtyards so that anyone looking out of a window could survey the entire area).

The general purpose of the CCTV

As the name implies, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is closed and all the elements are directly connected. This is unlike broadcast television where any receiver that is correctly tuned can pick up the signal from the airwaves. Directly connected in this context includes systems linked by microwave, infrared beams, etc. This article introduces the main components that can go to make up CCTV systems of varying complexity.

The general purpose of the CCTV is to prevent and reduce crime. In theory, this happens because of one or more of these reasons: A: Deterrence - potential burglars and thieves may see the camera and decide that a store in question is too much of a risk and therefore not a good target B: Prosecution - thieves and shoplifters may be caught on camera and this can help catch and prosecute them C: Fear reduction - if everyone knows that there is a camera, they may feel safer in or around your business, thus preventing potential criminals from attacking D: Monitoring and intervention - if there is a security guard monitoring the area through CCTV system, he or she may act on any suspicious behavior and thus prevent a crime from occurring. Security guards may also deploy employees to a suspicious spot or near a person detected on the monitors.

A: Additional equipment such as computer and communication system:

The Camera
The starting point for any CCTV system must be the camera. The camera creates the picture that will be transmitted to the control position. Apart from special designs CCTV cameras are not fitted with a lens. The lens must be provided separately and screwed onto the front of the camera. There is a standard screw thread for CCTV cameras, although there are different types of lens mounts.

Diagram 1 Camera And Lens Not all lenses have focus and iris adjustment. Most have iris adjustment. Some very wide angle lenses do not have a focus ring. The 'BNC' plug is for connecting the coaxial video cable. Line powered cameras do not have the mains cable. Power is provided via the coaxial cable.

The Monitor
The picture created by the camera needs to be reproduced at the control position. A CCTV monitor is virtually the same as a television receiver except that it does not have the tuning circuits.

Diagram 2 CCTV Monitor

Simple CCTV Systems

The simplest system is a camera connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial cable with the power for the camera being provided from the monitor. This is known as a line powered camera. Diagram 3 shows such a system. Probably the earliest well-known version of this was the Pye Observation System that popularised the concept of CCTV, mainly in retail establishments. It was an affordable, do-it-yourself, self-contained system.

Diagram 3 A Basic Line Powered CCTV System The next development was to incorporate the outputs from four cameras into the monitor. These could be set to sequence automatically through the cameras or any camera could be held selectively. Diagram 4 shows a typical arrangement of such a system. There was even a microphone built into the camera to carry sound and a speaker in the monitor. The speaker, of course, only put out the sound of the selected camera. There were however a few disadvantages with the system, although this is not to disparage it. The microphone, being in the camera, tended to pick up sound close to it and not at the area at which it was aimed. There was a noticeable, and sometimes annoying, pause between pictures when switching. This was because the camera was powered down when not selected and it took time for the tube to heat up again. The system was, though, cheap to buy and simple to install. It came complete in a box with camera, 16mm lens, bracket, switching monitor and 12 metres of coaxial cable with fitted plugs. An outlet socket for a video recorder was provided, although reviewing could be a little tedious when the cameras had been set to sequence. There are now many systems of line powered cameras on the market that are more sophisticated than this basic system. Most of the drawbacks mentioned have been overcome. Cameras had been around for a long time of course, before this development. The example is given to show the simplest, practical application. The use of some line powered cameras can impose limitations on system design. They do though, offer the advantage of ease of installation.

Diagram 4 A Four-Camera Line Powered CCTV System

Mains Powered CCTV Systems

The basic CCTV installation is shown in diagram 5 where the camera is mains powered as is the monitor. A coaxial cable carries the video signal from the camera to the monitor. Although simple to install it should be born in mind that the installation must comply with the relevant regulations such as the Institute of Electrical Engineers latest edition. (Now incorporated into British Standard BS7671). Failure to do so could be dangerous and create problems with the validity of insurance. This arrangement allows for a great deal more flexibility in designing complex systems. When more than one camera is required, then a video switcher must be included as shown in diagram 6. Using this switcher any camera may be selected to be held on the screen or it can be set to sequence in turn through all the cameras. Usually the time that each camera is shown may be adjusted by a control knob or by a screwdriver.

Diagram 5 A Basic Mains Powered CCTV System

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Diagram.6 A Four-Camera System With Video Switcher

Systems with Video Recording

The next development of a basic system is to add a video recorder, the arrangement would be as shown in diagram 7.

Diagram 7A Multi Camera System With Video Recorder

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With this arrangement the pictures shown during play back will be according to the way in which the switcher was set up when recording. That is, if it was set to sequence then the same views will be displayed on the monitor. There is no control over what can be displayed.

Movable Cameras
So far all the cameras shown have been fixed with fixed focal length lenses. In many applications the area to be covered would need many fixed cameras. The solution to this is to use cameras fixed to a movable platform. This platform can then be controlled from a remote location. The platform may simply rotate in a horizontal plane and is generally known as a scanner. Alternatively the platform may be controllable in both horizontal and vertical planes and is generally known as a pan, tilt unit. A basic system is illustrated in diagram 8. This chapter does not deal with how cameras are controlled or wired; it is just showing the facilities that may be incorporated into a CCTV system. Therefore the diagrams that follow are simply descriptive block diagrams and not connection drawings.

Diagram 8 Basic Movable Camera System Cameras may be used indoors or outdoors. When used outdoors they will always require a protective housing. For indoor use the environment or aesthetic constraints will dictate whether a housing is needed. Systems may contain a combination of both fixed and movable cameras.

Diagram 9 Multiple Camera System

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B: Pixel analysis
Abstract
Slant Correction plays an important role in the pretreatment during the recognition of vehicle license plate (VLP). To reduce and avoid the interference from the dirt, noise and frame of the VLP, as well as simplify the computation load, a method of slant correction of VLP integrates PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on color-pair feature and radon transformation is presented in this paper. Three steps compose the method. The first step is to obtain the color-pair feature pixels of the image of VLP. The second step aims to seek the approximate slant angle of the plate by principal component analysis of the color-pair feature pixels. The final step is to achieve the further exact slant angle by radon transformation. The approach is implemented by program. And the experimental results demonstrate that this method is more precise and efficient than absolutely principal component analysis or radon transformation.

1. Introduction
Video sequence consist of still picture images which are visualized and interlaced one after another to make it as a video [1, 2]. The images changes convey different information in two dimensional are produce rapidly which unable the humans naked visualization system to detect or track the motion translation in the moving images [3]. Due to this reason, there is a necessity to analyze the image sequences which are taken using a camera. To analyze the motion translation, Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) is the simplest technique used where a frame is divided into small block size 16 16 [4, 5] or 8 8 pixels blocks [6]. Each blocks from both, current image and previous image is compared based on the pixels value to analyze the motion translation. This paper presents a simple block based pixel subtraction technique to analyze the motion translation between both images based on area of interest. The motion translation analysis is conducted based on 16 16 block size. Block of area of interest from each image is selected and pixels value of both selected blocks is subtracted to analyze the motion translation between two selected blocks. Non-zero pixels value represents the motion translation and zero pixels value represents no motion translation in the analyzed blocks.

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2. Proposed Experiment
Motion translation is rapidly evolving field for several applications which include remote surveillance,remote working and learning and etc. It is also can be defined as an upcoming information and technology based research in image processing area. Motion translation also helps into conducting motion analysis in terms of providing information in video processing and computer vision applications. In competitive schemes, many motion estimation algorithms are developed to analyze the images from video sequences. In this paper, the proposed idea is to determine the motion translation between two selected blocks of current image and previous image in a video sequences, the video is extracted into single image as illustrated in Fig. 1. The video is extracted from the first image (N image) to the last image (N+1 image).60 2011 International Conference on Signal, Image Processing and Applications With workshop of ICEEA 2011 IPCSIT vol.21 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Two targeted images (current image and previous image) are selected from a video sequences which consists of many images. The current image and previous image is then divided into small blocks size of 16 16 as shown in Fig. 2. Both selected images are analyzed based on the pixels values.

Fig. 1: Video to image extraction.

Fig. 2: Block size 16 16.

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The small blocks at the current image and previous image is compared with each other as illustrated in Fig. 3. Equation (1) is applied into current image and Equation (2) is applied into previous image is used to compare each block division. Each divided block is used to subtraction between the current image and previous image. Each blocks pixels are subtracted to analyze the pixels values by using Equation (3).

Fig. 3: Block Comparison.

Block current _ frame(1bsize i 1: bsize i,1bsize ( j 1) : bsize j) (1) Block2 subsequent _ frame(1bsizei 1: bsizei,1bsize( j 1) : bsizej) (2) Where, bsize = 16 i = row coordinate j = column coordinate Subtraction Block2 Block (3) Fig. 4 explains the proposed experiment in flowchart. A surveillance video is possessed from the Security Department of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka to test run the developed video coding. The flowchart explains the full experiment setup step by step. The flowchart can also be the reference to develop the pixel subtraction technique for future extension.

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Fig. 4: Current Image and Previous Image Block Subtraction Technique.

3. Experiment Result and Data

Certain condition need to be persistent in order to analyze the changes of pixels value in the selected images. This is to ensure that the same environment and condition is used for each image during the conduct of motion translation. The condition which is set constant is as follows: Block size of 16 16 pixels Surveillance video (frame size of 128 160 pixels In this experiment, a surveillance video is applied to conduct the motion translation analysis in an image. Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows the extracted data of three different types of images in the experiment. In the surveillance video sequences in Fig. 5, three different images are selected for data analysis. In the first analysis, previous image (a1) and current image (b1) shows no motion translation information. The selected coordinate
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block at (4, 3) area of interest shows no motion translation as depicted in c1. The subtracted result is presented in matrix form as shown in (d1).

(a1) Current frame

(b1) Subsequent frame

(c1) Example block selected (d1) Location (4,3) Fig. 5: No Motion Translation

(a2) Previous Image

(b2) Current Image

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(c2) Example selected block (d1) Location (7,4) Fig. 6: Motion Translation of Car Front

(a2) Previous Image

(b2) Current Image

c2) Example selected block

(d1) Location (8,5)

Fig. 7: Motion Translation of Lady Guard Head

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In the second sequence, a static background is chosen for previous image (a2) while the current image (b2) shows a car passing through the surveillance video camera. A block is selected at coordinate (7, 4) as an area of interest to analyze. Both selected blocks are subtracted and the result is presented in matrix form as shown in (d2). Presented result in (d2) matrix shows a drastic motion changes in the pixels value at the left corner. This pixels value change represents the front portion of the moving car. In the third sequence, previous image (a3) shows a static background while the current image (b3) shows lady guard walking passes the surveillance video camera. A block is selected at coordinate (8, 5) at both images are subtracted. The result is presented in matrix form in (d3). The matrix (d3) shows that there is a high increment in the pixels value which is located at the bottom of the matrix. The changes occur represent the head of the lady guard.

4. Discussion
When the value of pixels is subtracted and produces zero values, no motion translation is detected. Thus, the images are carrying the same information as resultant in Fig. 5. Some of the pixels in the first sequence is not zero value due to the light intensity occurrence due to the sunny day. This reading can be ignore sue to the sun light intensity and there is no drastic impact towards the motion translation in the image. In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the pixels change represents the front portion of car and head of lady guard respectively. There is difference in the pixels value when both images are subtracted. This happens because different value of pixels represents different information and color. The matrix result (d2 and d3) presents areas with no object detected (such as car and lady guard), the subtracted pixels value are relatively zeros or at minimal value (due to the intensity of light). The rest of the area represented with pixels value is subtracted and motion translation occurs in that area.

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C: Area of interest
The objectives of the CCTV System are shown below and form the lawful basis for the processing of data-: To deter crime

To assist in the detection of crime

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To reduce the fear of crime

To improve public protection

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To improve the safety and security of residents, visitors and the business community who use the facilities within the areas covered

To facilitate the apprehension and prosecution of offenders in both criminal

and public order offences.

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To discourage anti-social behaviour including alcohol and drug related issues

To deter vandalism

To assist the Council in monitoring and managing its assets and areas of

responsibility

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To enhance the environment and thereby improve the enjoyment facilities by all who use them.

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The Applications for CCTV

Probably the most widely known use of CCTV is in security systems and such applications as retail shops, banks, government establishments, etc. The true scope for applications is almost unlimited. Some examples are listed below . Monitoring traffic on a bridge .

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Recording the inside of a baking oven to find the cause of problems . A temporary system to carry out a traffic survey in a town centre .

Time lapse recording for the animation of plasticine puppets . Used by the stage manager of a show to see obscured parts of a set .

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The well-publicised use at football stadiums .

Hidden in buses to control vandalism .

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Recording the birth of a gorilla at a zoo . Making a wildlife program using a large model helicopter . Reproducing the infrared vision of a goldfish ! Aerial photography from a hot air balloon .

Production control in a factory.

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